Showing papers by "Bowling Green State University published in 1982"
TL;DR: The possibility that emotions are elaborated by transhypothalamic executive circuits that concurrently activate related behavior patterns is assessed and the manner in which learning and psychiatric disorders may arise from activities of such circuits is discussed.
Abstract: Emotions seem to arise ultimately from hard-wired neural circuits in the visceral-limbic brain that facilitate diverse and adaptive behavioral and physiological responses to major classes of environmental challenges. Presumably these circuits developed early in mammalian brain evolution, and the underlying control mechanisms remain similar in humans and “lower” mammals. This would suggest that theoretically guided studies of the animal brain can reveal how primitive emotions are organized in the human brain. Conversely, granted this cross-species heritage, it is arguable that human introspective access to emotional states may provide direct information concerning operations of emotive circuits and thus be a primary source of hypotheses for animal brain research. In this article the possibility that emotions are elaborated by transhypothalamic executive (command) circuits that concurrently activate related behavior patterns is assessed. Current neurobehavioral evidence indicates that there are at least four executive circuits of this type – those which elaborate central states of expectancy, rage, fear, and panic. The manner in which learning and psychiatric disorders may arise from activities of such circuits is also discussed.
880 citations
TL;DR: A review of background influences, current conceptualizations, research methods, and some research findings is provided in CAVANAUGH, JOHN C., and PERLMUTTER, MARION as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: CAVANAUGH, JOHN C., and PERLMUTTER, MARION. Metamemory: A Critical Examination. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1982, 53, 11-28. This paper provides a critical examination of the current status of metamemory. A review of background influences, current conceptualizations, research methods, and some research findings is provided. Several limitations of metamemory are noted. In particular, there is no clear definition of the concept, assessment methods are inadequate, research has not gone beyond a demonstration stage, and a strong relationship between memory and metamemory generally has not been substantiated. Several issues that need to be addressed in a reconceptualization of metamemory are discussed. These issues include new assessment methods, redirection of research, predictions and testable hypotheses about the relationship between metamemory knowledge and memory performance, and the origins of metamemory. Although in its present form metamemory has little utility, a revised analysis of metamemory could have an important influence on conceptualizations of memory.
305 citations
TL;DR: This paper studied more than two thousand athletes over 10 years at a major western university and found that athletes were less prepared for college and achieved less academically in college than the general student population.
Abstract: Though the educational attainment of college athletes has become a major concern in the United States, there has been little research on the relationship between participation in college sports and educational attainment. We studied more than two thousand athletes over 10 years at a major western university and found that athletes were less prepared for college and achieved less academically in college than the general student population. All athletes did not perform equally, however. Scholarship holders, blacks, and participants in the major revenue-producing sports of football and basketball had the poorest academic potential and performance.
178 citations
TL;DR: Stimulation of catecholamine systems is evidently incompatible with the expression of playful behavior and at the highest doses tested both amphetamine and methylphenidate increased social investigation, but only if the rats were socially isolated.
Abstract: Treatment with d-amphetamine (0.125–1 mg/kg) or methylphenidate (0.5–4 mg/kg) caused dose-dependent decreases in play fighting in juvenile rats which were independent of sex and strain. Although brief social isolation profoundly increased play fighting, qualitatively similar drug effects on play were observed in socially housed and isolated animals. By contrast, at the highest doses tested both amphetamine and methylphenidate increased social investigation, but only if the rats were socially isolated. Stimulation of catecholamine systems is evidently incompatible with the expression of playful behavior.
120 citations
114 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the traditional moderated technique with a technique designed to increase the probability of the indication of a moderator variable, and found that the ability to detect a moderator also depends on the distribution of the moderator variable.
77 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors distinguish transitory from permanent tax effects by analyzing panel data for taxpayers, and they suggest both transitory and permanent effects, although the permanent tax rate effect is not significant in all cases.
Abstract: Recent empirical work on captial gains implies that realizations are highly sensitive to marginal tax rates. Because they are based on cross-section data, however, these estimates cannot distinguish between permanent responses to tax rate changes and the timing of realizations to take advantage of the normal fluctuations in any individual's tax rates over time. The purpose of this paper is to distinguish transitory from permanent tax effects by analyzing panel data for taxpayers. Controlling for permanent and transitory income and other variables, the estimates suggest both transitory and permanent effects, although the permanent tax rate effect is not significant in all cases.
