Showing papers by "Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad published in 2003"
TL;DR: The Honey Bee Network has helped provide a sort of loose platform to converge creative, but uncoordinated individuals across not only Indian states having varying cultural, linguistic and social ethos, but also in 75 other countries around the world.
185 citations
TL;DR: This paper describes neighborhood search heuristics based on tabu search and complete local search with memory used to solve large instances of the uncapacitated facility location problem and describes several neighborhood structures used by local search to solve this problem.
155 citations
TL;DR: A theoretical framework for measuring the efficiency of banking services taking into account physical and human resources, service quality and performance is proposed here, thereby linking the marketing variables to the financial metrics.
Abstract: In this paper, we present the development of a theoretical framework for measuring the efficiency of banking services taking into account physical and human resources, service quality and performance. Expenditures on quality improvement efforts and the impact of service quality on financial outcomes have long intrigued researchers. Banks have traditionally focused on how to transform their physical resources to generate financial performance, and they inadvertently ignored the mediating intangible factor of service quality. A theoretical framework on the optimization triad of resource, service quality and performance is proposed here, thereby linking the marketing variables to the financial metrics. A measure for the return on quality is developed as the ratio of the potential improvements in financial performance by enhancement of service quality to the observed performance figures. Empirical results obtained from a study of 27 Indian public sector banks and their customers allow us to measure the impact of service quality on financial performance, optimal level of service quality that can be generated using existing resources and the opportunity cost for sub-optimal service delivery. Banks delivering better service are shown to have better transformation of resource to performance using superior service delivery as the medium. Our results confirm the linkage between resource, service quality and performance for services.
112 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conducted multiple interviews with participants affiliated with DFIs, firms and TIs in India and developed a preliminary framework to suggest that DFIs when proactive in making technology assessments, form an important link between developing a firm's absorptive capacity and building a nation's innovative capacity.
100 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors highlight six important conceptual issues that the research has generated and outline the required research for addressing these issues and provide an outline of how research to address them can be approached.
Abstract: Transformational leadership is one of the most recent conceptualizations of leadership concepts. It has been specified as an important mechanism of introducing organizational change. Transformational leadership has received substantial research attention over the last two decades. As a result, transformational leadership research has created considerable knowledge about the transformational leadership phenomenon. It, however, has also generated several conceptual issues and addressing these issues is necessary for advancing transformational leadership research. Highlights six important conceptual issues that the research has generated. Also outlines the significance of each of these six issues and then provides a critical commentary based on these issues. In pointing out research implications, outlines the required research for addressing these issues and provides an outline of how research for addressing them can be approached. Finally, indicates some of the implications of this paper for practice.
73 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of references within sampled empirical journal articles in sociology, physics, biology, and experimental and social psychology revealed impacts of the knowledge explosion in all disciplines but the greatest effects within psychology.
Abstract: The knowledge explosion has created enormous difficulties for researchers to be aware of, access, and process the volume of new literature. Electronic literature retrieval systems and specialization on narrow topics have been strategies used to cope with these problems. In this study, the authors examined the additional effects of the knowledge explosion on researchers' writing, referencing, and citing. Counts of references within sampled empirical journal articles in sociology, physics, biology, and experimental and social psychology revealed impacts of the knowledge explosion in all disciplines but the greatest effects within psychology. Detailed analyses indicated that substantial changes in the numbers of references and citations and in their format and use within the research article are psychology's unique response to the knowledge explosion.
73 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a multistage game-theoretic model of advertising and price competition in a differentiated products duopoly is presented, in which proportions of consumers exhibit latent inertia in favor of repeat purchase.
Abstract: We construct a multistage game-theoretic model of advertising and price competition in a differentiated products duopoly, in which proportions of consumers exhibit latent inertia in favor of repeat purchase. Advertising simultaneously plays the dual role in reducing such inertia through awareness and enhancing perceived brand value persuasion. We derive the advertising price cross-effects and provide a theoretical reconciliation of the longstanding debate in the marketing literature regarding the impact of advertising on price sensitivity. We characterize the nature of equilibria under symmetry and show that when a large proportion of consumers exhibit inertial tendencies, then a multiplicity of equilibria exists. Marketing implications and comparative statics are discussed.
