Showing papers by "Hofstra University published in 1999"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the behavioral and subjective impact of a control-based versus acceptance rationale, using a cold pressor task, and found that acceptance was effective in manipulating the believability of reason giving, a key process measure.
Abstract: Acceptance approaches, which have been receiving increased attention within behavior therapy, seek to undermine the linkage between private events and overt behavior, rather than attempting to control the form or frequency of private events per se Research comparing control versus acceptance strategies is limited The present study examined the behavioral and subjective impact of a control-based versus acceptance rationale, using a cold pressor task Subjects in the acceptance group demonstrated greater tolerance of pain compared to the control-based and placebo groups Only the control-based rationale targeted the subjective experience of pain but it did not differ across rationales Results confirmed that acceptance was effective in manipulating the believability of reason giving, a key process measure By encouraging individuals to distance themselves from their private events, acceptance methods may help reduce the use of emotional reasons to explain behavior and hence shift concern from moderating thoughts and feelings to experiencing the consequences of one’s action Acceptance is a promising new technique Its effect is all the more surprising given that it teaches principles (eg, “thoughts do not cause behavior”) that run counter both to the popular culture and to the dominant approaches within empirical clinical intervention
387 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined how organizational culture is related to outcomes associated with advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) implementation and found that cultural characteristics, as defined by the competing values model, are significantly related to AMT implementation outcomes.
269 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that belief in these conspiracy theories is related to blaming problems of Black Americans on prejudice and discrimination, and that race was a powerful predictor of belief in conspiracies even when socioeconomic status was controlled, but not by political powerlessness or greater externality of attributional style.
Abstract: Black Americans are far more likely than White Americans to endorse theories about conspiracies by the U.S. government against Blacks. The present study explored the predictors of these conspiracy beliefs for 91 Black and 96 White college students. Two explanations for belief in these conspiracies were considered, one focusing on political powerless and externality of attributions and the other focusing on system blame for Blacks’ disadvantaged status. Regression analyses supported the view that belief in these conspiracy theories is related to blaming problems of Black Americans on prejudice and discrimination. Race was a powerful predictor of belief in these conspiracies even when socioeconomic status was controlled. Furthermore, the race effect was partially mediated by the system blame measure but not by political powerlessness or greater externality of attributional style. System blame was a much stronger predictor of conspiracy beliefs for Black than for White students. Conspiracy beliefs were posit...
211 citations
TL;DR: A meta-analysis of 31 experiments reported in 18 empirical bankruptcy prediction studies was conducted to test the effect of two information dimensions: information diversity and information repetitiveness, indicating that both information dimensions have an adverse impact on decision quality.
Abstract: The impact of information load both under and overload on decision quality is an important topic, yet results of empirical research are inconsistent. These mixed results may be due to the fact that information load itself is a function of information dimension. A meta-analysis of 31 experiments reported in 18 empirical bankruptcy prediction studies was conducted to test the effect of two information dimensions: information diversity and information repetitiveness. Results indicated that both information dimensions have an adverse impact on decision quality: provision of either diverse or repeated information can be detrimental to prediction accuracy. The findings have implications for information suppliers and researchers who are interested in improving the quality of human decision making.
207 citations
TL;DR: Within-group variation in call structure of the captive groups was similar to that found in a group of wild Ugandan chimpanzees, suggesting the presence of species-specific constraints on this call within which different populations can converge on local variants.
169 citations
TL;DR: The findings show some significant changes in the kind of research being performed in the 1990s vs. the 1980s, and no apparent shift away from modeling solution methods nor any significant shift toward empirical methodologies are found.
164 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the Modified Stroop Procedure (MSP) was used to discriminate between sexually and physically abused children with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at a high level and found that sexual abuse stimuli resulted in significantly longer color-naming times than responses to nonsexual abuse stimuli.
