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Showing papers by "Heidelberg University published in 1972"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the formation of primary carbonate minerals (calcite, high-Mg calcite, aragonite, hydrous Mg carbonates) and secondary carbonates (dolomite, huntite and magnesite), as determined from 25 lakes with differing hydrochemistry and salinity, is dependent on the Mg/Ca ratio of the lake or pore water.
Abstract: Lacustrine formation of primary carbonate minerals (calcite, high-Mg calcite, aragonite, hydrous Mg carbonates) and of secondary carbonates (dolomite, huntite and magnesite), as determined from 25 lakes with differing hydrochemistry and salinity, is dependent on the Mg/Ca ratio of the lake or pore water, respectively. Secondary carbonates are found only in lake sediments with high-Mg calcite and a Mg/Ca ratio of more than seven. The only difference between non-marine (including speleothems) and marine carbonates is the absence of calcite in the marine environment.

404 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the spectral properties of Hg were determined by optical pumping with the spectral line 2537 A with respect to the siotopic shift of the Hg isotope.

160 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
11 Feb 1972-Science
TL;DR: Pepstatin, an N-acylated pentapeptide obtained from culture filtrates of actinomycetes and first characterized as an inhibitor of pepsin, produces inhibition of the renin-substrate reaction both in vitro and in vivo.
Abstract: Pepstatin, an N-acylated pentapeptide obtained from culture filtrates of actinomycetes and first characterized as an inhibitor of pepsin, produces inhibition of the renin-substrate reaction both in vitro and in vivo.

136 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that in the rat cerebellum a cGMP stimulated protein kinase exists and the addition of phosphate resulted in a twofold increase of the reaction stimulated by cG MP and in a marked decrease of the phosphorylation stimulated bycAMP.

100 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Differential cross sections are measured for the elastic and inelastic scattering of 104 MeV α-particles from 20Ne, 22Ne, 24Mg, 26Mg and 28Si as mentioned in this paper.

99 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: More than eighty chemical analyses of matrix glass of petrographically different types of Ries glasses out of ten suevite outcrops were performed using the electron microprobe as discussed by the authors.

88 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: C o n c l i m i n a r y t a x o n o m i c and p h y l o g e n e t i c c o n i d e r a t i o n s.
Abstract: I n t r o d u c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 S t r u c t u r e o f s ievetube p las t ids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 L i g h t m i c r o s c o p e inves t iga t ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 U l t r a s t r u c t u r a l s tud ie s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Speci f ic s t r u c t u r e and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s i evetube p las t ids in se lec ted p lan t t axa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 P r e l i m i n a r y t a x o n o m i c and p h y l o g e n e t i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 C o n c l u d i n g r e m a r k s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Tab les . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 L i t e r a t u r e c i ted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

88 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that polyfunctional alkylating agents induce dominant lethal mutations to a larger extent, whereas monofunctional alkyLating agents revealed more mutagenic activity on the molecular level.
Abstract: A selection of mono- and polyfunctional alkylating agents as well as a folic acid antagonist and an acridine derivate were tested with the host-mediated assay, and as far as not known from the literature, with the dominant lethal test for mutagenic activity in mice. In the host-mediated assay system the indicator organisms Salmonella typhimurium G46 His−, Serratia marcescens a 13 His−and a 21 Leu− were used as back mutation systems and E. coli 343 as a forward mutation system. We found indications that polyfunctional alkylating agents induce dominant lethal mutations to a larger extent, whereas monofunctional alkylating agents revealed more mutagenic activity on the molecular level. No definite mutagenicity could be observed for amethopterine, which is mutagenic in cytogenetic investigations. Trypaflavin which is known to be mutagenic in the dominant lethal test, did not induce point mutations in our indicator strains. We conclude that the spectra of mutations, which can be recognized by these two methods, overlap only partially.

