다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

This review summarizes the use of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as a versatile supramolecular platform to develop heterogeneous catalysts for a variety of organic reactions, especially for liquid-phase reactions. Following a background introduction about catalytic relevance to various metal–organic materials, crystal engineering of MOFs, characterization and evaluation methods of MOF catalysis, we categorize catalytic MOFs based on the types of active sites, including coordinatively unsaturated metal sites (CUMs), metalloligands, functional organic sites (FOS), as well as metal nanoparticles (MNPs) embedded in the cavities. Throughout the review, we emphasize the incidental or deliberate formation of active sites, the stability, heterogeneity and shape/size selectivity for MOF catalysis. Finally, we briefly introduce their relevance into photo- and biomimetic catalysis, and compare MOFs with other typical porous solids such as zeolites and mesoporous silica with regard to their different attributes, and provide our view on future trends and developments in MOF-based catalysis.

Applications of metal–organic frameworks in heterogeneous supramolecular catalysis

Sunlight is by far the most plentiful renewable energy resource, providing Earth with enough power to meet all of humanity's needs several hundred times over. However, it is both diffuse and intermittent, which presents problems regarding how best to harvest this energy and store it for times when the sun is not shining. Devices that use sunlight to split water into hydrogen and oxygen could be one solution to these problems, because hydrogen is an excellent fuel. However, if such devices are to become widely adopted, they must be cheap to produce and operate. Therefore, the development of electrocatalysts for water splitting that comprise only inexpensive, earth-abundant elements is critical. In this Review, we investigate progress towards such electrocatalysts, with special emphasis on how they might be incorporated into photoelectrocatalytic water-splitting systems and the challenges that remain in developing these devices. Splitting water is an attractive means by which energy — either electrical and/or light — is stored and consumed on demand. Active and efficient catalysts for anodic and cathodic reactions often require precious metals. This Review covers base-metal catalysts that can afford high performance in a more sustainable and available manner.

Earth-abundant catalysts for electrochemical and photoelectrochemical water splitting

Artificial photosynthesis: molecular systems for catalytic water oxidation.

High-performance electrode materials are the key to advances in the areas of energy conversion and storage (e.g., fuel cells and batteries). In this Review, recent progress in the synthesis and electrochemical application of transition metal carbides (TMCs) and nitrides (TMNs) for energy storage and conversion is summarized. Their electrochemical properties in Li-ion and Na-ion batteries as well as in supercapacitors, and electrocatalytic reactions (oxygen evolution and reduction reactions, and hydrogen evolution reaction) are discussed in association with their crystal structure/morphology/composition. Advantages and benefits of nanostructuring (e.g., 2D MXenes) are highlighted. Prospects of future research trends in rational design of high-performance TMCs and TMNs electrodes are provided at the end.

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Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides in Energy Storage and Conversion

We demonstrate crystallization of the anatase thin film with self-adhering silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) by a single-step laser process. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) sol-gel precursor film was deposited on glass substrate and Ag ions were adsorbed from silver nitrate aqueous solution. A nanosecond (ns) pulsed beam of KrF (248 nm) laser was traversed across the amorphous Ag-TiO2 film leading to crystallization of the anatase and simultaneous generation of cubic as well as hexagonal Ag NPs. A uniform size distribution of Ag NPs was observed with an average size of 9.6 nm. On the other hand, anatase grains were 38 nm in size as determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Analytical simulations indicated a solid-state diffusion and phase transformation mechanism dominating within the film due to laser treatment.

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Generation of silver-anatase nanocomposite by excimer laser-assisted processing

In the present research, a novel method, namely sol-gel/laser-induced technique (SGLIT), has been developed to generate nano-structured TiO2-based films. The TiO2 films based on unloaded (pure) TiO2, Ce-TiO2, W-TiO2 and Ag-TiO2, have been investigated in attempt to stabilise the formation of anatase and consequently of enhancing photo-catalytic and anti-bacterial activities. The TiO2 precursor loaded with Ce2+, W6+ and Ag2+ ions (Ce-TiO2, W-TiO2 and Ag-TiO2) were separately prepared by sol-gel method and spin-coated on microscopic glass slides. A pulsed KrF excimer laser with a wavelength of 248 nm and pulse width of 13-20 ns was employed to irradiate on the sol-gel prepared films at various operating parameters, in terms of laser fluence, number of laser pulses and repetition rate. The work has been focussed on microstructural characterisation of various films prepared by both SGLIT and furnace, in the consideration of crystallographic structure, phase transformation, crystallite sizes, surface morphology, film thickness and optical properties, by means of Raman spectroscopy, XRD, FEG-SEM/EDX, TEM/HR-TEM/EDX, AFM and UV-Vis spectroscopy etc. The results showed that nano-crystallisation of the films after laser irradiation has been achieved, with controllable amount of anatase formation. These coatings presented a unique feature of surface morphology with meso-porosity and much enlarged surface areas, compared with the films prepared by furnace sintering technique. The addition of Ce and Ag, stabilized the anatase structure during the laser irradiations, whereas the addition of W destabilized the anatase structure. The Ce-TiO2 films prepared by SGLIT exhibited anatase structure which was stable up to 500 laser pulses at 35 mJ cm-2 fluence. The anatase was formed after 10 laser pulses only at 65-75 mJ cm-2 fluence in the W-TiO2 films. When a higher number of laser pulses, fluence or higher W6+ loading were chosen, rutile structure started to form. On the other hand, the Ag-TiO2 nano-composite films prepared by SGLIT presented the anatase up to 200 laser pulses at 85 mJ cm-2 fluence. On average, anatase crystallite size of about 38 nm was achieved from both the W-TiO2 and Ag-TiO2 films prepared by SGLIT. In contrast, the furnace-sintered W-TiO2 and Ag-TiO2 films produced anatase crystallite size of 49.4 nm and 29.8 nm respectively. Another achievement of the present research is the development of a single-step laser irradiation technique to generate an Ag-TiO2 nano-composite film on the glass substrate. A pulsed laser beam produced hexagonal Ag nanoparticles along with the crystallization of anatase-based nano-structured TiO2 film which was accomplished in 1 �s only. The films prepared by SGLIT displayed a higher photo-absorption compared to their furnace-sintered counterparts due to the unique surface features with a higher surface roughness. Overall, an enhanced bactericidal activity against E. coli cells was demonstrated under UV light by each of the W-TiO2 films compared to furnace-sintered films except the 1W-TiO2. The E. coli cells did not survive on the W-TiO2 films prepared by SGLIT, after 80 minutes under UV (365 nm) light. In contrast, E. coli cells still survived on the surface of furnace-sintered W-TiO2 films under the same conditions. Ag-TiO2 nano-composite films prepared by SGLIT, demonstrated an enhanced anti-bacterial activity against E. coli compared to the conventionally- made Ag-TiO2 films. No bacteria survived on the Ag-TiO2 films prepared by 50 laser pulses at 85 mJ cm-2 fluence, whereas E. coli colonies always survived on the furnace-sintered Ag-TiO2 films under the UV, natural light and the dark room conditions.