Abstract: Considerable debate exists regarding the possible relationship between child abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this study, 3 groups of foster care children were compared. The groups included 50 sexually abused, 50 physically abused, and 50 nonabused foster care children. Participants completed the Child Post-Traumatic Stress Reaction Index, the Childhood PTSD Interview, and the Modified Stroop Procedure (MSP), which included sexual abuse and nonsexual abuse stimuli. The MSP has not been previously used in child abuse research. Results indicated that sexually and physically abused children demonstrated PTSD at a high level. The MSP discriminated between the sexually abused children with PTSD and those without PTSD. Responses to the MSP sexual abuse stimuli resulted in significantly longer color-naming times than responses to nonsexual abuse stimuli. Preadolescents demonstrated more severe PTSD than early adolescent children.
163 citations
01 Jan 1999
127 citations
TL;DR: Results indicate that GSS-supported groups generated more total and basic ideas, however, groups using e-mail performed a deeper problem analysis as indicated by a higher proportion of inferential ideas generated by these groups.
125 citations
TL;DR: Based on the narratives of abused South Asian immigrant women, it explains how women define and understand their own experiences of sexual abuse, including marital rape and sexual assault, and sexual control through manipulation of reproductive rights, and the construction of the “sexual other.”
Abstract: This article focuses on a discussion of some of the norms around sexuality and their implications for sexual abuse of South Asian immigrant women. Based on the narratives of abused South Asian immigrant women, it explains how women define and understand their own experiences of sexual abuse. The article examines three forms of sexual abuse: (a) marital rape and sexual assault, (b) sexual control through manipulation of reproductive rights, and (c) sexual control through the construction of the “sexual other.” Sexual abuse by significant others besides the husband in the immigrant context is also briefly discussed.
115 citations
TL;DR: A prolonged attack on a mother and 2-year-old infant that resulted in the death of the infant was observed in the Kanyawara study group in Kibale National Park as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A prolonged attack on a mother and 2-year-old infant that resulted in the death of the infant was observed in the Kanyawara study group in Kibale National Park. The mother was a border-area resident who was first observed associating with unit-group males six years previously. The attackers were an adult male and an adult female with a 6-week-old infant clinging ventrally to her. The attack was unusual in several respects: it is the first time a male and a female chimpanzee have been observed cooperating closely in an infanticidal attack; the adult female initially attempted to intervene in the victim's behalf, but later joined in the attack after receiving aggression from the male; and the episode was longer in duration than other reported cases. In the year following the incident, the mother did not increase her association with community males, but was seen with the male who killed her infant. The relevance of these observations to sexual selection-based explanations for infanticide in chimpanzees is discussed.
TL;DR: The authors explored how physical risk and injury in recreational cycling can be understood as constitutive of the culture of sport, and found that cyclists construe risk as a salient feature of participation and routinely engage in conversational practices that normalize its occurrence, thus defusing it as a deterrent to continued participation.
Abstract: This article addresses how physical risk and injury in recreational cycling can be understood as constitutive of the culture of sport. Using data from interviews with racing cyclists, accounts of cycling accidents posted on an Internet website, and items related to accidents and safety issues from cycling publications, the paper explores how the perception of risk and the occurrence of injury are constructed as everyday expected elements of the sport. Although the sport is objectively dangerous, cyclists construe risk as a salient feature of participation and routinely engage in conversational practices that normalize its occurrence, thus defusing it as a deterrent to continued participation. Cyclists were found to warrant risk as part of the terrain of riding, along with crashes, close calls, injuries and premonitions. These motifs constitute storied events, which often serve both to exhibit and to assert membership in the cycling subculture.
TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that the synchronization of transport terminals is the main paradigm shift of the current space/time collapse, and empirical evidence is drawn from the strategies of freight and air transport companies.
TL;DR: Although males reported more frequent activity than females on all items of assessment, the difference between groups, with the exception of masturbation, was not significant.
Abstract: The sexual activities college students reportedengaging in prior to their first coital experience wereinvestigated. A volunteer sample of 311 students (120male and 191 female) completed a self-report anonymous questionnaire. Both males and femalesreported considerable precoital sexual experience.Although males reported more frequent activity thanfemales on all items of assessment, the difference between groups, with the exception ofmasturbation, was not significant. The majority of bothmales and females reported at least one experience, anda sizable minority reported considerably moreexperience, with cunnilingus and fellatio, risk behaviorsfor the transmission of STDs, prior to their firstcoitus. Attention is drawn to the dearth of informationon sexual activity prior to coital initiation. Given the potential risks of some of theseactivities, recommendations to further explore andaddress the precoital sexual behavior of adolescents aresuggested.