Numerical simulations for asymmetric firms are presented, wherein we show that advertising is not a useful competitive tool for small firms. However, advertising spending by the large firm provides a halo effect for the average prices in the category, which has a positive externality on the small firm's profits. In the absence of the small brand advertising, larger brand shares encourage firms to allocate higher expenditures on advertising to enhance the perceived value of their brand, which in turn shore up the average prices in the industry from which all firms benefit.
68 citations
TL;DR: Important developments in SCM and supply chain infrastructure are outlined, including technologies in optimization and modeling systems, which have had a remarkable imprint on supply chain decision-making.
Abstract: New technologies that turn raw data into information and knowledge are changing the way the firms operate. In this context, various forms of supply chain management (SCM) applications are among the enabling technologies transforming how business markets operate. IT research agencies expect SCM applications sales to triple by 2004 [9], in part owing to developments in related technologies that support SCM applications. Prominent vendors in SCM applications market include i 2 Technologies, SAP AG, Oracle, and Invensys, which produce a range of hardware and software components that span communication, optimization, and modeling systems. The hardware and software components that support SCM applications can be collectively referred to as the supply chain infrastructure. In this article, we outline important developments in SCM and supply chain infrastructure, including technologies in optimization and modeling systems, which have had a remarkable imprint on supply chain decision-making. Our observations are indicative in nature and shed light on the trajectory these developments are taking, but are not meant to be comprehensive and do not encompass all the facets of supply chain management and SCM applications. Data Capture and Transmission In the area of communication, automatic data capture (ADC) technology is fast becoming an important tool to support business transactional information and supply chain processes. ADC systems, which are predicted to grow by almost 16% per year [9], include bar code scanning, voice recognition, and radio frequency data capture (RFDC) systems. The devices supporting ADC systems range from scanners, keyboards, PCs, laptops, servers, PDA devices, cell phones, pagers, and vehiclemounted instruments. One cannot hope to know the status of items flowing through the system without collecting data in a usable form as ADC systems do. Bar code scanning systems are currently integral to the supply chain infrastructure of many firms, and radio frequency identification (RFID) is gaining increasing acceptance too. While RFID systems are more expensive than bar codes, they can be read at very high speeds, and can collect 40 times the data collectible through traditional bar codes,
61 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a branch and peg algorithm was proposed to solve the simple plant location problem, where pegging refers to fixing values of variables at each subproblem in the branch and bound tree.
52 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A single pass earth-tube heat exchanger (ETHE) was installed to study its performance in cooling and heating modes as discussed by the authors, which consisted of 50 m mild steel pipe of 10 cm nominal diameter and 3 mm wall thickness, buried 2.85 m deep below ground.
Abstract: A single pass earth-tube heat exchanger (ETHE) was installed to study its performance in cooling and heating modes. ETHE consisted of 50 m mild steel pipe of 10 cm nominal diameter and 3 mm wall thickness, buried 2.85 m deep below ground. Ambient air was pumped through it for conditioning. Tests were conducted on three consecutive days in each month. The ETHE conditioned 5.6 m3/min of 40.6°C air to 26.6°C in cooling mode, and 8.3°C air to 23.0°C in heating mode. Average COP was 3.3 in cooling and 3.8 in heating mode.
47 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used US data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to test whether relatively high local unemployment rates reduce the reservation wages of area residents or increase the duration of search.
Abstract: Evidence about the relationship of local unemployment rates and individuals' reservation wages and duration of search for a job if unemployed is sparse and mixed. This study uses US data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to test whether relatively high local unemployment rates reduce the reservation wages of area residents or increase the duration of search. Labour search theory provides the grounding for the sample selection corrected simultaneous equations econometric model. In neither OLS nor 2SLS results is evidence found that local unemployment rates affect either reservation wages or the duration of search. These results suggest that policies targeted at alleviating unemployment should focus on increasing the demand for labour rather than hope that such policies will be beneficial if pursued in high-unemployment areas because of their effects on labour force characteristics.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the integrated modeling system used for developing and analyzing the long-term trajectories and presents results for thescenarios developed in the context ofongoing market reforms and develop two scenarios depicting fast and slow progress in energy sector reforms compared to expectations in the baseline scenario.