Titanium dioxide films prepared by sol-gel/laser-induced technique for inactivation of bacteria

In this research C–N–Y tri-doped TiO2 nanopowders were synthesized by the sol–gel method. The C–N–Y TiO2 photo-catalyst was prepared using hexamine and yttrium nitrate Hexahydrate as the dopant precursors. Methyl-orange (MO) was used to study the photocatalytic performance of the doped TiO2 under UV irradiation. The synthesized samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, Photoluminescence and Field emission scanning electron microscopy. The tri-doped sample with 8% N, 0.4% Y and 1.5% C exhibited enhanced photocatalytic efficiencies. After 100 min of irradiation with UV light, 87% of MO was decomposed by C–N–Y tri-doped TiO2 sample. It is suggested that the co-activity of C and N could make the intra-gap localized states above the valence band of TiO2, and carbon in TiO2 structure causes carbonate species to appear. These carbonate species acted as photosensitizer on the TiO2 surface to promote photo-catalytic activity of the as synthesized sample.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2053-1591/2/10/105011/pdf

Synthesis of C–N–Y tri-doped TiO2 photo-catalyst for MO degradation and characterization

Disorders related to the bone health are becoming a significant concern due to subsequent rise in ageing human population. It is estimated that more than two million bone-surgeries are performed worldwide with an annual cost of $2.5 billion. In order to replace damaged bone-tissues and restore their function, biomaterials consisting of stainless steels, cobalt-chromium and titanium alloys are implanted. However, these permanent (non-biodegradable) implants often lead to stress-shielding effects and ions release as they interact with the cells and fluids in the body. It is required to overcome these issues by improving the quality of implant materials and increasing their service life. Recently, research in biodegradable materials, consisting of magnesium alloys in particular, has received global attention owning to their biocompatibility and closer mechanical properties to the natural bone. However, due to their rapid corrosion rate in the body fluids, clinical applications of Mg-alloys as viable bone-implants have been restricted. A number of Mg-alloys have been tested since (both in vivo and in vitro) to optimize their biodegradation rare and corrosion properties. The present review summarizes the most recent developments in Mg-alloys designed with biodegradation tailored to the bone-cells growth and highlights the most successful ways to optimize their surface properties for optimum cell/material interaction.

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Next-Generation Biomaterials for Bone-Tissue Regeneration: Mg-Alloys on the Move

The present research describes the effect of laser pulses on crystalline titanium dioxide thick film with self-adsorbed silver ions. Anatase film of up to 4 µm thickness was deposited on ITO glass by doctor-blading technique. The film was heated at 450 °C for 60 min and cooled before immersion in silver nitrate aqueous solution. After drying, films were subjected to nanosecond pulses of the excimer laser, and their structural, microstructural and optical properties were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy and EDX analysis revealed the formation of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) dispersed in the anatase matrix. There was no significant change in the anatase structure as revealed by Raman spectroscopy. The intensity of Raman signals from pristine anatase film was increased after the laser treatment of silver ions on the film. This observation is associated with the phenomenon of localized surface plasmon resonance conferred by the crystalline SNPs. The results obtained by the UV–visible spectroscopy also support the role of SNPs to enhance the photoabsorption of the anatase film in the visible region.

Yasir F. Joya

Papers

Generation of silver-anatase nanocomposite by excimer laser-assisted processing

Titanium dioxide films prepared by sol-gel/laser-induced technique for inactivation of bacteria

Synthesis of C–N–Y tri-doped TiO2 photo-catalyst for MO degradation and characterization

Next-Generation Biomaterials for Bone-Tissue Regeneration: Mg-Alloys on the Move

Raman spectroscopy and microstructure of the pulsed laser-treated silver–anatase thick film