78 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
H. Schmidt1
01 Dec 1972
TL;DR: Nematocysts of 35 anthozoan species from Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea were studied employing phase contrast and electron microscopy to derive symplesiomorphous characters, including the most plesiomorphous group among the Hexacorallia.
Abstract: 1. Phasen- und elektronenoptische Untersuchungen an Nesselkapseln von 35 Anthozoenarten aus Atlantik, Mittelmeer und Rotem Meer haben bei den einzelnen Klassen und Ordnungen eine grose morphologische Divergenz der bisher gultigen Nesselkapseltypen (Weill 1934,Carlgren 1940) ergeben.Weills Nesselkapseltypen haben daher nur geringe taxonomische und phylogenetische Bedeutung. 2. Atriche Haplonemen kommen nur bei den Ceriantharia und Actiniaria vor. Sie sind symplesiomorph. 3. Die holotrichen Haplonemen weisen die groste Dornenmannigfaltigkeit auf. Die Dornen sind teilweise morphologisch wesentlich differenzierter als bei den rhabdoiden Heteronemen. Die meisten holotrichen Haplonemen sind auf Grund ihrer speziellen Dornenstruktur apomorphe Merkmale verschiedener Anthozoengruppen. Sie sind aber als Kategorie kein konstitutives Merkmal. 4. Als symplesiomorphes Merkmal kommen bei zahlreichen Anthozoen am Schlauch verschiedener holotricher Haplonemen und am Faden verschiedener rhabdoider Heteronemen T-formige Dornen vor. Spitze Dornen oder unbewaffnete Endfaden sind apomorphe Merkmale. 5. Rhabdoide Heteronemen sind der einzige Nesselkapseltyp der Octocorallia, die sich wie die b- und p-Rhabdoiden der Hexacorallia in der Bewaffnung des Fadens unterscheiden. 6. Auf Grund der vorliegenden Nesselkapselbefunde sind die Ceriantharia die ursprunglichsten Hexacorallia. Die Ceriantharia verfugen wie die ursprunglichen Actiniaria uber die einfachsten Haplonemen und die am hochsten differenzierten Heteronemen. 7. Actiniaria und Zoantharia sind in der Ausbildung anoploteler p-Rhabdoiden synapomorph mit einigen Ceriantharia. 8. Die Zoantharia sind mit den Actiniaria in der Ausbildung vollig identischer p-Rhabdoiden (p-Rhabdoiden A) synapomorph. 9. Als Schwestergruppe der Zoantharia sind die Antipatharia zu betrachten, die uber weitgehend gleiche rhabdoide Heteronemen, mit Ausnahme einiger autapomorpher Typen, wie die Zoantharia verfugen. 10. Die Nesselkapseln der Madreporaria (Scleractinia) und der Corallimorpharia stimmen mit Ausnahme einiger nur den Corallimorpharia eigenen spezieller Holotrichen in allen morphologischen Details vollstandig uberein. Die Nesselkapselbefunde beider Anthozoengruppen, die hier einheitlich als Madreporaria zusammengefast werden, haben dagegen nur wenige Hinweise auf verwandtschaftliche Beziehungen zu den Actiniaria ergeben. Die Ergebnisse werden in einer Stammbaumtabelle dargestellt.

76 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two effects of 2,4-D on the shape of the myogram are prominent: the peak amplitude of single contractions increases by a factor of up to 6.2 and the duration of relaxation is prolonged 10–20 fold.
Abstract: When myotonia is induced in rat diaphragms either by addition of 2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetate to the solution in which the excised muscle is bathed or by feeding animals on 20,25-diazocholesterol, the most significant change in membrane properties of the myotonic muscle fibres is an increase of the specific membrane resistance by a factor of 2 to 2.5. Membrane resting potential and capacitance are not altered. Like in healthy muscle, in 20,25-induced myotonic muscle the fibre membrane does not show rectifier properties ± 12 mV around the resting potential. The threshold for eliciting an action potential is unchanged but it is easier to start a burst of action potentials with a suprathreshold stimulus.

