Driven by functionality and purity demand for applications of inorganic nanoparticle colloids in optics, biology, and energy, their surface chemistry has become a topic of intensive research interest. Consequently, ligand-free colloids are ideal reference materials for evaluating the effects of surface adsorbates from the initial state for application-oriented nanointegration purposes. After two decades of development, laser synthesis and processing of colloids (LSPC) has emerged as a convenient and scalable technique for the synthesis of ligand-free nanomaterials in sealed environments. In addition to the high-purity surface of LSPC-generated nanoparticles, other strengths of LSPC include its high throughput, convenience for preparing alloys or series of doped nanomaterials, and its continuous operation mode, suitable for downstream processing. Unscreened surface charge of LSPC-synthesized colloids is the key to achieving colloidal stability and high affinity to biomolecules as well as support materials,...

Laser Synthesis and Processing of Colloids: Fundamentals and Applications

Th antibacterial activity of metal oxide nanoparticles has received marked global attention as they can be specifically synthesized to exhibit significant toxicity to bacteria. The importance of their application as antibacterial agents is evident keeping in mind the limited range and effectiveness of antibiotics, on one hand, and the plethora of metal oxides, on the other, along with the propensity of nanoparticles to induce resistance being much lower than that of antibiotics. Effective inhibition against a wide range of bacteria is well known for several nano oxides consisting of one metal (Fe3O4, TiO2, CuO, ZnO), whereas, research in the field of multi-metal oxides still demands extensive exploration. This is understandable given that the relationship between physicochemical properties and biological activity seems to be complex and difficult to generalize even for metal oxide nanoparticles consisting of only one metal component. Also, despite the broad scope that metal oxide nanoparticles have as antibacterial agents, there arise problems in practical applications taking into account the cytotoxic effects. In this respect, the consideration of polymetallic oxides for biological applications becomes even greater since these can provide synergetic effects and unify the best physicochemical properties of their components. For instance, strong antibacterial efficiency specific of one metal oxide can be complemented by non-cytotoxicity of another. This review presents the main methods and technological advances in fabrication of nanostructured metal oxides with a particular emphasis to multi-metal oxide nanoparticles, their antibacterial effects and cytotoxicity.

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Pure and multi metal oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, antibacterial and cytotoxic properties

Methods of deforming metals to large strains are reviewed and the process of equal channel angular extrusion is analysed in detail. The development of microstructure during large strain deformation is discussed, and it is concluded that the main criterion for the formation of a sub–micron grain structure is the generation of a sufficiently large fraction (> 0.7) of high–angle grain boundary during the deformation process. For aluminium alloys, it is found that a low–temperature anneal is required to convert the deformed microstructure into an equi–axed grain structure. The material, microstructural and processing factors that influence the formation of such fine–grain microstructures are discussed, and the stability of these microstructures at elevated temperatures is considered.

Developing stable fine-grain microstructures by large strain deformation - Discussion

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/1487470.pdf

External field-assisted laser ablation in liquid: An efficient strategy for nanocrystal synthesis and nanostructure assembly

This review concerns nanoparticles collected in the form of nanopowder or a colloidal solution by laser ablating a solid target that lies in a gaseous or a liquid environment. The paper discusses the advantages of the method as compared with other methods for nanoparticle synthesis, outlines the factors on which the properties of the produced nanoparticles depend, explains the mechanisms and models involved in the generation of nanoparticles by laser ablation, clarifies the differences between nanoparticle generation in gaseous and liquid environments, presents some experimental desigins and equipment used by the several groups for nanoparticle generation by laser ablation, describes the techniques used for “tuning” the width of the nanoparticles size distribution, and finally presents a few interesting examples of nanoparticles generated by laser ablation.

