Showing papers by "Boston College published in 1992"
TL;DR: The media generally operate in ways that promote apathy, cynicism, and quiescence, rather than active citizenship and participation, and all the trends seem to be in the wrong direction toward more and more messages, from fewer and bigger producers, saying less and less.
Abstract: Ideally, a media system suitable for a democracy ought to provide its readers with some coherent sense of the broader social forces that affect the conditions of their everyday lives. It is difficult to find anyone who would claim that media discourse in the United States even remotely approaches this ideal. The overwhelming conclusion is that the media generally operate in ways that promote apathy, cynicism, and quiescence, rather than active citizenship and participation. Furthermore, all the trends seem to be in the wrong direction—toward more and more messages, from fewer and bigger producers, saying less and less. That’s the bad news. The good news is that the messages provide a many-voiced, open text that can and often is read oppositionally, at least in part. Television imagery is a site of struggle where the powers that be are often forced to compete and defend what they would prefer to have taken for granted. The underdetermined nature of media discourse allows plenty of room for challengers such...
1,322 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a framework is suggested which matches the importance of product category dimensions with the perceived image of the country of origin along the same dimensions, which can be either favorable or unfavorable.
Abstract: The study of country-of-origin (COO) effects examines how consumers perceive products emanating from a particular country. This study examines COO in terms of the fit between countries and product categories. A framework is suggested which matches the importance of product category dimensions with the perceived image of the country-of-origin along the same dimensions. Such matches (or mismatches) can be either favorable or unfavorable. Managers can use product-country match information to assess consumers' purchase intentions, and assist them in managing their product's COO. Data collected from consumers in Ireland, Mexico, and the United States demonstrate the product-country match framework and its strategic implications.
1,219 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined the post-acquisition performance of large bank mergers between 1982 and 1987 and found that the merged banks outperformed the banking industry on the whole, their better performance appeared to result from improvements in the ability to attract loans and deposits, in employee productivity, and in profitable asset growth.
502 citations
TL;DR: The concepts behind plausible values in a simplified setting are developed, their use in the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) is sketched, and the approach with data from the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SA T) is illustrated.
Abstract: The multiple-matrix item sampling designs that provide information about population characteristics most efficiently administer too few responses to students to estimate their proficiencies individually. Marginal estimation procedures, which estimate population characteristics directly from item responses, must be employed to realize the benefits of such a sampling design. Numerical approximations of the appropriate marginal estimation procedures for a broad variety of analyses can be obtained by constructing, from the results of a comprehensive extensive marginal solution, files of plausible values of student proficiencies. This article develops the concepts behind plausible values in a simplified setting, sketches their use in the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), and illustrates the approach with data from the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SA T).
407 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a broker who actively attempts to differentiate between informed and uninformed traders can achieve equilibria that Pareto-dominate an equilibrium in which the two types of trades are pooled.
282 citations
TL;DR: Empathy was uncritically adopted from psychology and is actually a poor fit for the clinical reality of nursing practice, so other communication strategies presently devalued need to be reexamined and may be more appropriate than empathy during certain phases of the illness experience.
Abstract: After three decades, the efficacy of empathy in the clinical setting remains undocumented. Recently, concerns have been raised that the concept may be inappropriate and even harmful to the nurse-patient relationship. An analysis of the concept indicates that empathy consists of moral, emotive, cognitive and behavioral components. By tracing the integration of this concept into nursing, we suggest that empathy was uncritically adopted from psychology and is actually a poor fit for the clinical reality of nursing practice. Other communication strategies presently devalued, such as sympathy, pity, consolation, compassion and commiseration, need to be reexamined and may be more appropriate than empathy during certain phases of the illness experience. Directions for future research are suggested.
278 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1992TL;DR: The trade restrictiveness index as discussed by the authors measures the restrictiveness of a system of trade protection, which is a general equilibrium application of the distance function and answers the question: "What uniform set of trade restrictions is equivalent (in welfare terms) to the initial protective structure?" The index is applicable to both tariffs and quotas and allows international and intertemporal comparisons.
Abstract: This paper introduces a new measure, the Trade Restrictiveness Index, which measures the restrictiveness of a system of trade protection. The index is a general equilibrium application of the distance function and answers the question: "What uniform set of trade restrictions is equivalent (in welfare terms) to the initial protective structure?" The index is applicable to both tariffs and quotas and allows international and intertemporal comparisons. The index is operational and we provide an empirical example to illustrate its applicability and to show its superiority to commonly used measures.
269 citations
TL;DR: This work analyzes a model of globally coupled nonlinear oscillators with randomly distributed frequencies and proves that, for coupling strengths below a certain threshold, this system would always relax to an incoherent state.
Abstract: We analyze a model of globally coupled nonlinear oscillators with randomly distributed frequencies. Twenty-five years ago it was conjectured that, for coupling strengths below a certain threshold, this system would always relax to an incoherent state. We prove this conjecture for the system linearized about the incoherent state, for frequency distributions with compact support. The relaxation is exponentially fast at intermediate times but slower than exponential at long times. The decay mechanism is remarkably similar to Landau damping in plasmas, even though the model was originally inspired by biological rhythms.
