Diamond-like carbon (DLC) is a metastable form of amorphous carbon with significant sp3 bonding. DLC is a semiconductor with a high mechanical hardness, chemical inertness, and optical transparency. This review will describe the deposition methods, deposition mechanisms, characterisation methods, electronic structure, gap states, defects, doping, luminescence, field emission, mechanical properties and some applications of DLCs. The films have widespread applications as protective coatings in areas, such as magnetic storage disks, optical windows and micro-electromechanical devices (MEMs).

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Diamond-like amorphous carbon

Electrical current can be completely spin polarized in a class of materials known as half-metals, as a result of the coexistence of metallic nature for electrons with one spin orientation and insulating nature for electrons with the other. Such asymmetric electronic states for the different spins have been predicted for some ferromagnetic metals--for example, the Heusler compounds--and were first observed in a manganese perovskite. In view of the potential for use of this property in realizing spin-based electronics, substantial efforts have been made to search for half-metallic materials. However, organic materials have hardly been investigated in this context even though carbon-based nanostructures hold significant promise for future electronic devices. Here we predict half-metallicity in nanometre-scale graphene ribbons by using first-principles calculations. We show that this phenomenon is realizable if in-plane homogeneous electric fields are applied across the zigzag-shaped edges of the graphene nanoribbons, and that their magnetic properties can be controlled by the external electric fields. The results are not only of scientific interest in the interplay between electric fields and electronic spin degree of freedom in solids but may also open a new path to explore spintronics at the nanometre scale, based on graphene.

https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0611600.pdf

Half-metallic graphene nanoribbons

The last decade witnessed significant progress in angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and its applications. Today, ARPES experiments with 2-meV energy resolution and $0.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ angular resolution are a reality even for photoemission on solids. These technological advances and the improved sample quality have enabled ARPES to emerge as a leading tool in the investigation of the high-${T}_{c}$ superconductors. This paper reviews the most recent ARPES results on the cuprate superconductors and their insulating parent and sister compounds, with the purpose of providing an updated summary of the extensive literature. The low-energy excitations are discussed with emphasis on some of the most relevant issues, such as the Fermi surface and remnant Fermi surface, the superconducting gap, the pseudogap and $d$-wave-like dispersion, evidence of electronic inhomogeneity and nanoscale phase separation, the emergence of coherent quasiparticles through the superconducting transition, and many-body effects in the one-particle spectral function due to the interaction of the charge with magnetic and/or lattice degrees of freedom. Given the dynamic nature of the field, we chose to focus mainly on reviewing the experimental data, as on the experimental side a general consensus has been reached, whereas interpretations and related theoretical models can vary significantly. The first part of the paper introduces photoemission spectroscopy in the context of strongly interacting systems, along with an update on the state-of-the-art instrumentation. The second part provides an overview of the scientific issues relevant to the investigation of the low-energy electronic structure by ARPES. The rest of the paper is devoted to the experimental results from the cuprates, and the discussion is organized along conceptual lines: normal-state electronic structure, interlayer interaction, superconducting gap, coherent superconducting peak, pseudogap, electron self-energy, and collective modes. Within each topic, ARPES data from the various copper oxides are presented.

https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0208504.pdf

Angle-resolved photoemission studies of the cuprate superconductors

Nanoscale metal/oxide/metal switches have the potential to transform the market for nonvolatile memory and could lead to novel forms of computing. However, progress has been delayed by difficulties in understanding and controlling the coupled electronic and ionic phenomena that dominate the behaviour of nanoscale oxide devices. An analytic theory of the ‘memristor’ (memory-resistor) was first developed from fundamental symmetry arguments in 1971, and we recently showed that memristor behaviour can naturally explain such coupled electron–ion dynamics. Here we provide experimental evidence to support this general model of memristive electrical switching in oxide systems. We have built micro- and nanoscale TiO2 junction devices with platinum electrodes that exhibit fast bipolar nonvolatile switching. We demonstrate that switching involves changes to the electronic barrier at the Pt/TiO2 interface due to the drift of positively charged oxygen vacancies under an applied electric field. Vacancy drift towards the interface creates conducting channels that shunt, or short-circuit, the electronic barrier to switch ON. The drift of vacancies away from the interface annilihilates such channels, recovering the electronic barrier to switch OFF. Using this model we have built TiO2 crosspoints with engineered oxygen vacancy profiles that predictively control the switching polarity and conductance. Nanoscale metal/oxide/metal devices that are capable of fast non-volatile switching have been built from platinum and titanium dioxide. The devices could have applications in ultrahigh density memory cells and novel forms of computing.