Abstract: In the coming years India faces greatchallenges in energy and environment. Thepath of development chosen by India, uponwhich lies the future growth of energy andemission trajectories, would be greatlyinfluenced by technological developmentsboth within and outside the country,economic cooperation between countries, andglobal cooperation in limiting greenhousegas emissions. This paper discusses theintegrated modeling system used fordeveloping and analyzing the long-termtrajectories and presents results for thescenarios developed. In the context ofongoing market reforms two scenarios –accelerated and decelerated reforms – aredeveloped depicting fast and slow progressin energy sector reforms compared toexpectations in the baseline scenario.Accelerated market reforms would spurimprovements in technological efficiencies.Reforms would lower investment risks inIndia, thereby stimulating increased levelsof foreign direct investment. On the otherhand in decelerated reform scenarioeconomic growth is lower than that in thebase case, there is low access to capital,and technological improvements lag behindthose in the base case. In another scenariowe assume specific policy interventions forpenetration of renewable technologies overthe baseline scenario, for promotion andaccelerated deployment of renewable energytechnologies over and above the baselineassumptions. A scenario with carbon(c) constraints has also been developed and theresults discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the boundary between polynomially-solvable Max Cut and NP Hard Max Cut instances when they are classified only on the sign pattern of the objective function coefficients was investigated.
Abstract: This note investigates the boundary between polynomially-solvable Max Cut and NP Hard Max Cut instances when they are classified only on the basis of the sign pattern of the objective function coefficients, i.e., of the orthant containing the objective function vector. It turns out that the matching number of the subgraph induced by the positive edges is the key parameter that allows us to differentiate between polynomially-solvable and hard instances of the problem. We give some applications of the polynomially solvable cases.
TL;DR: In this paper, the future greenhouse gas and local pollutant emissions for India under various scenarios were analyzed. But the main insight is that GHG and local pollution from India, although connected, do not move in synchronizationin future and have a disjoint under variousscenarios.
Abstract: This paper estimates the future greenhousegas (GHG) and local pollutant emissions forIndia under various scenarios. Thereference scenario assumes continuation ofthe current official policies of the Indiangovernment and forecasts of macro-economic,demographic and energy sector indicators.Other scenarios analyzed are the economicgrowth scenarios (high and low), carbonmitigation scenario, sulfur mitigationscenario and frozen (development) scenario.The main insight is that GHG and localpollutant emissions from India, althoughconnected, do not move in synchronizationin future and have a disjoint under variousscenarios. GHG emissions continue to risewhile local pollutant emissions decreaseafter some years. GHG emission mitigationtherefore would have to be pursued for itsown sake in India. National energy securityconcerns also favor this conclusion sincecoal is the abundant national resource whilemost of the natural gas has to be imported.The analysis of contributing factors tothis disjoint indicates that sulfurreduction in petroleum oil products andpenetration of flue gas desulfurisationtechnologies are the two main contributorsfor sulfur dioxide (SO2) mitigation.The reduction in particulate emissions ismainly due to enforcing electro-staticprecipitator efficiency norms in industrialunits, with cleaner fuels and vehicles alsocontributing substantially. These policytrends are already visible in India.Another insight is that high economicgrowth is better than lower growth tomitigate local pollution as lack ofinvestible resources limits investments incleaner environmental measures. Ouranalysis also validates the environmentalKuznets' curve for India as SO2emissions peak around per capita GDP ofUS$ 5,300–5,400 (PPP basis) under variouseconomic growth scenarios.
TL;DR: The speed of visual acuity recovery after phacoemulsification matched the improvement across health‐related QoL functions, resulting in rapid recovery of the patients' functional independence and health status.
