Showing papers by "Imperial Chemical Industries published in 2000"

Methanol and hydrocarbons

Abstract: Methanol and higher hydrocarbons are produced by synthesising the hydrocarbons from a synthesis gas containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide by the Fischer-Tropsch reaction, separating the higher hydrocarbons, and synthesising methanol from the residual gas. Preferably hydrogen is separated from the synthesis gas prior to the Fischer-Tropsch reaction and at least part of the separated hydrogen is added to the residual gas prior to methanol synthesis.

Apparatus and method for extracting biomass

Abstract: A closed loop apparatus (10) for extracting biomass includes an evaporator (42) and a condenser (43) directly connected to one another, without an intermediate compressor. An optional pump (14) moves liquid solvent between the evaporator (42) and compressor (43) and provides a hydrostatic head for the closed loop circuit.

Paints and Coatings

Abstract: The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 1.1. Fundamental Concepts 1.2. Historical Development 1.3. Composition of Paints 1.3.1. Binders and Resins 1.3.2. Plasticizers 1.3.3. Pigments and Extenders 1.3.4. Paint Additives 1.3.5. Solvents 1.4. Paint Application 1.5. Drying and Film Formation 1.6. Multicoat Systems 1.7. Economic Aspects 1.8. Future Outlook 2. Types of Paints and Coatings (Binders) 2.1. Oil-Based Coatings 2.2. Cellulose-Based Coatings 2.2.1. Nitrocellulose Lacquers 2.2.1.1. Raw Materials 2.2.1.2. Application and Uses 2.2.2. Organic Cellulose Ester Coatings 2.2.2.1. Cellulose Acetate Butyrate 2.2.2.2. Cellulose Acetate Propionate 2.3. Chlorinated Rubber Coatings 2.3.1. Starting Products 2.3.2. Chlorinated Rubber Paints 2.3.3. Chlorinated Rubber Combination Paints 2.4. Vinyl Coatings 2.4.1. General Properties 2.4.2. Coatings Based on Polyolefins and Polyolefin Derivatives 2.4.3. Poly(Vinyl Halides) and Vinyl Halide Copolymers 2.4.3.1. Poly(Vinyl Chloride) and Vinyl Chloride Copolymers 2.4.3.2. Vinylidene Chloride Copolymers 2.4.3.3. Fluoropolymer Coatings 2.4.4. Poly(Vinyl Esters) 2.4.4.1. Solid Resins 2.4.4.2. Dispersions 2.4.5. Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) 2.4.6. Poly(Vinyl Acetals) 2.4.7. Poly(Vinyl Ethers) 2.4.8. Polystyrene and Styrene Copolymers 2.5. Acrylic Coatings 2.6. Alkyd Coatings 2.6.1. Alkyd Resin Binders and Uses 2.6.2. Additional Raw Materials 2.6.3. Production 2.6.4. Environmental and Health Protection Measures 2.7. Saturated Polyester Coatings 2.7.1. Properties 2.7.2. Production of Polyester Resins and Paints 2.7.3. Cross-Linking of Polyester Resins 2.7.4. Uses 2.8. Unsaturated Polyester Coatings 2.8.1. Unsaturated Polyester Binders 2.8.2. Other Raw Materials 2.8.3. Production, Properties, and Uses 2.8.4. Transportation and Handling 2.9. Polyurethane Coatings 2.9.1. Raw Materials 2.9.2. Polyurethane Systems 2.9.2.1. One-Pack Systems 2.9.2.2. Two-Pack Systems 2.9.3. Properties and Uses 2.10. Epoxy Coatings 2.10.1. Epoxy Resin Types 2.10.2. Curing Agents 2.10.3. Chemically Modified Epoxy Resins 2.10.4. Uses 2.10.4.1. Curing at Ambient Temperature 2.10.4.2. Curing at Elevated Temperature 2.10.4.3. Radiation Curing 2.10.4.4. Occupational Health 2.11. Silicone Coatings 2.12. Urea, Benzoguanamine, and Melamine Resins for Coatings 2.13. Phenolic Resins for Coatings 2.13.1. Resols 2.13.2. Novolacs 2.13.3. Modified Phenolic Resins 2.14. Asphalt, Bitumen, and Pitch Coatings 2.14.1. Asphalt and Asphalt Combination Coatings 2.14.2. Bitumen Coatings 2.14.3. Bitumen Combination Coatings 2.14.4. Pitch Coatings 2.14.5. Pitch Combination Coatings 2.15. Silicate