Nanoparticles by Laser Ablation

AA5182 (Al-4.5 wt% Mg) can become susceptible to intergranular corrosion (IGC) with time at moderately elevated service temperatures owing to precipitation of Mg-rich β-phase at grain boundaries, which can lead to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The IGC and SCC susceptibility of AA5182 was found to depend strongly on sensitisation heat treatments. AFM and TEM studies demonstrated that the degree of precipitation and thus susceptibility to attack for a boundary can be related to its crystallographic misorientation. Low angle boundaries (

Intergranular Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking of Sensitised AA5182

AA5182 (Al-4.5 wt% Mg) can become susceptible to intergranular corrosion (IGC) with time at moderately elevated service temperatures owing to precipitation of Mg-rich β-phase at grain boundaries, which can lead to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The IGC and SCC susceptibility of AA5182 was found to depend strongly on sensitisation heat treatments. AFM and TEM studies demonstrated that the degree of precipitation and thus susceptibility to attack for a boundary can be related to its crystallographic misorientation. Low angle boundaries (<20°) are most resistant to attack as they do not show β-phase precipitation. However, higher angle boundaries show highly variable precipitation and corrosion susceptibility: critical factors are the grain boundary plane and precipitate/matrix crystallographic relationship.

Intergranular corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of sensitized AA5182

Pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) has been widely applied for the generation of nanoparticles (NPs). We report on the generation of NiO NPs using a high-power, high-brightness continuous wave (CW) fiber laser source at a wavelength of 1,070 nm. Characterization of such NPs in terms of size distribution, shape, chemical composition, and phase structure was carried out by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results revealed the formation of NiO NPs in water with an average size of 12.6 nm. The addition of anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) reduced the size of NiO NPs down to 10.4 nm. The shape of the NPs was also affected by the SDS, showing the change of shapes from spherical domination in water to tetragonal with increased SDS concentrations. Furthermore, the NiO NPs generated in water and SDS solutions were dual phase containing both cubic and rhombohedral structures. It was also found that the NiO NPs were single crystalline in nature irrespective of the size and shape.

Generation and characterization of NiO nanoparticles by continuous wave fiber laser ablation in liquid

Previous studies on laser-assisted nanomaterial formation in liquids have focused on using pulsed laser ablation of metals. We report, for the first time to our knowledge, the fabrication of nanoparticles via high-power high-brightness continuous-wave fiber laser ablation of titanium in liquids. Analysis revealed the generation of spherical nanoparticles of titanium-oxide ranging mainly between 5 nm and 60 nm in diameter. A mechanism of formation for crystallized nanoparticles, based on the self-organized pulsations of the evaporated metal, is proposed. This may account for the observed substantial efficiency gain owing to the high average power and brightness of the source.

Generation of titanium-oxide nanoparticles in liquid using a high-power, high-brightness continuous-wave fiber laser

In recent years, laser ablation in liquid has become an increasingly important technique for the fabrication of nanoparticles (NPs). To date, only pulsed lasers have been used. This paper reports our recent studies on the generation of Ti-oxide and Ni-oxide NPs by the ablation of metal targets in aqueous environments using a high-power, high-brightness continuous-wave (cw) fibre laser at a wavelength of 1070 nm. Owing to the high and uniform irradiation, the fibre laser provides an alternative approach for NP generation with well-controlled phase, size and size distribution, along with high production rate. Characterization of the NPs, in terms of morphology, size and size distribution, chemical composition and phase structure, by means of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) in scanning-transmission (STEM) mode, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and x-ray diffraction (XRD), has been presented. In addition, limitations of the cw fibre laser process have been discussed in comparison with pulsed laser process.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0960-1317/19/5/054008/pdf

Yudie Yuan

Papers

Intergranular Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking of Sensitised AA5182

Intergranular corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of sensitized AA5182

Generation and characterization of NiO nanoparticles by continuous wave fiber laser ablation in liquid

Generation of titanium-oxide nanoparticles in liquid using a high-power, high-brightness continuous-wave fiber laser

Generation of metal-oxide nanoparticles using continuous-wave fibre laser ablation in liquid