Showing papers by "Center for Global Development published in 2001"

Participation: the New Tyranny?

Abstract: * 1. The Case for Participation as Tyranny - Bill Cooke and Uma Kothari * 2. 'People's Knowledge', Participation and Patronage: Operations and Representations in Rural Development - David Mosse * 3. Institutions, Agency and the Limitations of Participatory Approaches to Development - Frances Cleaver * 4. Pluralism, Participation and Power: Joint Forest Management in India - Nicholas Hildyard, Pandurang Hegde, Paul Wolvekamp, Somasekhare Reddy * 5. Participatory Development at the World Bank: The Primacy of Process - Paul Francis * 6. Beyond the Formulaic: Process and Practice in South Asian NGOs - John Hailey * 7. The Social-Psychological Limits of Participation? - Bill Cooke * 8. Insights into Participation from Critical Management and Labour Process Perspectives - Harry Taylor * 9. Participatory Development: Power, Knowledge and Social Control - Uma Kothari * 10. Beyond Participation: Strategies for Deeper Empowerment - Giles Mohan * 11. Participation as Spiritual Duty: Empowerment as Secular Subjection - Heiko Henkel and Roderick Stirrat * Bibliography

Wound microbiology and associated approaches to wound management.

Abstract: The majority of dermal wounds are colonized with aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms that originate predominantly from mucosal surfaces such as those of the oral cavity and gut. The role and significance of microorganisms in wound healing has been debated for many years. While some experts consider the microbial density to be critical in predicting wound healing and infection, others consider the types of microorganisms to be of greater importance. However, these and other factors such as microbial synergy, the host immune response, and the quality of tissue must be considered collectively in assessing the probability of infection. Debate also exists regarding the value of wound sampling, the types of wounds that should be sampled, and the sampling technique required to generate the most meaningful data. In the laboratory, consideration must be given to the relevance of culturing polymicrobial specimens, the value in identifying one or more microorganisms, and the microorganisms that should be assayed for antibiotic susceptibility. Although appropriate systemic antibiotics are essential for the treatment of deteriorating, clinically infected wounds, debate exists regarding the relevance and use of antibiotics (systemic or topical) and antiseptics (topical) in the treatment of nonhealing wounds that have no clinical signs of infection. In providing a detailed analysis of wound microbiology, together with current opinion and controversies regarding wound assessment and treatment, this review has attempted to capture and address microbiological aspects that are critical to the successful management of microorganisms in wounds.

Environmental Problems in an Urbanizing World: Finding Solutions in Cities in Africa, Asia and Latin America

Abstract: Cities can provide health safe and stimulating environments for their inhabitants without imposing unsustainable demands on natural resources ecosystems and global cycles. A successful city in this sense is one that meets multiple goals. Such goals include: healthy living and working environments for the inhabitants; water supply provision for sanitation rubbish collection and disposal drains paved roads and footpaths and other forms of infrastructure and services that are essential for health (and important for a prosperous economic base) available to all; an ecologically sustainable relationship between the demands of consumers and businesses and the resources waste sinks and ecosystems on which they draw. (excerpt)

Understanding e-Governance for Development

Abstract: New information and communication technologies can make a significant contribution to the achievement of good governance goals. This 'e-governance' can make governance more efficient and more effective, and bring other benefits too. This paper outlines the three main contributions of e-governance: improving government processes (e-administration); connecting citizens (e-citizens and e-services); and building external interactions (e-society). Case studies are used to show that e-governance is a current, not just future, reality for developing countries. However, most e-governance initiatives fail. Countries therefore face two challenges. First, the strategic challenge of e-readiness: preparing six identified pre-conditions for e-governance. Second, the tactical challenge of closing design — reality gaps: adopting best practice in e-governance projects in order to avoid failure and to achieve success. A vision for change is therefore outlined of which more details are given in a related paper.