232 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the decisions of middle-class U.S. and Highland Mayan parents regarding sleeping arrangements during their child's first 2 years and their explanations for their differing practices, and found that none of the 18 families in the study used bedtime routines and objects to facilitate the transition to sleep.
Abstract: This study examines the decisions of middle-class U.S. and Highland Mayan parents regarding sleeping arrangements during their child's first 2 years and their explanations for their differing practices. All 14 Mayan children slept in their mothers' beds into toddlerhood. None of the 18 U.S. infants slept in bed with their mothers on a regular basis as newborns, although 15 slept near their mothers until age 3 to 6 months, when most were moved to a separate room. The Mayan parents explained their practices in terms of the value of closeness with infants; the U.S. parents explained their practices in terms of the value of independence for infants. The U.S. families, but not the Mayan families, used bedtime routines and objects to facilitate the transition to sleep.
214 citations
TL;DR: The concept of quality of life will be discussed in this paper and dimensions of this concept are defined and approaches to operationalize this idea are suggested.
Abstract: Nursing as a human science is concerned with the experiences of human beings in relation to health and illness matters. Human experiences are shaped by history, relationships, politics, social structures, gender and culture. Nurses are concerned with how these perspectives shape the actions and reactions of human beings. Nursing seeks to maximize clients' strengths, assets and potential, and to contribute to their quality of life. The concept of quality of life will be discussed in this paper. The first section will present a historical perspective of the concept. The second part synthesizes conceptual and measurement issues from a review of the literature. Finally, dimensions of this concept are defined and approaches to operationalize this concept are suggested.
22 Jan 1992
TL;DR: In this article, scale anchoring is used to identify items that discriminate between successive points on the proficiency scale using specific item characteristics and a consensus component is used by subject-area and educational experts to provide an interpretation of what groups of students at or close to the selected scale points know and can do.
Abstract: The major purpose of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) is to provide a means to compare groups of students both across and within assessment years A complementary purpose of NAEP is to provide information about what these groups of students know and can do This purpose has been addressed using the scale anchoring techniques described in this chapter Scale anchoring involves a statistical component that identifies items that discriminate between successive points on the proficiency scale using specific item characteristics It also involves a consensus component in which identified items are used by subject-area and educational experts to provide an interpretation of what groups of students at or close to the selected scale points know and can do
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore, in depth models of issues management and uses public policy, corporate strategy, process models and multiple perspectives to understand how organizations can strategically respond to, and manage, issues.
Abstract: This paper explores, in depth models of issues management and uses public policy, corporate strategy, process models and multiple perspectives to understand the evolution of issues management and how organizations can strategically respond to, and manage, issues. The paper concludes with empirical considerations and a research agenda for the future.
TL;DR: A strong association was found between maternal use of drugs and child maltreatment serious enough to necessitate removal of the children by CPS.
TL;DR: In this article, a framework for the examination of cultural and socioeconomic factors that could impede the acceptance and implementation of a profession's international code of conduct is presented, and applied to the guidelines on Ethics for Professional Accountants issued by the International Federation of Accountants.
Abstract: This paper provides a framework for the examination of cultural and socioeconomic factors that could impede the acceptance and implementation of a profession's international code of conduct. We apply it to the “Guidelines on Ethics for Professional Accountants” issued by the International Federation of Accountants (1990). To examine the cultural effects, we use Hofstede's (1980a) four work-related values: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, and masculinity. The socioeconomic factors are the level of development of the profession and the availability of economic resources. We evaluate the applicability and relevance of the accounting guideline, and discuss the implications for accounting and other professions.
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: The authors found that more than 80% of males and females mention a female target when asked to name the most emotional person they know, indicating that social pressures tend to facilitate emotionality in mothers as compared with fathers and clinical thinking about gender underscores females' apparent greater access to their emotions.
Abstract: Declarations about how women and men differ emotionally abound in the psychological literature. They can be found in the Parsonian normative construction of family roles, with women described as the "expressive" experts and men as the "instrumental" experts (Parsons & Bales, 1955). They are manifest in measures of gender role identificalion, where emotion items constitute the key components of identification with the feminine and not masculine sex role (Constantinople, 1973). Emotionality also features prominently in the content of gender stereotypes with at least 75% agreement among subjects (both female and male) that the labels "very emotional" and "very aware of feelings of others" were seen to be more characteristic of females than males (Broverman, Vogel, Broverman, Clarkson, & Rosenkrantz, 1972). A converging result emerges strikingly in Shields's (1987) finding that more than 80% of males and females mention a female target when asked to name the most emotional person they know. Additionally. social pressures tend to facilitate emotionality in mothers as compared with fathers (Shields & Koster, 1989). and clinical thinking about gender underscores females' apparent greater access to their emotions (Chodorow, 1980). Perhaps because the belief in gender differences in emotionality is so pervasive and perennial, i t has tended to mask the complexity of defining what i t means to be emotional. That is, how should investigators reach the conclusion that women are more emotional than men or, Marianne LoFrance and Mahzarin Banaji 179
TL;DR: This article examined how this contest was played out in one particular arena, that of editorial cartoons and found that certain dilemmas and vulnerabilities in Cold War packages and the strong cultural appeal of Common Security packages in spite of the access and resource handicaps of their sponsors.