66 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an unklares image of the Schwermetallbelastung of Schwebgutes fiber in the FlieBenden Wasser.
Abstract: Uber den Verbleib umweltgef~hrdender Schwermetalle liegen bislang keine Daten vor. Als sicher gilt lediglich, daB der grSBte Teil der Schwermetalle aus dem industriellen, landwirtschaftlichen und h~uslichen Bereich in fester, kolloidaler oder gelSster Form tiber die FlieBgew~tsser in die Weltmeere gelangt und dort angereichert wird, Blei z.B. bereits um den Faktor 5 0 [1 ]. Die Messung der Schwermetallgehalte in den Flul~w~tssern ergibt vielfach ein unklares Bild fiber das AusmaB der Verunreinigung, da Anderungen in der Wasserffihrung, unterschiedliche Betonung einzelner Liefergebiete oder kurzfristige lokale Emissionen tempor~ire Schwankungen in der Schadstofftihrung yon mehreren GrSBenordnungen verursachen kSnnen. Bei der Untersuchung des Schwebgutes, dessen mineralische und organische Komponenten eine hohe Sorptions-F~higkeit ffir Schwermetall-Ionen besitzen, ergeben sich nahezu dieselben Variationsbreiten [2]. Erst l~ngerfristige Messungen fiber mehrere Jahreszyklen hinweg, wie sie z.Z. von verschiedenen Arbeitsgruppen im Schwerpunktprogramm ,,Schadstoffe im Wasser\" der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft durchgeffihrt werden, kSnnen zu verl~tBlichen Anssagen ffihren. Bis zum Vorliegen entsprechender Daten erscheinen uns die tonigen Sedimente der Flfisse als geeigneter Gradmesser ftir eine Erkennung der Belastung eines FlieBgew~tssers mit Schwermetallen. Da Sedimente aus vielen Schichten aufgebaut sind, deren jede einzelne einer bestimmten Schwebgutffihrung im flieBenden Wasser entspricht, liefern sie indirekt einen Mittelwert ffir die Schwermetallbelastung des Schwebgutes fiber einen l~ngeren Zeitraum. In der vorliegenden Studie fiber die Belastung yon FluB-Sedimenten mit SchwermetaUen wird eine Stoffgruppe untersucht, deren unmittelbare oder chronische Gefahr ffir den Menschen durch eine Reihe von schwerwiegenden Unfiillen in jfingster Zeit dokumentiert wird [3--5]. Obwohl vielfach noch keine genauen Vorstellungen fiber die toxischen Grenzwerte der einzelnen Schwermetalle bestehen und auch noch weitgehend unbekannt ist, unter welchen Bedingungen die in oder an die Sedimente gebundenen Schwermetalle mobilisiert werden kSnnen und dann evtl. eine Gef~thrdung des aus der Uferfiltration gewonnenen Trinkwassers darstellen, schien nach den Ergebnissen frfiherer Beobachtungen am Rhein [6--8] eine generelle Bestandsanfnahme der Schwermetallverteilung in den wichtigsten Flfissen der BRD erforderlich. Um vergleichbare Daten zu erhalten, wurde jeweils die Tonfraktion (Anteil kleiner 2 ~m) von Schlammproben atomabsorptionsspektroskopisch auf ihre Gehalte an Quecksilber, Cadium, Zink, Blei, Kupfer, Chrom, Nickel und Kobalt untersucht, die w~thrend des extremen Niedrigwassers im Winter 1971172 aus dem normalerweise fiberfluteten Uferbereich der Flfisse Rhein, Ems, Weser, Elbe und Donau sowie deren wichtigsten Nebenflfissen gewonnen worden waren. Die Ergebnisse der Einzelmessungen ffir Hg, Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu und Cr sind in Fig. t graphisch dargestellt. Tabelle I enth~ilt die Minimal-, Mittelund Maximalwerte s~tmtlicher untersnchten Schwermetalle ffir die einzelnen Flfisse sowie zum Vergleich die Durchschnittsgehalte dieser Elemente in tonigen Sedimentgesteinen [9], die als geochemische Bezugsbasis gelten kSnnen. Die Addition der Mittelwerte aller 8 untersuchten Elemente ergibt ffir jeden FluB mehr als 1000 ppm (0,1%), bei Elbe und Weser werden 2000 ppm (0,2 %) fiberschritten. Der Gehalt an Zink ist bei jedem FluB hSher als alle anderen 7 Elemente zusammengenommen. Ordnet man die in Tabelle t aufgeffihrten Flfisse und Nebenflfisse nach dem Gehalt an einem bestimmten Schwermetall (Mittelwert), so ergibt sich die in Tabelle 2 angeffihrte Reihenfolge.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: From data, it is suggested that the ratio of esterified to unesterified cholesterol in liver disease depends on two factors: LCAT activity and the occurrence of the abnormal lipoprotein‐X.
Abstract: Indirect evidence suggests that lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is synthesized in the liver. There are, however, controversial reports in the literature correlating LCAT activity with various forms of liver disease. The purpose of this study was to determine LCAT activity in icteric patients. These were classified not only by the conventional methods, but also with respect to the presence or absence of LP-X, an abnormal plasma lipoprotein, highly specific for demonstrating or excluding cholestasis. LCAT was measured at different stages of the disease. The patients were divided into 4 groups: I. Hepatitis with cholestasis (LP-X pos.) [17]; II. Hepatitis without cholestsis (LP-X neg.) [12]; III. Extra-hepatic biliary obstruction (LP-X pos.) [10]; IV. Chronic liver failure (LP-X neg./pos.) [11]. Compared to normal controls [15], patients from group I had low, group II had normal, group III had normal and group IV had low LCAT activity. In vitro studies clearly excluded the existence of circulating inhibitors of LCAT. From these data it is suggested that the ratio of esterified to unesterified cholesterol in liver disease depends on two factors: LCAT activity and the occurrence of the abnormal lipoprotein-X. Furthermore these results indicate that combined determinations of LCAT and LP-X may prove to be useful techniques for differentiating intra- and extra-hepatic cholestasis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The method introduced by Legler to obtain impressions of the anterior section of the nose has proved to be extremely valuable as far as the obtaining of information is concerned and a new boundary between the vestibulum and the cavum, the anatomical ostium internum is emerged.
Abstract: The method introduced by Legler to obtain impressions of the anterior section of the nose has proved to be extremely valuable as far as the obtaining of information is concerned. The form and structure of the vestibulum and the anterior section of the cavum can be described more exactly than previously. From this emerged a new boundary between the vestibulum and the cavum, the anatomical ostium internum. The anterior section of the nose has three important transverse areas: the external nostril, the anatomical internal nostril and the isthmus nasi. The anatomical internal nostril determines in particular the direction of the air-flow through the cavum. The main function of the isthmus nasi is the formation of resistance. The main resistance-regulating effect is not found in what Mink defined as the nasal valve. Excursions of the soft parts situated below the cartilago triangularis in the incisura nasalis of the apertura piriformis are considerably more important. The particular form of the vestibulum cann...