TL;DR: In this article, the socialization framework is presented as the process through which adults learn roles and norms for old age, and data from a national study are presented to test the hypotheses derived from this model.
Abstract: Social scientists, public policy makers, consumer researchers, and marketers have traditionally focused on age‐related differences to understand the behavior of older adults. This research focuses on the processes through which adults learn behavioral patterns and norms that characterize behavior in later life. The socialization framework is first presented as the process through which adults learn roles and norms for old age, and data from a national study are presented to test the hypotheses derived from this model. The results suggest that certain antecedents and processes are important in socializing adults to old age.
TL;DR: A meta-analysis of the balanced placebo design literature was conducted in the context of cue-reactivity, which may be characterized as an experimental phenomenon observed in studies utilizing alcohol as discussed by the authors, which indicated that cues present during alcohol consumption served as a moderator of pharmacological effect, with the largest effect observed when alcohol was placed on the rim of the glass.
TL;DR: A parametric bootstrap suggests the possibility that the paraphyly of Acanthuridae indicated by the molecular analyses is the result of long-branch attraction, and the disagreement between molecular and morphological data on the relationships of the basal acanthuroids and its putative sister taxon is unresolved.
TL;DR: Although the erection of aerial hyphae in both filamentous fungi and filamentous bacteria is dependent upon (poly)peptides that are structurally unrelated, they can, at least partially, functionally substitute for each other.
TL;DR: Results from a mail survey of respondents aged sixty to ninety-four suggest that psychographic dimensions of youthfulness and identification with old age constitute effective inner-age research variables, especially to those seeking to study older populations.
Abstract: Results from a mail survey of respondents aged sixty to ninety-four suggest that psychographic dimensions of youthfulness and identification with old age constitute effective inner-age research variables, especially to those seeking to study older populations. The two specific dimensions explored are: “perceived youth,” a magnitude measure of the proportional discrepancy between chronological and cognitive ages; and “feeling-old,” which inversely measured youth through reliance on a six-point Likert agree/disagree statement: “I feel old.…” In addition to the obvious inverse relationship between these inner-ages, research established trait covariation relative to an increase in perceived youth coincidental with a rejection of a feeling-old identity, corresponding to increases in “happiness, own-health rating, being venturesome, giving advice, self-esteem, social activity, and keeping-in-shape,” as well as decreases in “taking advice, being a homebody, and having health worries.”
TL;DR: It is shown that, while mental health services had little impact on depression levels among homeless Mothers, isolation from social networks did increase depression among homeless mothers, and policy should put less emphasis on providing services.
Abstract: This paper is a critique of recent service-intensive shelter programs for homeless mothers and the policies that underlie these shelters. We first document the process by which mental health problems and family homelessness became so closely but mistakenly linked. We then demonstrate empirically that shelter programs for homeless families nonetheless presume that mental health problems are part of the causal nexus of family homelessness and indiscriminately deliver mental health services to homeless mothers. Simultaneously, shelter programs encourage the isolation of their residents from what they presume to be their "problematic" social networks. We show that, while mental health services had little impact on depression levels among homeless mothers, isolation from social networks did increase depression among homeless mothers. Our findings suggest that policy should put more emphasis on rapid reintegration into the community through providing housing, and it should put less emphasis on providing services.
TL;DR: Cluster-CIs provide a powerful and easily applied tool for assessing the significance of differences in species abundances and paleo-community composition observed in the fossil record.
Abstract: Statistically meaningful comparisons of fossil assemblages can be made by calculating cluster-confidence intervals around mean species abundances using data from replicate bulk samples. However, different levels of precision and reliability are obtained from cluster-confidence intervals depending on how sampling effort is distributed when collecting replicate samples. If the species-abundance distributions at a locality are patchy, then both the precision and the reliability of cluster-confidence intervals are increased by distributing sampling effort among a larger number of bulk samples. Collecting larger numbers of samples does not significantly increase the sampling effort if the total number of individuals collected remains the same. Cluster-confidence intervals (CIs) around mean species abundances at a locality provide a way to assess the magnitude of differences observed between localities and can be used to assess the significance of the absence of rare species. Conclusions derived from cluster-CIs regarding the significance of differences in observed species abundances are similar to those obtained using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Cluster-CIs provide a powerful and easily applied tool for assessing the significance of differences in species abundances and paleo-community composition observed in the fossil record.
