抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Laser ablation of solid targets by 0.2–5000 ps Ti: Sapphire laser pulses is studied. Theoretical models and qualitative explanations of experimental results are presented. Advantages of femtosecond lasers for precise material processing are discussed and demonstrated.

Femtosecond, picosecond and nanosecond laser ablation of solids

This Review article summarizes the key advantages of using quantum dots (QDs) as luminophores in light-emitting devices (LEDs) and outlines the operating mechanisms of four types of QD-LED. The key scientific and technological challenges facing QD-LED commercialization are identified, together with on-going strategies to overcome these challenges.

Emergence of colloidal quantum-dot light-emitting technologies

We report for the first time on a hole conductor-free mesoscopic methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) perovskite/TiO2 heterojunction solar cell, produced by deposition of perovskite nanoparticles from a solution of CH3NH3I and PbI2 in γ-butyrolactone on a 400 nm thick film of TiO2 (anatase) nanosheets exposing (001) facets. A gold film was evaporated on top of the CH3NH3PbI3 as a back contact. Importantly, the CH3NH3PbI3 nanoparticles assume here simultaneously the roles of both light harvester and hole conductor, rendering superfluous the use of an additional hole transporting material. The simple mesoscopic CH3NH3PbI3/TiO2 heterojunction solar cell shows impressive photovoltaic performance, with short-circuit photocurrent Jsc= 16.1 mA/cm2, open-circuit photovoltage Voc = 0.631 V, and a fill factor FF = 0.57, corresponding to a light to electric power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.5% under standard AM 1.5 solar light of 1000 W/m2 intensity. At a lower light intensity of 100W/m2, a PCE of 7.3% was m...

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Mesoscopic CH3NH3PbI3/TiO2 heterojunction solar cells.

Summary form only given. Fundamental processes in atoms, molecules, as well as condensed matter are triggered or mediated by the motion of electrons inside or between atoms. Electronic dynamics on atomic length scales tends to unfold within tens to thousands of attoseconds (1 attosecond [as] = 10-18 s). Recent breakthroughs in laser science are now opening the door to watching and controlling these hitherto inaccessible microscopic dynamics. The key to accessing the attosecond time domain is the control of the electric field of (visible) light, which varies its strength and direction within less than a femtosecond (1 femtosecond = 1000 attoseconds). Atoms exposed to a few oscillations cycles of intense laser light are able to emit a single extreme ultraviolet (XUV) burst lasting less than one femtosecond. Full control of the evolution of the electromagnetic field in laser pulses comprising a few wave cycles have recently allowed the reproducible generation and measurement of isolated sub-femtosecond XUV pulses, demonstrating the control of microscopic processes (electron motion and photon emission) on an attosecond time scale. These tools have enabled us to visualize the oscillating electric field of visible light with an attosecond "oscilloscope", to control single-electron and probe multi-electron dynamics in atoms, molecules and solids. Recent experiments hold promise for the development of an attosecond X-ray source, which may pave the way towards 4D electron imaging with sub-atomic resolution in space and time.

Attosecond Physics

We accelerate electrons beyond 2 GeV by driving plasma of density ~4×10^17 cm^-3 with 150 fs, 150 J pulses from the Texas Petawatt Laser. The best beams are dark-current-free with sub-milliradian divergence.

Petawatt-Laser-Driven Plasma Acceleration of Electrons to > 2 GeV

We report self-injected quasi-monoenergetic (5% spread FWHM) acceleration of electrons to 20 ± 01 GeV by 06 PW-laser-driven wakefield acceleration in pure He plasma of density 5×1017 cm−3 Electron bunches diverge ∼05mrad, and contain ∼60 pC

Generation of quasi-monoenergetic 2 GeV electrons by laser wakefield acceleration

La presente invention concerne une couche de recombinaison dont le travail d'extraction a gradient d'indice permet d'augmenter l'efficacite de la conversion d'energie des dispositifs photovoltaiques du fait de la reduction de la barriere d'energie s'opposant aux transporteurs de charge migrant entre les paires de jonctions photovoltaiques, ce qui facilite la recombinaison optimale des courants opposes d'electrons et de trous se produisant quand l'element photovoltaique recoit de la lumiere.

Dispositifs photovoltaïques comportant plusieurs jonctions séparées par une couche de recombinaison à gradient d'indice

We report quantum-size-effect tuned tandem solar cells. Our two-junction photovoltaic devices employ light-absorbing material of a single composition and use two rationally-selected nanoparticle sizes to harvest the sun’s broad spectrum.

Quantum-Tuned Two-Junction Solar Cells

As the working environment becomes more complex, the visualization of windows in electronic devices increasingly requires transparent and flexible electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding films. There is a need for materials with EMI shielding properties, while maintaining excellent high light transmission and good thermal insulation. However, the preparation of such multifunctional materials remains challenging due to the respective mechanisms of action of the different properties. Herein, a multilayer structure strategy is proposed to fabricate transparent and flexible indium tin oxide (ITO)/silver nanowire (AgNW) composite films, achieving a multifunctional integration of high light transmission, strong EMI shielding, and good thermal insulation properties of the composite films. Simultaneously, the layered structure was designed and the potential optimization mechanism of the EMI shielding performance of the composite film was analyzed, providing great flexibility for the preparation of transparent composite films. The combination of excellent EMI shielding performance, outstanding near-infrared shielding performance, and high light transmittance makes the ITO/AgNW (IA) composite films promising for abundant potential applications.

Xihua Wang

Papers

Petawatt-Laser-Driven Plasma Acceleration of Electrons to > 2 GeV

Generation of quasi-monoenergetic 2 GeV electrons by laser wakefield acceleration

Dispositifs photovoltaïques comportant plusieurs jonctions séparées par une couche de recombinaison à gradient d'indice

Quantum-Tuned Two-Junction Solar Cells

Transparent and Flexible Composite Films with Excellent Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Thermal Insulating Performance.