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the nuclear magnetic moments of the Ba- and Yb-isotopes have been measured by means of an improved experimental technique and the influence of the light shift has been investigated.
Abstract: As previously reported3,4 the optical pumping method was succesfully used to determine the nuclear magnetic moments of135Ba,137Ba,171Yb and173Yb. This method has now been extended to43Ca and87Sr. The nuclear moments of the Ba- and Yb-isotopes have been remeasured by means of an improved experimental technique. Especially the influence of the light shift has been investigated and the nuclear moments have been corrected by eliminating this shift. The magnetic field has been calibrated by means of optical pumping of23Na. The nuclear magnetic moments obtained from the rf-transitions between the Zeeman-levels of the ground state1 S o are: μ(43Ca)=−1.3172 (6)μ N ; μ87Sr)=−1.0924 (7) μ N ; μ(135Ba)=0.83656(2)μ N ; μ(137Ba)=0.93582(2)μ N ; μ(171Yb)=0.491889 (8)μ N ; μ(173Yb)=−0.67744 (3) μ N (diamagnetic correction was applied). The ratios of the nuclear moments of the elements with two odd isotopes are: μ(137Ba)/(135Ba)=1.11865 (3); μ(173Yb)/μ(171Yb)=−1.37723 (7). In comparison with the results of nuclear induction the chemical shifts have been calculated to be: δ(Ca)≦± 5 · 10−4 δ(Sr)=−6(7) ·10−4 δ(Ba)=−7.8(4) ·10−4 δ(Yb)=−23(10) · 10−4.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Mikrotubuli sind durch senkrecht zu ihrer Achse orientierte Schichten elektronendichten Materials (Dicke und Abstand je 170 A) verbunden as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Die Mechanorezeptorzellen der Tast- und Schmeckhaare auf der Antenne der Baumwollwanze besitzen einen tubularen Korper (TK), dessen Mikrotubuli an der Peripherie eine palisadenartig dichte (Abstand 100–200 A) und im Zentrum eine annahernd hexagonale Anordnung (Abstand 300 A) zeigen. Zwischen den peripheren Tubuli und der Dendritenmembran bestehen Brucken. Die Mikrotubuli sind durch senkrecht zu ihrer Achse orientierte Schichten elektronendichten Materials (Dicke und Abstand je 170 A) verbunden. Proximal vom TK ist die Zahl der Tubuli stark reduziert. Im Sockelbereich beider Haartypen finden sich hebelartige Verlangerungen des Haarschafts, die dessen Auslenkung in eine Kompression des TK transformieren. Eine Beteiligung der Mikrotubuli des TK an der Reiz-Erregungs-Transduktion wird diskutiert.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 1972-Toxicon
TL;DR: It is concluded that inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis is responsible for the sensitizing effect and that this inhibition is not operative through a decreased clearance of endotoxin, although the phagocytic capacity is impaired.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a mini-orange-type combination of permanent magnets can separate electrons from positrons using a filter in front of a Si(Li) detector, and the magnet system enhances the detection efficiency of conversion electrons and suppresses the influence of β + -, α-, p- and γ-radiaton.