Abstract: The mass media provide a series of arenas in which symbolic contests are carried out among competing sponsors of meaning. Measuring the display of competing interpretations is a way of assessing relative success. The Cold War period involved a long competition within the United States between two competing advocacy networks, each offering a general package on issues of nuclear war and Soviet-American relations. This paper examines how this contest was played out in one particular arena—that of editorial cartoons. Our results suggest certain dilemmas and vulnerabilities in Cold War packages and the strong cultural appeal of Common Security packages in spite of the access and resource handicaps of their sponsors.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the interaction between two aspects of road transportation previously considered only separately - user heterogeneity and route choice, and propose a dynamic bottleneck model, which treats two groups and two parallel routes.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore, in depth models of issues management and uses public policy, corporate strategy, process models and multiple perspectives to understand how organizations can strategically respond to, and manage, issues.
Abstract: This paper explores, in depth models of issues management and uses public policy, corporate strategy, process models and multiple perspectives to understand the evolution of issues management and how organizations can strategically respond to, and manage, issues. The paper concludes with empirical considerations and a research agenda for the future.
TL;DR: There has been a long-standing fascination with productivity trends in U.S. agriculture as mentioned in this paper, which stems from the historical importance of agriculture to the economy but also reflects economists' early and continued interest in quantifying the rate of return to society's sizable investment in agricultural R&D.
Abstract: There has been a long-standing fascination with productivity trends in U.S. agriculture. In part, this stems from the historical importance of agriculture to the economy but it also reflects economists' early and continued interest in quantifying the rate of return to society's sizable investment in agricultural R&D. The sum of government sponsored and private sector R&D investment in agriculture is estimated to have been $268 million in 1953.' In that year, total R&D investment in the economy from all sources amounted to $5.1 billion.2 Excluding defense and space-related R&D which accounted for approximately half of the U.S. total in the early fifties,3 R&D expenditures dedicated to agriculture equaled approximately 10% of total U.S. investment in R&D from all sources.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined how visual information in an ad may interact with and influence processing of verbal information and facilitate or inhibit self-referent judgments and found that the verbal focus of an ad was shown to encourage varying levels of selfreferencing and differential attitudes and intentions when a product visual was featured, but not when a slice-of-life setting was featured.
TL;DR: Changes in chest wall muscle recruitment and respiratory temporal parameters concomitant with the increased SaO2 indicate a mechanism of improving ventilation with PLB while protecting the diaphragm from fatigue in COPD.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose that research teams in which one or more members are relative insiders to a setting and another or more member is relative outsiders offer distinct advantages for integrating dive teams.
Abstract: The authors propose that research teams in which one or more members are relative insiders to a setting and one or more members are relative outsiders offer distinct advantages for integrating dive...
TL;DR: It is suggested that s-laminin plays a role in the differentiation of the neural retina and evidence that the composition of the extracellular matrix may be an important determinant of retinal differentiation is provided.
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of fee contracts in the agency relation between investment bankers and client firms in tender offers is investigated using a sample of offers between 1978 and 1986, with mixed results.
TL;DR: The results suggest that these children suffer an abiding fear and face many uncertainties in the long-term effects of this trauma, but the training and preparation of community mental health workers is a realistic possibility with positive effects for the psychic health of the children.
TL;DR: It was concluded that further studies of sex differences in math achievement should consider subgroup differences within the sexes, based on handedness patterns.
TL;DR: Several characterizations are given of the regular languages in the circuit complexity class AC 0, thus answering a question of Chandra, Fortune, and Lipton, and to determine effectively whether a given regular language is in AC 0 and to solve in part an open problem originally posed by McNaughton.
TL;DR: In this article, a computer simulation predicts the temporal charging of the insulators by the high-energy electron flux and shows that the most exposed insulator surface (not metallized) pulsed most frequently.
Abstract: Sixteen samples of standard insulating materials with electrodes were exposed to the full variety of the earth's space radiation belts on the CRRES (Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite) for 14 months. Spontaneous discharges were recorded for each sample and were compared to the radiation levels, which were simultaneously monitored. Samples with the most exposed insulator surface (not metallized) pulsed most frequently. Most of the pulses were less than 50 V on 50 Omega . Pulsing correlated weakly with electron flux, but no correlation with proton flux could be discerned. The pulse rate per unit electron flux was initially small, rose continuously for seven months, and then fell slightly during the last seven months. The pulsing rate decayed when the satellite left the electron belts. The decay became more rapid after seven months. There seem to be two kinds of pulses which exhibit differing statistics. One kind dominated during the first seven months, the other during the last seven months. This may be related to the fact that it took several months for electric fields in the samples to approach steady-state levels. A computer simulation predicts the temporal charging of the insulators by the high-energy electron flux. >