Abstract: Purpose To assess patients’ quality of life (QoL) and overall visual function (VF) after phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in an urban Indian population. Setting Iladevi Cataract & IOL Research Center, Ahmedabad, India. Methods This prospective study comprised 300 patients with a mean age of 60.8 years ± 9.2 (SD) who were evaluated preoperatively for visual acuity, QoL, VF, and demographic information. Postoperative evaluations included the same parameters with the addition of patient satisfaction. Also analyzed was the impact on the resumption of routine daily activities and professional work after phacoemulsification. Patients were divided into 2 categories: driving and nondriving. They were also categorized by profession and type and density of cataract. The relationship of patients’ characteristics and QoL versus VF was determined by an analysis of variance and 99% confidence intervals. Effect sizes (change/difference ÷ the standard deviation at baseline) were computed for intergroup longitudinal changes and intergroup differences. Results Correlation analysis showed a highly significant positive correlation between logMAR scores with VF and QoL. Overall, VF changed more significantly than QoL in effect size on all subscales. Postoperatively, 13% of respondents reported difficulty performing routine work; 40% resumed their daily activities within 1 week and 55%, within 1 month. More than 42% resumed professional activities within 1 week after surgery; 53% took 1 week to 1 month. Eight-six percent were fully satisfied with the results of cataract surgery. Overall, 88% reported that VF and QoL were “a lot better” and 10% responded little they were “a little better” than before surgery. Conclusions Improvement in health-related QoL and VF occurred within 3 months of cataract extraction. The speed of visual acuity recovery after phacoemulsification matched the improvement across health-related QoL functions, resulting in rapid recovery of the patients’ functional independence and health status.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used data collected from consumers in Ahmedabad and Calcutta in India to demonstrate significant COO effect on a number of products and found that foreign products are not perceived different from Indian products.
Abstract: Country-of-origin (COO) has been recognized in the marketing literature as one of the most important cues consumers use to perceive product quality. Products of technologically advanced countries such as Japan and Germany are known to enjoy positive country-of-origin effects. Conversely, products made in the developing countries typically suffer from negative COO effect (Gaedeke 1973). Most of the studies in this research paradigm, however, are undertaken in industrialized countries; hence their findings cannot be extrapolated to the newly industrialized countries (NIC) that offer tremendous market potential for global products. It has, therefore, become imperative for multinational companies to understand if and how consumers in the major NICs use COO and other cues to infer product quality. Using data collected from consumers in Ahmedabad and Calcutta in India, we demonstrate significant COO effect on a number of products. Results also indicate that foreign products are not perceived differentl...
TL;DR: This paper considers the global aspects of the privatization of veterinary services as well as the scenario in India to gain an insight into the very complex and debatable issue of privatization of Veterinary services.
Abstract: Increasing fiscal constraints on the government, a lackadaisical performance by public sector animal health and breeding services and pressure from donor partners have prompted the governments of various developing countries to rethink the role of the public sector in the provision of veterinary services. Various countries have started to implement, or have already implemented, privatization of some veterinary services. The results are mixed. It is established that private provision alone is not optimal, and a blend of private and public sector veterinary services is required to utilize the virtues of both. The privatization process has also begun in India. Certain state governments in India are pursuing a cost recovery approach and are encouraging private practitioners to cope with the financial constraints and to deliver broad and effective animal health and breeding services. This paper considers the global aspects of the privatization of veterinary services as well as the scenario in India, so as to gain an insight into the very complex and debatable issue of privatization of veterinary services.
TL;DR: In this paper, the data of a given problem instance is corrected at each branching in such a way that the new instance will be as close as possible to a polynomially solvable instance and the result satisfies an acceptable accuracy.
Abstract: The Data Correcting Algorithm is a branch and bound type algorithm in which the data of a given problem instance is `corrected' at each branching in such a way that the new instance will be as close as possible to a polynomially solvable instance and the result satisfies an acceptable accuracy (the difference between optimal and current solution). In this paper the data correcting algorithm is applied to determining exact and approximate optimal solutions to the simple plant location problem. Implementations of the algorithm are based on a pseudo-Boolean representation of the goal function of this problem, and a new reduction rule. We study the efficiency of the data correcting approach using two different bounds, the Khachaturov-Minoux bound and the Erlenkotter bound. We present computational results on several benchmark instances, which confirm the efficiency of the data-correcting approach.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the nature of demand for veterinary services in three states of India and presented first estimates of demand elasticities for veterinary service, and found that price is not an important determinant of the decision to use these services.