Journal ArticleDOI
F. Vogel1
TL;DR: All recent hemoglobin variants characterized by one amino acid substitution can be explained by one single base replacement and points to a relationship between mutation and coding that cannot be explained on the basis of the present knowledge of the molecular processes involved in replication, mutation, repair, and transscription.
Abstract: Using information from human hemoglobin variants, different hemoglobin chains, cytochrome c, insulin molecules, labile parts of humanγ-globulin, (ϰ-, λ-, and H-chains) and tobacco mosaic virus coat proteins, some aspects of point mutations were examined.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Several glands were studied by electron microscopy, consisting of glandular epithelium and secreting mainly fat, tubular endoplasmic reticulum is the predominating structure of the cytoplasm, and the last type is characterized by a well developed Golgi apparatus.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Durch Immunisierung von Kaninchen mit Cortisol-21-Hemisuccinat-Rinderserumalbumin-Komplex liessen sich spezifische Antikörper mit hohem Titer gewinnen.
Abstract: Durch Immunisierung von Kaninchen mit Cortisol-21-Hemisuccinat-Rinderserumalbumin-Komplex liessen sich spezifische Antikorper mit hohem Titer gewinnen. Eine radioimmunologische Bestimmungsmethode fur Plasmacortisol wird angegeben. Die Methode ist besonders bei denjenigen Fallen anzuwenden, bei denen erhohte Konzentrationen von corticosteron oder Substanz S den ≪protein-binding assay≫ von Cortisol im Plasma storen.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Von Kaninchen, die mit einemd-Aldosteron-21-hemisuccinat-Rinderserumalbumin-Komplex immunisiert waren, konnten Aldosterons Antikörper von ausreichendem Titer und von guter Spezifizität gewonnen werden.
Abstract: Von Kaninchen, die mit einemd-Aldosteron-21-hemisuccinat-Rinderserumalbumin-Komplex immunisiert waren, konnten Aldosteron-Antikorper von ausreichendem Titer und von guter Spezifizitat gewonnen werden. Mit Hilfe dieser Antikorper war es moglich, freies Aldosteron und den 18-oxo-Glucuronid-Metaboliten im Urin von gesunden Versuchspersonen und bei Patienten mit veranderter Produktion von Aldosteron zu bestimmen.