73 citations
TL;DR: There may be two periods of release of prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) from the brain in Rhodnius, one immediately following the blood meal and the second on day 5 or 6 of the last-larval instar, suggesting that control of ecdysteroid excretion may be important in regulation of the haemolymph titre.
73 citations
TL;DR: The authors investigated four content materials to determine which facilitated reasoning on the four-card selection problem, and found that thematic materials did not facilitate reasoning compared with abstract materials, and evidence for both matching and verification bias was obtained, but neither was sufficient to account for all selection patterns.
Abstract: Prior studies have indicated that thematic materials facilitate reasoning on the four-card selection problem, a task that assesses ability to evaluate logical conditionals of the “if-then” form. Recently, however, attempts to replicate the thematic effect have failed. The present study investigated four content materials to determine which facilitated reasoning. Introductory psychology students were required to determine which card(s) needed to be “unmasked” in order to determine the truth or falsity of conditional rules. Thematic materials did not facilitate reasoning compared with abstract materials. Evidence for both matching and verification bias was obtained, but neither was sufficient to account for all selection patterns. Subjects may thus be using “cognitive short-circuiting” strategies, of which matching bias and verification bias are but two examples.
67 citations
TL;DR: In this article, socialization into sport: Parent and Child Reverse and Reciprocal Effects is discussed. But the authors focus on the negative effects of socialization on children's development.
Abstract: (1982). Socialization into Sport: Parent and Child Reverse and Reciprocal Effects. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 263-266.
61 citations
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TL;DR: Panksepp and Biven as discussed by the authors described a taxonomy of the primary-process affective network in mammals, which includes the seeking, rage, fear, lust, care, grief, and play network.
Abstract: Jaak Panksepp and Lucy Biven (2012) New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. ix + 547 pp. There have been several attempts to theorize about the origin of the brain and its modular functions by drawing upon the microevolutionary processes and their distal impact on macroevolution. Most of these attempts have focused on explaining the emergence and the expansion of the phylogenetically recent neopallium and its functions in behavioral and cognitive systems (Geary, 2005; McNally et al., 2012). In contrast, there has been little attempt to characterize the evolutionary basis of human emotionsVa collection of systems with activity grounded in the phylogenetically ancient allocortex. Cognitive information processing is behaviorally and functionally distinct from affective processingVwhereas the former involves the neocortical encoding of information gleaned from the environment through the senses, the latter originates from subcortical structures in the form of ‘‘diffuse global states’’ that may be cognitively processed into higher emotions. Panksepp and Biven have now published a text that delves with great detail into the neural architecture of the human emotional life, with particular focus on its ancestral origins. This is a worthwhile endeavor, with implications for preclinical and clinical models of aberrant emotional behavior and regulation. In summary, Panksepp and Biven’s model is as follows. The emotional ‘‘brainmind’’ system is adaptive for providing humans and other living entities for which this structure has evolved intrinsic and evaluative information about their progress in the quest for survival. Whereas positive emotions are indicative of the experience of situations that are positively correlated with survival, negative emotions may be outcomes of the evaluation of situations that negatively correlate with survival. These ‘‘raw’’ emotions are ‘‘ancestral memories’’ that have been phylogenetically important for survival and, as such, have been genetically coded to be inborn capacities. The bulk of the text focuses on their essential nature as primary-process instinctual emotionsVthe most basic, primordial affective processes. Primary-process emotions are most important (or influential) in infants and other mammals. Here, these generate fixed (instinctual) behavioral responses and emotional arousal to a specific set or finite number of precipitating events. Although primary-process emotions initially control higher brain cognitive activities, with normal development, the higher cognitive abilities rooted in the neocortex come to control primary-process emotions. In Panksepp and Biven’s organization of the levels of emotional control, primary-process emotional networks regulate secondary-process emotions. Secondary-process emotions are unintentional learning and memory mechanisms grounded in the basal ganglia that include simple classical conditioning, instrumental and operant learning, and behavioral and emotional habits. During the course of development, these learning-memory mechanisms create object relations and contingencies that become linked to tertiary affects and neocortical awareness functions. Tertiary processes include emotional ruminations, evaluations, and thoughts