African Wildlife & Livelihoods: The Promise and Performance of Community Conservation

Abstract: Part 1 Setting the scene: conservation and communities, William Adams and D. Hulme community conservation from concept to practice - a practical framework, Edmund Barrow and Marshall Murphree. Part 2 Conservation policies and institutions: the evolution of policy in Namibia and Zimbabwe, Brian Jones and M. Murphree community conservation in East Africa, Edmund Barrow et al the political economy of community conservation policy in Mozambique, Simon Anstey reforming a conservation bureaucracy in Tanzania, Patrick Bergin. Part 3 Parks and people revisited -community conservation as projected area outreach: Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda, D. Hulme and Mark Infield Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, Uganda, William Adams and Mark Infield Tarangire National Park, Tanzania (1992-97), Kadzo Kangwana and Rafael Ole Mako. Part 4 Developing management: the evolution of a community-based approach to wildlife management at Kunene, Namibia, Brian Jones community conservation and private business (Mahenye, Zimbabwe), M. Murphree community conservation designed by the community (Mozambique), Simon Anstey and Camila de Sousa. Part 5 Economics, incentives and institutional change: the nature of benefits and the benefits of nature, Lucy Emerton economic incentives and institutional change in Zimbabwe, Ivan Bond committees, rights, costs and benefits (Zimbabwe's CAMPFIRE programme), James Murombedzi. Part 6 Measuring and monitoring conservation: can community conservation strategies meet the conservation agenda?, Kadzo Kangwana participatory natural resource management - implications for conservation, Russell Taylor. Part 7 Conclusions: the future of community conservation community conservation and beyond.

Transnational livelihoods and landscapes: Political ecologies of globalization

Abstract: This paper introduces a collection of articles on ‘Transnational livelihoods and landscapes’. We outline the analytical value of grounding political ecologies of globalization in notions of livelihood, scale, place and network. This requires an understanding of the linkages between rural people to global processes. We argue that the exploitation of these linkages can, under certain circumstances, result in new options and markets for rural people in marginal regions, even though many rural societies also confront serious political, environmental and economic challenges that likewise derive from globalization.

Who Can Explain The Mauritian Miracle: Meade, Romer, Sachs or Rodrik?

Abstract: This paper examines different explanations--initial conditions, openness to trade and FDI, and institutions--of the Mauritian growth experience since the mid-1970s. We show that arguments based on openness to trade and FDI are either misleading or incomplete, and the transmission mechanism insufficiently identified. However, even when correctly articulated, openness appears to be a proximate rather than an underlying explanation for the Mauritian experience. The institution-based explanation offers greater promise. Ultimately, however, the econometric results indicate that existing explanations may be incomplete. Some idiosyncratic factors, particularly Mauritian diversity and the responses to managing it, may provide the missing pieces in the story of Mauritius's success.

Long-term use of Oseltamivir for the Prophylaxis of influenza in a vaccinated frail older population

Abstract: Objectives To investigate the efficacy of once-daily oral oseltamivir for 6 weeks (Tamiflu) in prophylaxis against laboratory-confirmed clinical influenza in frail older subjects living in homes for seniors and to determine the safety and tolerability of long-term oseltamivir. Design Double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, randomized, multicenter study. Setting Thirty-one residential homes for seniors across United States and Europe. Participants Five hundred forty-eight frail older occupants (mean age 81 years, >80% vaccinated). Intervention Prophylaxis with oseltamivir 75 mg or placebo once daily for 6 weeks, beginning when influenza was detected locally. Measurements The primary efficacy endpoint was laboratory-confirmed clinical influenza. Results Oseltamivir administration resulted in a 92% reduction in the incidence of laboratory-confirmed clinical influenza compared with placebo (placebo 12/272 (4.4%), oseltamivir 1/276 (0.4%); P = .002). Of subjects vaccinated against influenza, oseltamivir was 91% effective in preventing laboratory-confirmed clinical influenza (placebo 11/218 (5.0%), oseltamivir 1/222 (0.5%); P = .003). Oseltamivir use was associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of secondary complications (placebo 7/272 (2.6%), oseltamivir 1/276 (0.4%); P = .037). Although nearly all subjects were taking concomitant medication both before and during the study, oseltamivir was well tolerated. A similar incidence of adverse events, including gastrointestinal effects, occurred in both groups. There was no suppression of antibody response in oseltamivir recipients. Conclusion Oral oseltamivir 75 mg once daily for 6 weeks effectively prevented clinical influenza in vaccinated frail older subjects using significant concomitant medications in a residential care setting. The treatment was well tolerated and provided additional protection to that afforded by vaccination.