Journal ArticleDOI
07 Apr 1972-Science
TL;DR: Mesozoic sedimentary rocks in the basement of the volcanic islands of Lanzarote and neighboring Fuerteventura indicate that at least part of the Canary Archipelago is underlain by continental crust.
Abstract: Struthious and aepyornithoid eggshells from Tertiary calcareous sediments on Lanzarote prove the presence, until about 12 million years ago, of large flightless birds. The calcarenite horizon is recognized as an old land surface. Mesozoic sedimentary rocks in the basement of the volcanic islands of Lanzarote and neighboring Fuerteventura indicate that at least part of the Canary Archipelago is underlain by continental crust. Separation of the eastern Canaries from Africa raight have been by rifting, and a land connection might still have existed in the lower Pliocene.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the cyclooctine-1,2-dione was shown to have the structure 9a, which is the stable π-complexes 2, 3, 4, and 7.
Abstract: Bei der Umsetzung von Cyclooctin mit Ubergangsmetall-Derivaten entstanden die stabilen π-Komplexe 2, 3, 4 und 7, wahrend n-Octin-(4) nur den labilen π-Komplex 8 bildete. In Gegenwart von 7 reagierte Cyclooctin zu einem Trimeren 9, dem die Struktur 9a zugeordnet wurde. Bei der Umsetzung mit Nickelbromid liesen sich zwei Tetramere A und B des Cyclooctins isolieren, fur die Strukturvorschlage gemacht wurden. Mit Sauerstoff reagierte Cyclooctin zu Cyclooctan-dion-(1.2) (16). Reactions of Cyclooctyne with Transition Metal Derivatives Transition metal derivatives react with cyclooctyne to form the stable π-complexes 2, 3, 4, and 7, whereas with n-4-octyne only the unstable π-complex 8 is formed. In the presence of 7 cyclooctyne trimerizes to give 9 which has been shown to have the structure 9a. In the reaction between nickel bromide and cyclooctyne two tetramers A and B could be isolated and possible structures are proposed. Cyclooctyne reacts with oxygen to give cyclooctane-1,2-dione.