Coatings 2.15.1. Water Glass Coatings 2.15.2. Alkyl Silicates 3. Paint Systems 3.1. Solventborne Paints 3.1.1. General Information 3.1.2. Properties and Raw Materials 3.1.3. Environmental Protection and Application Technology 3.2. Solvent-Free and Low-Solvent (High-Solids) Paints 3.2.1. Principles 3.2.2. Production and Uses 3.3. Waterborne Paints 3.3.1. Properties 3.3.2. Production and Application 3.3.3. Uses and Environmental Aspects 3.4. Coating Powders 3.4.1. Introduction and Economic Importance 3.4.2. Production 3.4.3. Properties 3.4.4. Testing 3.4.5. Storage and Transportation 3.4.6. Environmental Aspects and Safety 3.4.7. Uses 3.5. Waterborne Dispersion Paints (Emulsion Paints) 3.6. Nonaqueous Dispersion Paints 3.7. Radiation-Curing Systems 3.7.1. Introduction 3.7.2. Radiation-Curable Systems Based on Acrylates 3.7.3. Equipment 3.7.4. Fields of Application 3.8. Electrodeposition Paints 4. Pigments and Extenders 4.1. Inorganic Pigments 4.2. Organic Pigments 4.3. Extenders 4.3.1. Introduction 4.3.2. Properties 4.3.3. Modification of Extenders 5. Paint Additives 5.1. Defoamers 5.2. Wetting and Dispersing Additives 5.3. Surface Additives 5.4. Driers and Catalysts 5.5. Preservatives 5.6. Rheology Additives 5.7. Light Stabilizers 5.8. Corrosion Inhibitors 5.9. Use and Testing of Additives 6. Paint Removal 6.1. Paint Removal from Metals 6.1.1. Chemical Paint Removal 6.1.2. Thermal Paint Removal 6.1.3. Mechanical and Low-Temperature Paint Removal 6.2. Paint Removal from Wood and Mineral Substrates 7. Production Technology 7.1. Principles 7.2. Paint-Making Processes 7.2.1. Varnishes 7.2.2. Paints 7.2.3. Powder Coatings 7.3. Apparatus 7.3.1. Mixers 7.3.2. Dissolvers 7.3.3. Kneaders and Kneader Mixers 7.3.4. Media Mills 7.3.5. Roller Mills 7.3.6. Auxiliary Equipment 8. Paint Application 8.1. Types of Substrate 8.2. Pretreatment of Substrate Surfaces 8.2.1. Pretreatment of Metallic Substrates 8.2.1.1. Cleaning 8.2.1.2. Degreasing 8.2.1.3. Formation of Conversion Layers 8.2.2. Pretreatment of Plastics 8.2.3. Pretreatment of Wood 8.3. Application Methods 8.3.1. Spraying (Atomization) 8.3.2. Electrostatic Atomization 8.3.3. Dipping 8.3.4. Miscellaneous Wet Paint Coating Methods 8.3.5. Powder Coating 8.3.6. Coating of Plastics and Wood 8.4. Paint Curing Methods 9. Properties and Testing 9.1. Properties of Coating Materials 9.2. Properties of Coatings 9.2.1. Films for Testing 9.2.2. Optical Properties 9.2.3. Mechanical Properties 9.2.4. Chemical Properties 9.2.5. Weathering Tests 10. Analysis 10.1. Analysis of Coating Materials 10.1.1. Separation of the Coating Material into Individual Components 10.1.2. Analysis of Binders 10.1.3. Analysis of Pigments and Extenders 10.1.4. Analysis of Solvents 10.1.5. Analysis of Additives 10.2. Analysis of Coatings 11. Uses 11.1. Coating Systems for Corrosion Protection of Large Steel Constructions (Heavy-Duty Coatings) 11.2. Automotive Paints 11.2.1. Car Body Paints 11.2.2. Other Automotive Coatings 11.3. Paints Used for Commercial Transport Vehicles 11.3.1. Railroad Rolling Stock 11.3.2. Freight Containers 11.3.3. Road Transport Vehicles 11.3.4. Aircraft Coatings 11.4. Marine Coatings 11.4.1. Substrate, Surface Preparation, and Priming 11.4.2. Ship Paint Systems 11.4.3. Fouling and Antifouling 11.5. Coil Coating 11.6. Coatings for Domestic Appliances 11.7. Coatings for Packaging (Can Coatings) 11.8. Furniture Coatings 11.9. Coatings for Buildings 11.9.1. Exterior-Use Coatings 11.9.2. Interior-Use Coatings 12. Environmental Protection and Toxicology 12.1. Clean Air Measures 12.2. Wastewater 12.3. Solid Residues and Waste 12.4. Toxicology 13. Economic Aspects