A Tariff-Growth Paradox? Protection's Impact the World Around 1875-1997

Abstract: This paper uses a new database to establish two findings covering the first globalization boom before World War I, the second since World War II, and the autarkic interlude in between. First, there is strong evidence supporting a Tariff-Growth Paradox: protection was associated with fast growth before World War II, while it was associated with slow growth thereafter. Second, there is strong evidence supporting regional asymmetry: while the tariff-growth association was powerful and positive in the Core and rich New World before World War II, it was typically weak and negative in the poor Periphery. The paper offers explanations for the Paradox by controlling for a changing world economic environment. It shows how the oft-quoted Sachs-Warner results for 1970-1989 are significantly revised when one controls for trading partners' growth, trading partners' tariffs and the effective distance between them over the longer half-century 1950-1997. Falling partners' tariffs was the most important force accounting for the switch in sign on the tariff-growth connection after 1950. An increase in own tariffs after 1950 hurt growth, but it would not have hurt growth in a world where partners' tariffs were much higher, trading partners' growth much slower, and the world less closely connected by transportation. World environment matters. Leader-country reaction to big world events (like the Great Depression) matter. Followers take notice.

The Internationalization of Public Management: Reinventing the Third World State

Abstract: Since the 1980s there has been a process of almost continuous reform in public management in developed countries and a renegotiation of traditional relationships between state, economy and society. These changes have been expressed through privatization, civil service reductions and restructuring, the introduction of market-type mechanisms to improve the delivery of public services, the construction of new forms of partnership between state and non-state organizations, and new types of regulation and accountability. In turn, these public managements have, in a variety of ways, have been transferred to the state systems of developing and transitional economies. This volume constitutes an attempt to examine the conceptual and practical problems which attend such policy transfers, and to make preliminary judgements about the successes and failures of public management reforming developing countries. The contributors offer instructive insights into the complex reality of the development. The latest title in the "New Horizons in Public Policy" series, this text covers the internationalization of public management in developing countries.

Rate of Emergence of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Mutations in Leukocytes of Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Who Are Receiving Valganciclovir as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for CMV Retinitis

Abstract: The emergence of mutations conferring ganciclovir resistance was evaluated in an open-label randomized clinical trial that compared oral valganciclovir with intravenous ganciclovir as induction therapy, followed by maintenance with valganciclovir, for newly diagnosed cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in 148 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The presence of CMV mutations was directly assessed in patient leukocytes by polymerase chain reaction, followed by restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) for detection of the most common UL97 mutations associated with ganciclovir resistance and by sequencing of the viral UL97 gene. The cumulative percentages of patients with UL97-mutant viruses at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months (based on the number of patients on treatment at each time point) was 2.2%, 6.5%, 12.8%, and 15.3%, respectively. Of the 20 relevant UL97 mutations found by sequencing in 14 patients, 14 (70%) were detected by RFLP analysis. The rate of emergence of ganciclovir-resistant viruses with use of oral valganciclovir is no greater than that reported with use of intravenous ganciclovir.