that influence free will and intentions to act. Panksepp and Biven describewith illustrations the taxonomy of the primary-process affective network in mammals. This network comprises at least seven emotional systems, homologous across mammalian species, with neurobiology grounded in subneocortical structures. These include the seeking, rage, fear, lust, care, grief, and play network systemsVthe most important being the seeking system. It is clear from the text that one of its goals was to underscore the continuity that exists between humans and other mammals in the neural archeology and experience of emotions. The authors do this by emphasizing commonalities across species in emotional action patterns, learning and memory, and neural circuits, but this is balanced with a discussion of species-specific differences. The book is a collaboration of a neuroscientist and a clinician; as such, although the basic neurobiology of ‘‘normal’’ and ‘‘aberrant’’ affective systems is often in view, Panksepp and Biven give extensive treatment to issues relevant to clinicians such as substance addiction (e.g., pp. 192, 326, 361, 384), aggression (pp. 157Y158, 164Y 167), mood disorders (e.g., pp. 326Y337, 335Y 339, 457Y461, 479Y483), anxiety disorders (e.g., pp. 176Y191, 469Y474), schizophrenia (e.g., pp. 108Y110, 300, 441), psychological well-being (pp. 418Y420), and psychotherapy (pp. 425Y474). Clinicians involved in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder may find the authors’ favorable treatment of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) slightly one sided (pp. 468Y474) for an intervention that remains questionable in the view of many psychologists with regard to its theoretical foundations (e.g., Herbert et al., 2000). Although EMDR’s therapeutic benefits are not in question, it has been argued that it simply capitalizes on prolonged exposure, much like several other treatments of anxiety disorders, and that its characteristic eye movements to facilitate accelerated processing are pseudoscientific claims. The authors venture an explanation of the benefits of eye movementsVeye movements have neural circuits in the superior colliculi, which lie near the dorsal region of the periaqueductal gray (the negative affective regions of the periaqueductal gray). Eye movements may diffuse negative emotions by inhibiting neural networks that may contribute to negative emotions. The authors also venture the possibility that traumatic memories undergo modification (or recontextualization) during EMDR at a primary-process affective level, such that by the time the memories are reintegrated and reconsolidated into memory banks, these have been diffused of negative emotion. The authors acknowledge that there is no current neuroscientific evidence for this putative mechanism of action; however, some testable predictions that prove or disprove their hypothesis would have been welcome. Our own interest in Panksepp and Biven’s view of the archaeology of emotions draws from clinical and research interest in the phenomenology and treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. As noted by the authors, dopamine hyperactivity in the seeking system, particularly at D2 receptors, is implicated in psychosis. Although part of the same core abnormality, this cause-effect is more direct in frank hallucinations rather than strongly held delusional beliefs, which require disturbance in error-dependent updating of beliefs and inferences characterized by deviant Bayesian inferences, prediction error signaling, and jumping-to-conclusions as espoused by information processing models (Fletcher and Frith, 2009). Antipsychotic treatments operate by blocking dopamine activity at receptor sites but also have the unfortunate consequence of decreasing an individual’s natural seeking tendencies. This generally contributes to a constellation of behaviors that mimic negative symptoms in schizophrenia. One puzzling aspect of schizophrenia is the diminished expression of positive or negative emotions (i.e., restricted emotional range) and blunted affect in a subset of patients with schizophrenia with prominent, idiopathic negative symptoms (Kirkpatrick et al., 2001; Suslow et al., 2003) and increased negative emotionality in patients with nondeficit schizophrenia. Positive symptoms are less crucial to a deficit classification, although comparisons between patients with deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia suggest comparable degrees of severity in positive symptoms (Cohen et al., 2010; Galderisi et al., 2002). Panksepp andBiven’smodelwould seem less successful at explaining co-occurring or idiopathic negative symptoms in some people with schizophrenia given that symptoms of anhedonia, avolition, asociality, and affective flattening appear inconsistent with an overactive seeking system. There has also been some suggestion that anticipatory but not consummatory pleasure deficits may be more robust in people with schizophrenia (e.g., Gard et al., 2007), which appears to run counter to an overactive seeking system. Similarly, whereas manic/hypomanic hyperactivation, cyclothymia, behavioral dysregulation, rapid cycling, and mixed episodes in BOOK REVIEW
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the goal-setting research literature in an attempt to identify those variables having an effect on an individual's choice of goal level, and concluded that these variables also influence an individual choice of task difficulty.