TL;DR: In this initial evaluation of the newly developed Secondary Trauma Questionnaire, analysis indicated that the questionnaire showed good internal consistency and was significantly correlated with known measures of trauma.
Abstract: Many measures exist to evaluate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), bur there are few ways of assessing secondary traumatic stress disorder and these are Limited to specific populations. Secondary traumatic stress disorder involves the transfer of trauma symptoms from those who have been traumatized to those who have close and extended contact with trauma victims. Thus, family members of those who have been traumatized and therapists who treat trauma survivors are vulnerable to developing secondary traumatic stress disorder. In this initial evaluation of the newly developed Secondary Trauma Questionnaire, 261 mental health professionals and 157 college students were evaluated. Analysis indicated that the questionnaire showed good internal consistency and was significantly correlated with known measures of trauma. The Secondary Trauma Questionnaire is presented as a promising way to measure secondary trauma symptoms and further research using this questionnaire appears to be warranted.
TL;DR: Examination of patients who present with both recent cocaine abuse and acute schizophrenia (CA+SZ), cocaine intoxication without schizophrenic illness (CA), and acute psychosis with no comorbid substance abuse (SZ) within the first 24 hours after arrival at the Bellevue psychiatric emergency service attempts to distinguish between cocaine and schizophrenic psychosis.
Abstract: Cocaine intoxication and acute abstinence alter brain dopaminergic functioning, resulting in behavioral changes closely mimicking the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. In emergency room settings, recent cocaine abuse can be mistaken for schizophrenia and may cause inappropriate diagnosis and in some instances medical mismanagement. Schizophrenia patients presenting with recent cocaine abuse may also present with significant diagnostic and treatment dilemmas. This study attempts to distinguish between cocaine and schizophrenic psychosis by examining patients who present with both recent cocaine abuse and acute schizophrenia (CA+SZ), cocaine intoxication without schizophrenic illness (CA), and acute schizophrenia with no comorbid substance abuse (SZ) within the first 24 hours after arrival at the Bellevue psychiatric emergency service. Clinical assessment included the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, the Schedule for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, and the Schedule for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Both cocaine abusing groups were required to have positive urine toxicology screens for inclusion in the study. Multivariate analysis of variance showed the CA+SZ patients present with a clinical profile that overlaps with CA patients on mood and negative symptom dimensions and overlaps with SZ patients on most positive symptoms. CA+SZ patients differed from both groups, however, by presenting with significantly more hallucinatory experiences than cocaine abusing or schizophrenia patient counterparts. Despite considerable overlap, each group of patients presented with a discernible cross-sectional symptom pattern.
TL;DR: The Mondragon model can only be constructed as an alternative to and critique of capitalism if workers' experiences are erased, politics are marginalized, and the cooperatives are de-territorialized from the global economic context.
Abstract: This article is intended as a contribution to the ethnography of contemporary capitalism I analyze the case of the Mondragon cooperative model and consider what its international fame tells us about the regime of post-Fordism I explore the constitution of the Mondragon model through the singular discourse of labor–management cooperation I show how the model is produced by the discursive practices of omission and decontextualization Mondragon can only be constructed as an alternative to and critique of capitalism if (1) workers’ experiences are erased; (2) politics are marginalized; and (3) the cooperatives are de-territorialized from the global economic context By providing the missing contexts, I offer a competing narrative, portraying cooperation as a class-interested discourse that undermines workers’ power My account of how the Mondragon model was produced is a revealing case of the production of global capitalist discourses in a period of economic and ideological shifts to post-Fordism
TL;DR: The purpose of the present study was to propose a systematic theoretical model by combining theories of gender stereotype formation and maintenance with research investigating perceptions of homosexuality, and found that the sex and gender role characteristics of the participant influenced perceptions of the gender role attributes and homosexuality of the target person.