TL;DR: In this article, a review of existing literature and regression analysis as analytical tools is used to determine the economics and financial feasibility of wastelands afforestation projects in India, and the results of the study suggest that polluting companies/countries should explore the possibility of investing in afforest in India to gain carbon credits economically, once the parties to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change decide to approve it.
Abstract: India has vast tracts of wastelands. Afforestation of these wastelands is one of the many alternative uses of such lands. Given the scarcity of capital in India, it becomes imperative to determine the economics and financial feasibility of wastelands afforestation projects. The studies reviewed in this paper deal with cost and financial feasibility analysis of wastelands afforestation projects in India. The main rationale behind this review is to examine the prospects of increasing investments in the afforestation projects. This also has a global significance, since afforestation augments carbon sequestration, which has become an exigency in view of externalities associated with global warming. The study uses review of existing literature and regression analysis as analytical tools. The review reveals that reclamation of wastelands through afforestation is not an expensive venture in India. Afforestation projects are financially viable even when no environmental benefits are taken into consideration. The results of the study suggest that polluting companies/countries should explore the possibility of investing in afforestation in India to gain carbon credits economically, once the parties to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change decide to approve it. The studies reviewed reveal that researchers have used different sets of criteria for financial feasibility analysis of the afforestation projects. Almost all the studies have ignored non-market benefits of afforestation projects. Such methodological differences need to be addressed in view of the increasing importance of plantations as carbon sinks. Some socioeconomic issues like investment in tree crops vis-a-vis agricultural crops, preference for mixed plantation and wastelands development as a means of resource development have also emerged from this review.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyse the various dimensions associated with branding strategies in the changing Indian marketing context and attempt to analyse the impact of these dimensions on the success of marketing strategies.
Abstract: Indian markets from low-involvement to high-involvement product categories have been experiencing sweeping changes in the past decade. Changing lifestyles, fragmented market segments and consumer preferences, and intense competition from the brands of multinational corporations (MNCs) have made branding strategies a prerequisite for marketing success. This paper attempts to analyse the various dimensions associated with branding strategies in the changing Indian marketing context.
TL;DR: What can be done to care for animals when natural disasters occur in India is described, with particular reference to India, and different preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation strategies are outlined.
Abstract: Developing countries are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of disaster management systems, and increasing efforts are being made to streamline preparedness, response and recovery mechanisms at all levels. It is well known that many developing countries, including India, are not always well-prepared to deal with disasters. A lack of well-developed disaster management plans results in a severe loss of human life, animal life and property, which could be saved if the necessary mechanisms were in place. A lot needs to be done to improve the situation, particularly in regard to livestock. This paper describes in detail, with particular reference to India, what can be done to care for animals when natural disasters occur. The authors review various types of natural disasters and their impact on livestock, and outline different preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation strategies. The roles of different agencies, including veterinarians, are also considered.
TL;DR: Demand analysis confirmed that the demand for veterinary services is not determined by subsidised service delivery, but by access to output markets and general awareness levels, and suggests that for a given service and place of service, the poor actually paid more on a per veterinary visit basis.
Abstract: This paper presents the results of a field survey on use patterns and demand for clinical veterinary services in one of the poorest states of India, namely, Orissa. A demand function was estimated using Poisson regression and demand elasticities were obtained for various income groups. The survey shows that large numbers of households, including the poor, pay prices that are significantly higher than those prescribed. There is no targeting of cheaper services towards the poor. The analysis also suggests that for a given service and place of service, the poor actually paid more on a per veterinary visit basis. As a result, the rate of service utilisation was significantly lower for poor households. Demand analysis confirmed that the demand for veterinary services is not determined by subsidised service delivery, but by access to output markets and general awareness levels. In the light of these findings, the paper makes a number of recommendations for redefining the role of the Government in veterinary service delivery in Orissa.
06 Jan 2003
TL;DR: The possibility that cultural diversity may have a moderating effect on the relationship between the collaborative conflict management style and group performance in a distributed GSS (DGSS) environment is examined.