Ibandronate: A Comparison of Oral Daily Dosing Versus Intermittent Dosing in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis

Abstract: The objective of this study was to compare efficacy and safety of continuous versus intermittent oral dosing of ibandronate. Two hundred forty women aged 55–75 years with postmenopausal osteoporosis were randomized to active treatment or placebo. Similar total doses of ibandronate were provided by treatment regimens with either continuous 2.5 mg of ibandronate daily (n = 81) or intermittent 20 mg of ibandronate every other day for the first 24 days, followed by 9 weeks without active drug (n = 78). The placebo group (total, n = 81) was crossed over after 12 months to receive either continuous (n = 37) or intermittent ibandronate (n = 35). By 24 months, bone mineral density (BMD) had increased significantly relative to baseline in both active treatment groups. The continuous and intermittent groups showed statistically equivalent increases in lumbar spine BMD of +5.64% (±0.53) and +5.54% (±0.53) and in total hip of +3.35% (±0.40) and +3.41% (±0.40), respectively (per protocol population). Biochemical markers of bone turnover decreased significantly in both treatment groups. The level of marker suppression was similar, although the intermittent group displayed, as expected, more fluctuation over the treatment period. The frequency of adverse events was similar in the treatment groups. In conclusion, the intermittent and continuous regimens showed equivalent changes in BMD and bone turnover. These results confirm previous preclinical findings indicating that the efficacy of ibandronate depends on the total oral dose given rather than on the dosing schedule. This supports development of new flexible dosing regimens targeted to minimize the frequency of dosing, which are expected to improve convenience and lead to enhanced long-term patient compliance.

Building e-Governance for Development: A Framework for National and Donor Action

Abstract: As noted in a related paper, information and communication technologies have a valuable potential to help meet good governance goals in developing countries. Yet that potential remains largely untapped to date. Why? Because of poor human, organisational and technological infrastructure and because of the inappropriate approaches taken by donors, vendors and governments. This paper hopes to point the way forward by describing the contents of a National e-Governance Initiative (NeGI) for developing countries that would address the problems of the past and would grasp the opportunities provided for governance by the new connectivity. Over a short- to medium-term timeframe, an NeGI aims to help deliver the following outcomes: • Awareness and commitment to e-governance at a high level. • A set of key e-governance institutions that can strategically plan and facilitate e-governance projects. • New laws and regulations that enable e-governance. • A national e-Governance Strategy. • The operational capacities to implement e-governance pilot projects. • A set of e-governance pilot projects focused on 'networked government'. The paper places a particular emphasis on the potential contribution of donor agencies to such an Initiative. Principles, impacts, risks, priorities and other issues relating to e-governance initiatives are also described.

Civil society and urban poverty - examining complexity

Abstract: CIVIL SOCIETY IS increasingly recognized as being critical to the successful realization of development. Grassroots organizations are regarded as a new panacea for people-centred, pro-poor development. But should this be the case? Low-income communities are subject to division due to unequal access to power, prestige, income and capital. Do such organizations really support their poorest members to increase and achieve development options? How do NGOs truly support participatory processes? Do their staff use their professional skills and expertise to enable the poor to control development programmes, or does decision-making remain in the hands of a few? Do grassroots organizations and NGOs reduce poverty, or is their role to reinforce dependency, powerlessness and exclusion? And how does the state intervene to influence these organizations and the way in which they are developing? These are the questions that need to be understood if issues of empowerment and participation are to be addressed. This paper draws together a wide range of development literature to consider the activities of grassroots organizations and NGOs in poverty reduction in urban areas. It does not attempt to be exhaustive, rather it draws on a range of documents to provide an overview of issues and themes. The focus of the discussion is on the issue of governance and how authority and control are exercised within civil society institutions and between civil society and the state. The discussion begins by introducing the concept of civil society and examines the growing interest in recent years in civil society, NGOs and the related concept of social capital. Later sections explore the nature of participation and governance within grassroots organizations, the relationships between grassroots organizations and NGOs and, finally, relations between civil society and the state. Governance is broadly defined and refers to the process whereby institutions govern themselves, be they nation states or residents’ associations. In the case of the nation state, the process of governance refers primarily to relations between citizens (either individual or collectively) and their governments. In the case of membership organizations, it refers to relations between members and leaders.