Process for the preparation methanol and hydrogen

Abstract: Process for the co-production of hydrogen and methanol by steam reforming a hydrocarbon feedstock, condensing and separating steam from the reformed gas, synthesizing methanol from the resultant de-watered reformed gas without further compression, separating synthesized methanol and separating hydrogen from the residual gas, optionally after subjecting the residual gas to the shift reaction is disclosed.

Challenges in particle size distribution measurement past, present and for the 21st century*

Abstract: The field of particle size distribution (PSD) characterization and measurement has experienced a renaissance over the past ten years. This revitalization has been driven by advances in electronics, computer technology and sensor technology in conjunction with the market pull for PSD methods embodied in cost effective user friendly instrumentation. The renaissance can be characterized by at least four activities. (1) End user innovation exemplified by techniques such as hydrodynamic chromatography (HDC), capillary hydrodynamic fractionation (CHDF) and field flow fractionation methods (SdFFF, FlFFF, and ThFFF). (2) Revitalization of older instrumental methods such as gravitational and centrifugal sedimentation; (3) Evolution of research grade instrumentation into low cost, routine, user friendly instrumentation exemplified by dynamic light scattering (DLS). (4) The attempt to meet extremely difficult technical challenges such as: (a) providing a single hybrid instrument with high resolution over a very broad dynamic range (4+ decades in size; e.g., Fraunhofer/Mie; photozone sensing/DLS); (b) PSD measurement of concentrated dispersions (acoustophoretic, dielectric measurements, fiber optic DLS (FOQELS)); (c) in-situ process particle size sensors (in-line or at line, e.g., FOQELS); (d) routine measurement of particle shape and structure (e.g., image analysis). Instrumental methods resulting from these activities are discussed in terms of measurement principles and the strengths and weaknesses of these methods for characterizing PSDs. Business and societal driving forces will impact customer perceived instrumentation and knowledge needs for the 21st century and the ability to meet the specific difficult technical challenges in particle size distribution characterization mentioned above. Anticipated progress toward meeting these technical challenges is discussed in conjunction with the associated anticipated advances in required technologies.

Dyes, General Survey

Abstract: The article contains sections titled: 1. Survey 1.1. History 1.2. Classification and Definitions 1.3. Manufacture 1.3.1. Unit Operations 1.3.2. Formulation and Standardization 1.4. Applications 1.4.1. Wool 1.4.2. Cellulosics 1.4.3. Polyester 1.4.4. Polyamide 1.4.5. Acrylics 1.4.6. Pigments 1.5. Economic Aspects 1.6. Environment, Ecology, and Toxicology 2. Color and Structure 2.1. Basic Principles of Color 2.2. Empirical Correlations 2.3. Quantum Chemical Methods 2.4. Fluorescence and Phosphorescence 2.5. Quantitative Treatment of Light Absorption 2.6. The Influence of Substituents on the Spectra of Aromatic Compounds 3. Color Measurement and Colorant Formulation 3.1. Measurement of Reflectance Factors 3.2. Calculation of Tristimulus Values 3.3. Chromaticity Diagram 3.4. Conversion of XYZ Values into L*a*b* Coordinates 3.5. Calculation of Color Differences 3.6. Colorant Formulation 4. Chemical Analysis and Tests 4.1. Investigation of Individual Dyes 4.1.1. Testing for Homogeneity and Separation of Mixtures 4.1.2. Classification 4.1.3. Identification 4.1.4. Quantitative Determination 4.1.5. Determination of Structure 4.2. Investigation of Dyes on the Fiber 4.2.1. General Tests 4.2.2. Systematic Analysis 4.2.3. Special Tests 5. Chromatography 5.1. Column Chromatography 5.2. Paper Chromatography 5.3. Thin-Layer Chromatography 5.4. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) 6. Spectroscopic Measurements 6.1. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 6.2. Mass Spectrometry (MS) 6.3. UV-Visible Spectrophotometry