Abstract: There is a long history linking gender role conformity to perceived homosexuality. However, the lack of a systematic theoretical model hinders the elucidation of the interrelationships among gender stereotypes, conformity to gender stereotypes, and perceived homosexuality, as well as other factors which may mediate these relationships. The purpose of the present study was to propose such a model by combining theories of gender stereotype formation and maintenance with research investigating perceptions of homosexuality. Specifically, this study examined college students' perceptions of gender role characteristics in male and female adult target persons and these students' perceptions of the likelihood that the targets were homosexual. Path analysis demonstrated that the sex and occupation of the target person were significantly related to perceived masculinity, femininity, and homosexuality of the target person. Furthermore, individual differences in these relationships were observed, indicating ...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce an approach to testing of rule-based systems, which uses coverage measures to guide and evaluate the testing process, and also introduce a complexity metric for rule-bases.
Abstract: Often a rule-based system is tested by checking its performance on a number of test cases with known solutions, modifying the system until it gives the correct results for all or a sufficiently high proportion of the test cases. This method cannot guarantee that the rule-base has been adequately or completely covered during the testing process. We introduce an approach to testing of rule-based systems, which uses coverage measures to guide and evaluate the testing process. In addition, the coverage measures can be used to assist rule-base pruning and identification of class dependencies, and serve as the foundation for a set of test data selection heuristics. We also introduce a complexity metric for rule-bases.
TL;DR: OBM techniques of goal-setting, feedback, and positive reinforcement were used to improve staff behavior and patient outcomes in four private adult group homes for chronic mental patients to suggest that OBM has improved staff performance in mental hospitals and homes for the mentally retarded.
Abstract: Organizational Behavior Management (OBM) has improved staff performance in mental hospitals and homes for the mentally retarded. In the present study, OBM techniques of goal-setting, feedback, and positive reinforcement were used to improve staff behavior and patient outcomes in four private adult group homes for chronic mental patients. Four therapists and 37 patients served as subjects. After a 10 or 20 week multiple baseline, the therapists received training in setting measurable goals, providing verbal and graphic feedback, and praising patients. In addition, therapists received written and verbal feedback, praise and contingent monetary reinforcement. Results revealed large increases in the number of goals addressed weekly and in the quality of treatment plan reviews during treatment. There was a significant increase in patient goal progress and patient activity level, and a significant decrease in therapists' time to submit applicable paperwork during treatment. These results suggest that O...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors study a large sample of 507 privatization offerings from 39 countries over the period 1979-1996 and find support for elements of asymmetric information theory, investor sentiment theory and reputation building hypothesis.
Abstract: In this paper, we study a large sample of 507 privatization offerings from 39 countries over the period 1979-1996 Our objectives are twofold First, we document the extent of short-run underpricing of these privatization offerings and measure their variation across countries, industries, and years, as well as drawing comparisons to private company IPOs Second, we test alternative explanations of the determinants of short-run underpricing drawing on various models of maximizing behavior by underwriters, augmented by variables that proxy for national political objectives Overall, we find support for elements of asymmetric information theory, investor sentiment theory and the reputation building hypothesis With the exception of the Gini coefficient, our political proxy variables are typically not significant Thus to a significant degree, the investment banking strategies believed to characterize IPOs of private companies in industrial countries may also play a role in the IPO strategies of state-owned-enterprises in both industrial and lesser developed economies
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the relation between contract size and liquidity using data from the respecification of Sydney Future Exchange's (SFE) Share Price Index (SPI) and 90-day Bank Accepted Bill (BAB) futures contracts.
Abstract: We analyze the relation between contract size and liquidity using data from the respecification of Sydney Future Exchange's (SFE) Share Price Index (SPI) and 90-day Bank Accepted Bill (BAB) futures contracts. Respecification of SPI and BAB contracts presents a unique opportunity to investigate the effects of a change in futures contract size. SFE decreased the size of SPI futures by a factor of four while increasing its minimum tick. The BAB contract was doubled in size with the minimum tick size left unchanged. We find, after controlling for market factors, that the respecification of the SPI futures resulted in higher trading volume, while that of BAB futures decreased trading volume. The results regarding spreads are ambiguous. Based on two cases investigated, we conclude that decreasing the futures contract size was effective in terms of enhancing liquidity while increasing the size resulted in a reduction in liquidity.