Abstract: The goal-setting research literature is reviewed in an attempt to identify those variables having an effect on an individual's choice of goal level. Two broad areas are considered: situational factors and personality factors. Under situational factors, prior success or failure on the task, monetary and verbal incentives, feedback, participation, and competition are identified as probable determinants of the choice of goal difficulty level. Personality influences, such as need for achievement, higher-order need strength, self-assurance, and maturity are also reviewed, and it is concluded that these variables also influence an individual's choice of goal difficulty. Surprisingly, none of the reviewed studies directly examined the connection between such variables and goal difficulty; nor between goal difficulty and general personality. Thus, the early literature on level of aspiration is examined and the review supports the notion that choice of goal difficulty reflects a general personality trait, operating across different situations. Discussion focuses on the need for research which views goal-setting behaviour as a personality trait, and the problems associated with such an approach.
TL;DR: This article found that the absolute level of performance of seniors reflected major deficiencies in applying critical evaluation skills, and that more emphasis is needed on more directly teaching critical thinking skills in the classroom.
Abstract: There is much interest in the impact of college on critical thinking ability. Freshmen and seniors at a mideastern university were given either a general instruction or multiple specific instructions for critically evaluating one of two articles. All critiques were in essay form. Seniors provided more appropriate criticisms to both kinds of instructions for both articles. However, the absolute level of performance of seniors reflected major deficiencies in applying critical evaluation skills. It was concluded that while college seems to be having an impact, greater emphasis is needed on more directly teaching critical thinking skills in the classroom.
TL;DR: The tremendous area of substrate provided by Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kutz may provide habitat for a community potentially important to the littoral area, and Bangia does not provide a suitable attachment site for epiphytic algae which may be important in the food chain.
TL;DR: Selective depletion of NA, in this manner, reduced deprivation induced food intake and lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation in subjects pretreated with FLA-63 and RO 4-1284.
TL;DR: The study of the relationship between physical characteristics and behavior is placed in historical context and current research concerned with the implications of minor physical anomalies is reviewed.
Abstract: The study of the relationship between physical characteristics and behavior is placed in historical context. Current research concerned with the implications of minor physical anomalies is reviewed. Anomalies, measurement considerations, relationship between anomalies and selected characteristics, methodological issues, and underlying assumptions are examined. Conclusions and suggestions for future research are provided.
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: The main incentive for the scientific study of biodegradation of polymers was concern with the problem of preventing or retarding attack on such products by microorganisms, insects, rodents, and other animals as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: At different times in the history of polymer science specific subjects have come to center stage; for intense investigation because they represent new and important intellectual challenges as well as technological opportunities. In past years the chief incentive for the scientific study of biodegradation of polymers was concern with the problem of preventing or retarding attack on such products by microorganisms, insects, rodents, and other animals. Many research efforts in synthetic polymer chemistry were directed toward the synthesis of polymers resistant to biodegradation. The paramount feature sought by polymer chemists and engineers was stability, and the production of such materials has been very impressive. This is still a very important factor in many applications such as paints, protective coatings, textiles, electrical insulation, and plastic films and sheets used for many applications such as upholstery and floor covering. Fortunately, most synthetic polymers are resistant to biologica...
TL;DR: In this article, a metal-containing copolymer is obtained which, when the metal ion is removed with acid, retains some memory of the original chelating metal, and when polymerization is carried out in the presence of metal ions (Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+, etc.) a metal containing copolymers is obtained, which can be used to obtain poly(4′-methyl-4-vinyl-2,2′-bipyridine) with divinylbenzene.
Abstract: Poly(4′-methyl-4-vinyl-2,2′-bipyridine) has been prepared as have various copolymers with divinylbenzene. When polymerization is carried out in the presence of metal ions (Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+) a metal-containing copolymer is obtained which, when the metal ion is removed with acid, retains some memory of the original chelating metal.
TL;DR: This article examined the relationships among a variety of loci of control and individual psychosocial competence measures through nomothetic and idiographic methods through 133 congregation members drawn from 12 suburban congregations participated in the study.