Outward Orientation, Investment and Finance Constraints: A Study of Indian Firms

Abstract: We investigate the presence of finance constraints on firms' investment behaviour using Indian manufacturing as a case study. This question becomes particularly interesting in the post-1991 period when substantial market oriented reforms were undertaken. We argue that in the Indian institutional context (especially, the underdeveloped state of bankruptcy laws and restrictive exit procedures) outward orientation rather than size is the relevant criteria for distinguishing firms that may be 'finance-constrained' from those that are not. Using panel data for 718 Indian manufacturing firms for the period 1993-98, we find that exporting firms are less constrained in financial markets than firms which sell primarily to domestic markets.

Globalized Andes? Livelihoods, Landscapes and Development

Abstract: Contemporary globalization in the Andes challenges the sustainability and quality of rural livelihoods. However, it is also the case that rural people have often addressed these destructive dimensi...

Pharmacokinetics and Dosage Recommendations for an Oseltamivir Oral Suspension for the Treatment of Influenza in Children

Abstract: Objective: Oseltamivir (Ro 64-0796) is an ester prodrug of the active metabolite Ro 64-0802 (oseltamivir carboxylate), a potent and selective inhibitor of the neuraminidase enzyme of influenza virus. In this study we report the pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir in healthy children volunteers (study 1) and in children with influenza (study 2). Study Participants and Methods: In study 1, an open-label, single dose study, serial plasma samples were obtained from a total of 18 healthy children (5 to 18 years) who were grouped by age (n = 6 per group) and received single oral doses of oseltamivir 2 mg/kg. In study 2, a randomised, placebo controlled phase III study in paediatric children (1 to 12 years) presenting with influenza symptoms, 199 pharmacokinetic sparse samples were obtained from 87 patients, and serial samples were obtained from 5 patients. Pooled data were compared with those from adult studies. Results: Children (1 to 12 years) eliminated the active metabolite faster than both adolescents (13 to 18 years) and adults, resulting in lower exposure to the active drug. In these children, oseltamivir 2 mg/kg twice daily resulted in drug exposures within the range associated with tolerability and efficacy in adults administered approximately 1 mg/kg twice daily. Unit doses of oseltamivir 30, 45 and 60mg oral suspension are recommended twice daily in children weighing ≤15kg (or ≤331b, aged 1 to 3 years), >15 to 23kg (or >33 to 511b, aged 4 to 7 years) and >23 to 40kg (or >51 to 881b, aged 8 to 12 years), respectively. A 75mg capsule may be a viable dosage formulation in children (e.g. over 8 years of age) who are able to swallow solid dosage forms. Conclusions: Young children cleared the active metabolite oseltamivir carboxylate at a faster rate than older children and adults. Convenient administration recommendations for the oseltamivir oral suspension in children are possible to maintain drug exposure within the target window.

Why Many Developing Countries Just Aren't

Abstract: Annual income/capita varies across countries of the world by a factor of almost 100. Past literature has often associated income with culture, geography, history, and religion, but these cannot be easily changed. We seek to uncover mutable determinants of income. There is good news. More than 80% of the cross-country variation in per capita income can be explained by mutable determinants. Among these are property rights, black market activity, regulation, civil liberties, press freedom, government spending, trade barriers, inflation, and political rights. Data for five recent years 1995-99 were used in this determination. To check that these factors were causes and not the effects of high income, the trajectories of income before and after democratic and anti-democratic events were traced using data over the past half century. After a democratic event, income rises on average dramatically while the reverse is true after an anti-democratic event. We conclude that countries can develop faster by enforcing strong property rights, fostering an independent judiciary, attacking corruption, dismantling burdensome regulation, allowing press freedom, and protecting political rights and civil liberties. These features define a healthy environment for economic activity. Trade per se is not causative, but rather follows after the establishment of these conditions.

Africa's Trade Revisited

Abstract: The popular impression that Africa has not integrated into world trade, as suggested by the evolution in simple indicators, has been called into question recently by more formal analysis. This paper refines and generalizes this analysis, but lends support to the popular view of disintegration. Africa, especially Francophone Africa, is currently under-exploiting its trading opportunities and has witnessed disintegration over time, a trend that is most pronounced in its trade with the technologically advanced countries.