Characterization of Oil Droplets under a Polymer Film by Laser Scanning Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Abstract: We studied the wetting behavior of thin oil films on quartz and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrates before and after being coated with a polymer colloidal dispersion. The triolein oil was doped with a trace of a fluorescent dye, and the films were prepared by casting a dilute solution of dyed triolein in acetone onto the substrates. The films were then observed by laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy (LSCFM). On quartz, triolein breaks up into approximately spherical, micrometer-sized droplets as the acetone evaporates. The oil droplets were coated with a water dispersion of a film-forming latex dispersion of poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA). Most of the droplets adhered to the quartz substrate as the water evaporates. With LSCFM, we could image the triolein droplets under the transparent polymer latex film. These had larger volumes than those formed in air, and their micro-contact angle increased from 〈θ〉 = (32 ± 5)° at the quartz−air interface to 〈θ〉 = (71 ± 4)° at the quartz−PBMA in...

Thermally-transferable polyester image-protecting layer

Abstract: A thermal transfer medium for use in mass transfer printing comprises a substrate bearing on at least part of one surface thereof a coating of an overlay material comprising polyester having a glass transition greater than 50 °C (preferably at least 75 °C) and a molecular weight in the range 6,000 to 10,000. The overlay material combines good transfer characteristics, barrier properties and durability and is highly transparent.

Aqueous paint composition

Abstract: An aqueous paint composition comprising a polymeric binder and a particulate non-film-forming solid in which; (i) at least 20% by weight of the polymeric binder is a thickener which is an, amine or acid functional, acrylic addition polymer which is at least partially neutralised, the thickener being such that a 1% by weight solution of the thickener in water when fully neutralised has a viscosity of at least 10 centipoise (measured using a Brookfield Spindle number 3 at 60 rpm and 25° C.), (ii) the pvc of the coating composition is 65 to 95%; (iii) the volume solids of the composition is 8 to 30%.

Receiver medium for digital imaging

Abstract: A receiver medium for digital imaging comprises a substrate having a dye-receiving surface bearing a coating comprising a highly branched functionalised polymer of generally globular form, e.g. a dendrimer, dispersed in a host polymer. Functional groups at or near the surface of the branched polymer, may interact with and bind dye molecules having complementary functional groups, eg dyes as disclosed in WO 96/34766, e.g. by acid-base interaction, thus having the effect of chemically fixing the dye within the coating on the receiver medium. Because dye molecules can be chemically bound to the branched polymer in the receiver sheet, it is possible to use host polymer materials of lower Tg than generally required in the prior art, with the host polymer typically having a Tg of less that 50° C. This means that dye molecules can have significantly increased diffusivity through the coating, prior to interaction, resulting in a more even distribution of dye through the coating than has been possible hitherto. The invention also covers a method of making the receiver medium, a method of printing, and a receiver medium/dye combination.