Abstract: This study examined the relationships among a variety of loci of control and individual psychosocial competence measures through nomothetic and idiographic methods 133 congregation members drawn from 12 suburban congregations participated in the study Correlational analyses pointed to considerable independence among the loci of control However, through a cluster analysis, groups of members manifesting different patterns of attribution of control were identified The patterns themselves were conceptually meaningful Furthermore, members of the clusters held significantly different characteristics of psychosocial competence Yet, as elements of the cluster, neither internal nor external loci themselves had consistently positive or negative implications for members' competence Rather the significance of the loci appeared to lie in their configuration with each other Thus, this study highlights the relevance of examining individual frameworks of causal attribution whose elements operate interactively as
TL;DR: In this article, nine rhetorical strategies in Nixon's public utterances on Watergate are identified and illustrated, and their development over time is traced through four general phases, and an examination of public opinion polls reveals that his strategies failed to stem the tide of negative public opinion.
Abstract: Nine rhetorical strategies in Nixon's public utterances on Watergate are identified and illustrated, and their development over time is traced through four general phases. These strategies are evaluated individually and found to be unpersuasive and often inconsistent. At times they are are unethical as well. Finally, an examination of public opinion polls reveals that his strategies failed to stem the tide of negative public opinion.
TL;DR: The concept of metamemory appears useful in explaining production deficiencies and insightful strategy invention in young children as discussed by the authors, and the children were then given training on the use of an interrogative-elaboration strategy to aid paired associate learning.
Abstract: Test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity of a metamemory battery were assessed. Fifty-five second-graders were given an extensive metamemory battery on two occasions separated by a 6-week interval. Test-retest correlations ranged from.29 to.49 for individual subtests, with a correlation of .67 for the composite battery. The children were then given training on the use of an interrogative-elaboration strategy to aid paired associate learning. Following three training sessions, tests for strategy maintenance and generalization were administered. Correlations relating strategy use with metamemory were significant for the transfer tasks, even when general knowledge was partialled out. The concept of metamemory appears useful in explaining production deficiencies and insightful strategy invention in young children.
TL;DR: Cis-(NH 3 ) 2 PtCl 2 is more effective in unwinding SV40 DNA than is the trans isomer and can unwind the DNA to the positively supercoiled form, a mode which is responsible for the more effectively unwinding of the DNA.
TL;DR: Data suggest that a history of maternal versus paternal left-handedness may affect lateralization differently in the sexes, and support neither the simple model of FS nor sex influence on language laterality.
TL;DR: Results were interpreted as demonstrating consistent laterality effects--the faster response occurring after intrahemispheric processing, and the interactions between ear stimulated and hand of response were suggestive of minor hemisphere processing.
TL;DR: An oxidase complex has been solubilized and partially purified from the membrane particle of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown under limited oxygen condition and exhibited a maximal specific activity.
Abstract: An oxidase complex has been solubilized and partially purified from the membrane particle of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown under limited oxygen condition. The oxidase consists of two major cytochrome components, cytochrome c554 and cytochrome o (b561), with a molar ratio of about 9:1 in terms of c-heme to protoheme content. Ninety percent of the cytochrome c+o complex, corresponding to all of the cytochrome c554, is reducible by reduced N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine. This partially purified oxidase exhibited a maximal specific activity about 5 mumol O2 uptake x min-1 x mg protein-1, with a Km (of reduced N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine) = 7.2 x 10(-4) M at 30 degrees C. The oxidase is sensitive to KCN, NaN3 and NaNO2. Oxidation-reduction potentiometric titration shows that cytochrome c554 has a midpoint potential of 289 mV and cytochrome o of + 25 mV at pH 7.2 in the partially purified oxidase preparation. The purity of the preparation has been estimated to be about 85--90% by gel electrophoresis.
TL;DR: The increase in photosynthetic rate due to SO 2 treatment was observed in both the light green and dark green plants of this strain, and in some cases, higher rates of photosynthesis were observed in plants displaying foliar injury (necrotic flecks or bifacial chlorosis) followingSO 2 treatment.
TL;DR: In areas of the Great Lakes which haveWalleye populations that exhibit similar age patterns as Burt Lake walleye, otolith or pectoral fin ray ageing methods should be used as an occasional check for the reliability of scale age estimations.