Ionic liquids are remarkable chemical compounds, which find applications in many areas of modern science. Because of their highly tunable nature and exceptional properties, ionic liquids have become essential players in the fields of synthesis and catalysis, extraction, electrochemistry, analytics, biotechnology, etc. Apart from physical and chemical features of ionic liquids, their high biological activity has been attracting significant attention from biochemists, ecologists, and medical scientists. This Review is dedicated to biological activities of ionic liquids, with a special emphasis on their potential employment in pharmaceutics and medicine. The accumulated data on the biological activity of ionic liquids, including their antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties, are discussed in view of possible applications in drug synthesis and drug delivery systems. Dedicated attention is given to a novel active pharmaceutical ingredient-ionic liquid (API-IL) concept, which suggests using traditional drugs in ...

Biological Activity of Ionic Liquids and Their Application in Pharmaceutics and Medicine.

In recent years, the designer nature of ionic liquids (ILs) has driven their exploration and exploitation in countless fields among the physical and chemical sciences. A fair measure of the tremendous attention placed on these fluids has been attributed to their inherent designer nature. And yet, there are relatively few examples of reviews that emphasize this vital aspect in an exhaustive or meaningful way. In this critical review, we systematically survey the physicochemical properties of the collective library of ether- and alcohol-functionalized ILs, highlighting the impact of ionic structure on features such as viscosity, phase behavior/transitions, density, thermostability, electrochemical properties, and polarity (e.g. hydrophilicity, hydrogen bonding capability). In the latter portions of this review, we emphasize the attractive applications of these functionalized ILs across a range of disciplines, including their use as electrolytes or functional fluids for electrochemistry, extractions, biphasic systems, gas separations, carbon capture, carbohydrate dissolution (particularly, the (ligno)celluloses), polymer chemistry, antimicrobial and antielectrostatic agents, organic synthesis, biomolecular stabilization and activation, and nanoscience. Finally, this review discusses anion-functionalized ILs, including sulfur- and oxygen-functionalized analogs, as well as choline-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs), an emerging class of fluids which can be sensibly categorized as semi-molecular cousins to the IL. Finally, the toxicity and biodegradability of ether- and alcohol-functionalized ILs are discussed and cautiously evaluated in light of recent reports. By carefully summarizing literature examples on the properties and applications of oxy-functional designer ILs up till now, it is our intent that this review offers a barometer for gauging future advances in the field as well as a trigger to spur further contemplation of these seemingly inexhaustible and—relative to their potential—virtually untouched fluids. It is abundantly clear that these remarkable fluidic materials are here to stay, just as certain design rules are slowly beginning to emerge. However, in fairness, serendipity also still plays an undeniable role, highlighting the need for both expanded in silico studies and a beacon to attract bright, young researchers to the field (406 references).

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Ether- and Alcohol-Functionalized Task-Specific Ionic Liquids: Attractive Properties and Applications

Biocompatible ionic liquids (Bio-ILs) are an eco- and bio-friendly family of ionic liquids (ILs) useful in applications ranging from the electrochemical to the biomedical fields. The most promising strategies for their synthesis involve using molecules from bio-renewable sources as a basis for both the anionic and cationic counterparts of the Bio-ILs structure. Several studies have been conducted on Bio-IL properties, including their impact on the environment and health safety. Herein, we review progress and strategies towards the synthesis of Bio-ILs and address their ecotoxicological and biological impact. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of using these compounds in a diverse range of applications, with some insights toward their use in the development of improved technologies.

Biocompatible ionic liquids: fundamental behaviours and applications

The cytotoxic potential of ammonium-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with four hydrogen bond donors, namely glycerine (Gl), ethylene glycol (EG), triethylene glycol (TEG) and urea (U) were investigated. The toxicity of DESs was examined using In Vitro cell lines and In Vivo animal model. IC50 and selectivity index were determined for the DESs, their individual components and their combinations as aqueous solutions for comparison purposes. The cytotoxicity effect of DESs varied depending on cell lines. The IC50 for the GlDES, EGDES, UDES and TEGDES followed the sequence of TEGDES< GlDES< EGDES< UDES for OKF6, MCF-7, A375, HT29 and H413, respectively. GlDES was selective against MCF-7 and A375, EGDES was selective against MCF-7, PC3, HepG2 and HT29, UDES was selective against MCF-7, PC3, HepG2 and HT29, and TEGDES was selective against MCF-7 and A375. However, acute toxicity studies using ICR mice showed that these DESs were relatively toxic in comparison to their individual components. DES did not cause DNA damage, but it could enhance ROS production and induce apoptosis in treated cancer cells as evidenced by marked LDH release. Furthermore, the examined DESs showed less cytotoxicity compared with ionic liquids. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that combined In Vitro and In Vivo toxicity profiles of DESs were being demonstrated, raising the toxicity issue of these neoteric mixtures and their potential applicability to be used for therapeutic purposes.

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In Vitro and In Vivo toxicity profiling of ammonium-based deep eutectic solvents.

http://path.web.ua.pt/publications/j.ecoenv.2014.01.003.pdf

Ecotoxicity analysis of cholinium-based ionic liquids to Vibrio fischeri marine bacteria

A series of choline carboxylate ionic liquids (ILs) have been synthesized by neutralization of choline hydroxide solution with acetic, propanoic, butanoic, pivalic, and hexanoic acids. The salts so obtained were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, thermal methods, and elemental analysis. Key physical properties (density, viscosity, and refractive index) were measured for the propanoate, butanoate, and hexanoate salts at temperatures from (293.15 to 353.15) K. The densities were used to estimate the molecular volumes, standard entropies, crystal lattice energies, and thermal expansion coefficients. All five choline carboxylates were found to have cytotoxicities (IC50 values) above 10 mM toward the human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, indicating they are much less toxic than common imidazolium-based ILs.

Synthesis and Physical Properties of Choline Carboxylate Ionic Liquids

Synthesis and anti-microbial activity of hydroxylammonium ionic liquids.

Synthesis and anti-microbial potencies of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-alkylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids: Microbial viabilities at different ionic liquids concentrations

Yousr Abdulhadi Noaman

Papers

Synthesis and Physical Properties of Choline Carboxylate Ionic Liquids

Synthesis and anti-microbial activity of hydroxylammonium ionic liquids.

Synthesis and anti-microbial potencies of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-alkylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids: Microbial viabilities at different ionic liquids concentrations