Abstract: In today's global economy organizations are increasingly resorting to culturally diverse groups of individuals to cope with the challenges of a global market. Often, group decision support systems (GSS) are utilized in the process. The performance of these technology-assisted meetings might be subject to the impact of the conflict management style that group members adopt and the cultural backgrounds of the participants. This study examines the possibility that cultural diversity may have a moderating effect on the relationship between the collaborative conflict management style and group performance in a distributed GSS (DGSS) environment.
TL;DR: A stochastic version of the binary knapsack problem, in which the budget is random, is studied, and two different formulations of this problem are proposed, based on different ways of handling infeasibility, and an exact algorithm and a local search-based heuristic are proposed.
Abstract: The binary knapsack problem is a combinatorial optimization problem in which a subset of a given set of elements needs to be chosen in order to maximize profit, given a budget constraint. In this paper, we study a stochastic version of the problem in which the budget is random. We propose two different formulations of this problem, based on different ways of handling infeasibility, and propose an exact algorithm and a local search-based heuristic to solve the problems represented by these formulations. We also present the results from some computational experiments.
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used AIM/Local model with GIS interface to show that Indian CO2 emissions shall continue to rise steadily till 2030, whereas the SO2 emissions will decline after 2020, creating a natural decoupling of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) and local emissions.
Abstract: India’s emissions inventory estimates indicate that Large Point Sources (LPS) contribute above 60% of CO2 and SO2 emissions. Uneven distribution of energy resources, unbalanced regional development and the present high economic growth has led to emission patterns with dispersed hotspots. The policy making to address the environmental concerns thus rests on the assessment of future emissions and the options to mitigate them. The paper shows, using AIM/Local model with GIS interface, that Indian CO2 emissions shall continue to rise steadily till 2030, whereas the SO2 emissions shall decline after 2020, creating a natural decoupling of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) and local emissions. The carbon mitigation analysis, under three global policy regimes, indicates substitution of coal by gas, besides pushing energy efficient and low carbon technologies. Under all the scenarios, LPS contribute a major share of emissions, with industrial centers and large cities growing into major hotspots of emissions. Paper suggests that these spots would be the major focus of future emissions mitigation policy analysis for applications of formal tools like the AIM/Local model.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine issues in the design of a co-operative member's contractual relationship with the other agents (including the remaining members) using organizational economics and argue that features such as claim incompleteness and non-transferability are not inherent to the co-op but may be transaction-cost economizing.
Abstract: This paper examines issues in the design of a co-operative member's contractual relationship with the other agents (including the remaining members) using organizational economics. The paper assumes that the central defining characteristic of a co-op is the residual claim specification. Agency theory identifies certain inherent problems of the co-op form, the horizon problem, common property problem, and non-transferability. Non-transferability both reduces the incentive to monitor and imposes limits on portfolio diversification. This paper argues that features such as claim incompleteness and non-transferability are not inherent to the co-op but may be transaction-cost economizing. The paper also argues that the pre-emptive payoff feature by which the residual claimants (the co-op members) also become fixed payoff agents can affect the risk of other agents, and is an important determinant of co-op risk. A co-op may have more than one potential residual claim base. Five generic design choices are available for handling possible multiple claim bases: battleground, pre-specified allocation, limited return, alignment, and fixed payoff. The paper uses the design of residual claims in sugar co-ops to show how a co-op can partly overcome some of the problems identified by agency theory. This illustration ties together the issues of claim incompleteness and non-transferability, pre-emptive payoff, and multiple claim bases.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: A non-linear multi-objective model for optimal design of railway timetables to maximize schedule reliability and minimize energy consumption, rolling stock and crew deployment is developed.
Abstract: We have developed a non-linear multi-objective model for optimal design of railway timetables. The objectives of the model are to maximize schedule reliability and minimize energy consumption, rolling stock and crew deployment. Metrics have been derived for each of these objectives. AHP is used to determine the relative weights of the objectives, while GCA & TOPSIS techniques are used for optimization, which is demonstrated on a test case.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Gita Sen outlines the impact of economic reforms on women's health and reproductive rights in India and argues that the situation will continue to worsen unless the deep inequalities within the system are addressed.
Abstract: Gita Sen outlines the impact of economic reforms on women's health and reproductive rights in India. She argues that the situation will continue to worsen unless the deep inequalities within the system are addressed.