Journal ArticleDOI
H. Rebel1, R. Löhken1, G.W. Schweimer1, G. Schatz1, G. Hauser1 
TL;DR: Differential cross sections are measured for the elastic and inelastic scattering of 104 MeV α-particles from 58, 60, 62, 64Ni in this paper, where the experimental results are analyzed in terms of coupled channels on the basis of an anharmonic vibrational model and prove to be quite sensitive to the values of the deformation parameters.
Abstract: Differential cross sections are measured for the elastic and inelastic scattering of 104 MeV α-particles from58, 60, 62, 64Ni. The experimental results are analyzed in terms of coupled channels on the basis of an anharmonic vibrational model and prove to be quite sensitive to the values of the deformation parameters. For forward angles the 4+ angular distributions of58,60Ni are dominated by aL=4 single excitation mechanism. This is in keeping with theE4-transitions observed in (e, e′) scattering. From the 21+- and 31+-results transition rates are derived which can be compared to results of electromagnetic methods and of inelastic proton scattering studies. The comparison indicates that the transition rates differ and are generally higher for the proton scattering. Especially in the case of the 3− states of58,60Ni the differences are obvious.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Spontaneous discharges of all units tested were always inhibited reflexly by repetitive stimulation of vago-depressor afferent nerves, and a stronger inhibitory effect was obtained by stimulation activating Gr.
Abstract: 1. A total of 66 sympathetic fibres from muscle nerves, N. gastrocnemius and soleus (GS) and N. posterior biceps plus semitendinosus (PBST), were studied with single-unit recording techniques in chloralose anaesthetized cats. Sympathetic fibres in both GS and in PBST demonstrated similar characteristics in spontaneous as well as in reflex activity. 2. About 90% of all fibres showed spontaneous discharges at rest; approximately 50% of these also demonstrated some rhythmicity of activity. The average spontaneous discharge frequency was 1.8±1.2 impulses/sec (mean±S.D.). 3. Electrical stimulation of the Group (Gr.) II and III fibres of the somatic afferent nerves of the hind limbs elicited either a reflex excitation followed by a depression in 25 fibres or a reflex depression alone in another 25 of spontaneously active fibres. Stimulation of the Gr. II afferents alone resulted only in a pure depression of spontaneous activity in about 30% of units tested. In 49 units of 59 spontaneously active units a much later reflex excitation could be elicited by stimulation (at short trains) of the Gr. II, III and IV afferents by short trains of stimulation. 4. Repetitive stimulation of the Gr. II and III somatic afferents at rates of 5–10/sec produced a long depression, whereas repetitive stimulation of the Gr. IV afferents of the same nerve at the same frequency resulted in an excitation. 5. Spontaneous discharges of all units tested were always inhibited reflexly by repetitive stimulation of vago-depressor afferent nerves. A stronger inhibitory effect was obtained by stimulation activating Gr. IV as well as Gr. II and III afferent fibres than by stimulation of Gr. II and III fibres alone.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the transannular interactions of triple bonds fixed in a crossed position and in connection with the tetrahedrane problem were investigated, and the 3-Synthese durch Kupplung with Kupfer(II)-chlorid dargestellt was discussed.
Abstract: Zur Untersuchung transannularer Wechselwirkungen zwischen gekreuzt fixierten Dreifachbindungen und im Zusammenhang mit dem Tetrahedran-Problem wurde 9.10.19.20-Tetradehydro-tetrabenzo[a.c.g.i]cyclododecen (3), eine starre makrocyclische Verbindung mit besonders kurzem Abstand zwischen den gekreuzten Dreifachbindungen, aus 2.2′-Dilithiodiphenylacetylen durch Kupplung mit Kupfer(II)-chlorid dargestellt. Die spektroskopischen Eigenschaften werden im Hinblick auf die besondere Struktur von 3 diskutiert. Uber transannulare Verknupfungen zwischen den Dreifachbindungen bei der Brom- und Bromwasserstoff-Addition an 3 zu 8 bzw. 9, bei der Reaktion von 3 mit Eisenpentacarbonyl zum Cyclobutadien-Komplex 11 und bei der Bestrahlung von 3 wird berichtet. Im Zusammenhang mit stereochemischen und strukturellen Konsequenzen, die fur den Fall einer Tetrahedran-Bildung aus 3 zu erwarten waren, wurden die 3-verwandten Verbindungen 14, 15, 16 und 18 aus den entsprechenden unsymmetrischen Diarylacetylenen 13 und 19 synthetisiert, deren Darstellung ebenfalls mitgeteilt wird. Versuche zur Enantiomeren-Trennung bei 3 und 14/15 und zum Nachweis einer im Falle der Tetrahedran-Bildung zu erwartenden Kohlenstoffskelett-Umlagerung bei 16 verliefen bisher erfolglos. Beim Versuch der 3-Synthese durch Kupplung des 2′-Jod-biphenylyl-(2)-athinyl-kupfers wurde nicht 3, sondern uberraschenderweise das isomere Butatrien 23 erhalten. Uber ergebnislose Experimente zur Darstellung von 3 uber die Tetrabenzo[a.c.g.i]cyclododecene 24–27 wird berichtet. Intramolecular Interactions of Triple Bonds, XI. 9.10.19.20- Tetradehydrotetrabenzo[a.c.g.i]cyclododecene, a Macrocyclic Diacetylene with Crossed Triple Bonds For the investigation of transannular interactions of triple bonds fixed in a crossed position and in connection with the tetrahedrane problem 9.10.19.20-tetradehydrotetrabenzo-[a.c.g.i]cyclododecene (3), a rigid macrocyclic compound with an especially short nonbonding distance between the triple bonds, was prepared from 2.2′-dilithiodiphenylacetylene by copper(II) chloride coupling. Spectroscopic properties are discussed with regard to the special structure of 3. Transannular reactions between the triple bonds are reported for the addition of bromine and hydrogene bromide to 3 to yield 8 and 9, for the reaction of 3 with ironpentacarbonyl to give the cyclobutadiene complex 11 and for the irradiation of 3. In connection with stereochemical and structural consequences to be expected for a tetrahedrane formation the 3-related macrocyclic compounds 14, 15, 16 and 18 were synthesized from the corresponding unsymmetrical diarylacetylenes 13 and 19, the preparation of which is also reported. Experiments to separate enantiomers of 3 and 14/15 and to prove a carbonskeleton rearrangement to be expected in case of an intermediate tetrahedrane formation were unsuccessful so far. The attempted preparation of 3 by coupling of 2′-iodo-2-biphenylyl-ethynylcopper yielded not 3 but surprisingly the isomeric butatriene 23. Unsuccessful experiments to synthesize 3via the tetrabenzo [a.c.g.i]cyclododecenes 24–27 are also reported.

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TL;DR: In this paper, a simple formula (14) has been derived for the calculation of the perturbed first order orbitals, which is applicable to systems with degenerate unperturbed eigenvalues.
Abstract: A simple formula (14) has been derived for the calculation of the perturbed first order orbitals, which is applicable to systems with degenerate unperturbed eigenvalues. With formula (14) it is possible to calculate second order energy-derivatives like chemical shifts or magnetic susceptibilities for systems with degenerate eigenvalues without any extrapolations. This formula has been applied to the calculation of 1H-chemical shifts of Circumpolyacenes, which have degenerate HMO- and SCF-eigenvalues.