Degradation Debates and Data Deficiencies: The Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania

Abstract: The Mkomazi Game Reserve is contested by people who wish to use its resources and by conservationists who have argued that the reserve should be set aside for wildlife. Underpinning the conservationist case is the argument that people are harmful to the reserve's environment. Former residents of the reserve, notably pastoralists, argue that human use of the reserve did not cause its degradation. The debate is characterised by a lack of data extraordinary in view of the assertions made. An earlier paper set out the contrasting views and defined the data that would be needed to test them. This paper assesses what data there are, and whether it is possible to evaluate the extent to which people caused environmental change at Mkomazi. Using physical data and comments about the environment made by observers it is argued that no firm conclusions can be drawn about small-scale change but that there are indications of large-scale resilience. As a result of this uncertainty the article goes on to consider the extent to which there can ever be clarity about environmental change at Mkomazi as a philosophical contention or as a researchable issue.

Immunosuppressive therapy and post-transplantation diarrhea.

Abstract: Gastrointestinal complications, including diarrhea, are among the anticipated adverse events secondary to immunosuppression. The reported overall rate of diarrhea may be affected by drug-specific effects, dose-response effects, interactions with other medications, drug formulation, the length of study follow-up, reporting bias and population characteristics such as ethnicity and baseline disease, including transplant organ type. The true incidence of diarrhea is often difficult to assess from the numerous published clinical trials. A number of deficiencies, including self-reporting, interstudy comparisons, lack of blinding, concomitant medications and a general lack of standardization and quantification of diarrhea may greatly obscure comparisons among the different immunosuppressive medications. This review considers each of these factors in assessing the overall incidence of post-transplantation diarrhea for the various immunosuppressive medications currently in use.

Ethiopia's New Financial Sector and Its Regulation

Abstract: Ethiopia is one of a number of SSA economies that adopted state-led development strategies in the 1970s (others include Angola and Mozambique), and suffered from intense conflict (leading to the fall of the Derg regime in 1991). The new government was therefore faced with the twin tasks of reconstructing the economy, and embarking on the transition to a market economy. As part of this process, state banks have been reorganised, the role of the private sector in the financial system has been expanded, interest-rate controls have been liberalized, and the central bank has been given new powers of financial supervision. Financial reform has been gradual, but nevertheless determined despite disagreement with the IMF over restrictions on the entry of foreign banks and the role of the largest state bank.

Towards a post-new public management agenda

Abstract: (2001). Towards a post-new public management agenda. Public Management Review: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 297-303.

Mixed Signals: Market Incentives, Recycling, and the Price Spike of 1995

Abstract: Environmental economics assumes that reliance on price signals, adjusted for externalities, normally leads to efficient solutions to environmental problems. We explore a limiting case, when market volatility created “mixed signals”: waste paper and other recycled materials were briefly worth an immense amount in 1994-95, then plummeted back to traditional low levels in 1996. These rapid reversals resulted in substantial economic and political costs. A review of academic and business literature suggests six possible explanations for abrupt price spikes. An econometric analysis of the prices of wood pulp and waste paper shows that factors that explained price changes in 1983- 93 contribute very little to understanding the subsequent price spike. From the econometric analysis and from other sources, we conclude that speculation, rather than “rational” economic factors, must have played a major role in the price spike. If speculatively driven price spikes can disrupt an environmentally important industry such as recycling, then the surprising implication for public policy is that measures to control or stabilize prices, far from interfering with the market, may actually help to make it more efficient.

What Does South Africa's Pattern of Trade Say About its Labor Market?

Abstract: This paper examines the factor intensity of South Africa's trade. The conclusion is that South Africa is revealed though its trade pattern to be capital abundant (relative to labor). Surprisingly, this result holds especially for South Africa's trade with its high income partners, which should presumably have been more capital-rich than South Africa. Moreover, this revealed capital intensity of South African production was not reversed during the 1990s after the dismantling of apartheid. This favoring of capital use, against the background of high and rising under-utilization of the country's labor resources, raises questions about the functioning of South Africa's labor market institutions.