Memristive switching mechanism for metal/oxide/metal nanodevices.

A large amount of work world-wide has been directed towards obtaining an understanding of the fundamental characteristics of porous Si. Much progress has been made following the demonstration in 1990 that highly porous material could emit very efficient visible photoluminescence at room temperature. Since that time, all features of the structural, optical and electronic properties of the material have been subjected to in-depth scrutiny. It is the purpose of the present review to survey the work which has been carried out and to detail the level of understanding which has been attained. The key importance of crystalline Si nanostructures in determining the behaviour of porous Si is highlighted. The fabrication of solid-state electroluminescent devices is a prominent goal of many studies and the impressive progress in this area is described.

The structural and luminescence properties of porous silicon

Photoelectron spectra of mass-selected negatively charged bare ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{n}^{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\mathrm{Pt}}_{n}^{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{-}}$ clusters are compared with the spectra of ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{n}{\left(\mathrm{CO}\right)}_{m}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\mathrm{Pt}}_{n}(\mathrm{CO}{)}_{m}^{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{-}}$ clusters. The spectra indicate that saturation with CO is caused by the formation of an electronic closed shell and not due to steric hindrance as on a surface, and that the strength of the \ensuremath{\pi} backdonation of the CO chemisorption bond to a small particle is stronger than to a surface. The antibonding metal $({d}_{{z}^{2}}\ensuremath{-}5\ensuremath{\sigma})$ orbital resulting from the interaction of the CO 5\ensuremath{\sigma} with the metal ${d}_{{z}^{2}}$ orbitals is directly observed for ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{1}(\mathrm{CO}{)}_{3}^{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{-}}$.

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Bonding of CO to metal particles: Photoelectron spectra of Nin(CO)m - and Ptn(CO)m - clusters.

Thermal CO desorption from photoexcited free metal-carbonyl clusters has been resolved in real time using two-color pump-probe photoelectron spectroscopy. Sequential energy dissipation steps between the initial photoexcitation and the final desorption event, e.g., electron relaxation and thermalization, have been resolved for ${\mathrm{Au}}_{2}(\mathrm{CO}{)}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\mathrm{Pt}}_{2}(\mathrm{CO}{)}_{5}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. The desorption rates for the two clusters differ considerably due to the different numbers of vibrational degrees of freedom. The unimolecular CO-desorption thresholds of ${\mathrm{Au}}_{2}(\mathrm{CO}{)}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\mathrm{Pt}}_{2}(\mathrm{CO}{)}_{5}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ have been approximated by means of a statistical Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel calculation using the experimentally derived desorption rate constants.

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Photon-Induced Thermal Desorption of CO from Small Metal-Carbonyl Clusters

Using polarized light and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, we have shown that oxygen is bonded in an ordered (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) configuration on Al(111). For this model system, we have determined the symmetry and dispersion of the threee oxygen derived bands. We find two even and one odd band with respect to the ($1\overline{1}0$) mirror plane. A disordered oxide film shows no dispersion and different oxygen binding energies.

Dispersion and Symmetry of Oxygen-Induced Bands on Al(111)

Angle-resolved photoelectron spectra, utilizing polarized synchrotron radiation, from Ni(100) reveal a narrow surface-sensitive peak at the Fermi energy. This structure exists near the surface-Brillouin-zone edges in both the [10] and [11] directions. The symmetry of this state is odd (even) with respect to the (100) [(110)] mirror plane. Projections of the bulk bands onto the surface Brillouin zone show that these surface-sensitive energy levels exist in regions of the surface Brillouin zone where there are gaps in only one spin band. The very narrow energy width of these states indicates that they are surface states and consequently magnetic.

/pdf/magnetic-surface-states-on-ni-100-3tf99ifw5i.pdf

Wolfgang Eberhardt

Papers

Bonding of CO to metal particles: Photoelectron spectra of Nin(CO)m - and Ptn(CO)m - clusters.

Photon-Induced Thermal Desorption of CO from Small Metal-Carbonyl Clusters

Dispersion and Symmetry of Oxygen-Induced Bands on Al(111)

Magnetic surface states on Ni(100)

Dynamics of adsorbate core-hole decay.