RHEOLOGY AND COATING FLOWSa

Abstract: Heraclitus ( 1 ) proclaimed “παντα ϱɛι” (everything flows), and Deborah accurately prophesied that even “mountains flow before the Lord” ( 2 ), suggesting the pervasive nature of flow phenomena in natural processes. Not only do apparently solid mountains flow, resulting in the synclines and anticlines of geologic strata, but so also must the fluids vital to the functioning of a living body, and the viscoelastic properties of blood, mucus, synovial (joint) fluid b and the vitreous humor of the eye c are important for their proper function. Among man-made materials, flow behavior, often complex, can be a crucial element of commercial success. Paints and industrial coatings, creams and lotions, inks, adhesives, ceramic slips, solder pastes, foods, medicines, etc. , are examples of the range of materials whose commercial viability depends on having the “right” rheology. In turn, the required rheological properties must be defined with due regard to the flow or stress conditions which prevail during processing and application.

Isocyanate-terminated prepolymers

Abstract: Novel isocyanate-terminated prepolymers and a process for making flexible polyurethane foams thereof. The prepolymers are made from polyether polyols having a high equivalent weight.

Process for preparing vinylic polymers with catalyst system containing metal complex and Lewis acid

Abstract: A polymerisation process for the preparation of vinylic polymers from the corresponding vinylic monomers which process comprises the step of reacting a vinylic monomer in the presence of a catalyst system comprising a) a metal complex of general formula (I) where A is selected from the group consisting of nickel, iron, cobalt, chromium, manganese, titanium, zirconium, vanadium and the rare earth metals; L1, L2, L3 and L4 are ligands and b) a Lewis acid of general formula (II) wherein at least one of W, Y or Z is capable of forming a co-ordination bond with A and the others of W, Y and Z are bulky groups; D is selected from the group consisting of aluminium, magnesium, zinc and boron.

Living polymerization process

Abstract: A polymerization process for the preparation of vinylic polymers from the corresponding vinylic monomers which process comprises the step of reacting a vinylic monomer in the presence of a catalyst system comprising a) a compound of general formula (I) where M is any metal capable of coordinating to an enolate or delocalized enolate-like species; B 1 , B 2 , B 3 and B 4 are chosen from nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur or phosphorus containing moieties wherein each of said nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur or phosporus is linked to at least one carbon atom of an organic group and to M; X 1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, H, halogen, alkoxy, thiol aryloxy, ester, b) a metal, complex of general formula (II) where A is selected from the group consisting of nickel, iron, cobalt, chromium, manganese, titanium, zirconium, vanadium and the rare earth metals; L 1 , L 2 , L 3 and L 4 are ligands and c) a Lewis acid of general formula (III) wherein at least one of W, Y or Z is capable of forming a co-ordination bond with A and the others of W, Y and Z are bulky groups; D is selected from the group concsisting of aluminium, magnesium, zinc and boron

Procédé pour traiter le pétrole brut ou l'huile dans un processus de raffinage

Abstract: not available for EP1235888Abstract of corresponding document: WO0140410Petroleum additive formulations include a petroleum additive dissolved in a carrier fluid including at least one compound of the formula (I): (R )p-Ph-(CH2)m-COO-(AO)n-R where; R is C1 to C10 alkyl; AO is alkyleneoxy; n is 0 or from 1 to 100; m is 0, 1 or 2; and Ph is a phenyl group, which may be substituted with groups (R )p; where each R is independently C1 to C4 alkyl or alkoxy; and p is 0, 1 or 2. Further, crude petroleum or petroleum refinery streams can be treated by adding a petroleum additive dissolved in a carrier fluid of the formula (I) to the product stream. Desirably the carrier fluid is or includes iso-propyl benzoate and/or 2-ethyl hexyl benzoate.

The thermal analysis of polymers

Abstract: The manufacturers of polymeric products often demand that a particular product meet specifications that involve end-use properties such as water resistance, chemical resistance, flexibility, permeability as well as the ability to absorb sound and vibrations all over a wide temperature range. Every one of these are specifications that can be related back to fundamental chemical and physical properties of the polymer using thermal analysis. In general, thermal analysis is simply the characterization of the properties of a material as a function of temperature. This definition is frequently expanded to include isothermal experiments performed on conventional thermal analysis instruments. A well-equipped thermal analysis laboratory has the potential to provide significant guidance to a coatings research and development team. However, to fully capitalize on the capability of the equipment, the users must possess the ability to skillfully prepare the samples, efficiently design an experiment and properly interpret the results.