Showing papers by "James Cook University published in 1984"
TL;DR: Synchronous multispecific spawning by a total of 32 coral species occurred a few nights after late spring full moons in 1981 and 1982 at three locations on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, invalidate the generalization that most corals have internally fertilized, brooded planula larvae.
Abstract: Synchronous multispecific spawning by a total of 32 coral species occurred a few nights after late spring full moons in 1981 and 1982 at three locations on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. The data invalidate the generalization that most corals have internally fertilized, brooded planula larvae. In every species observed, gametes were released; external fertilization and development then followed. The developmental rates of externally fertilized eggs and longevities of planulae indicate that planulae may be dispersed between reefs.
679 citations
TL;DR: Between 1974 and 1981, scientists at the Roche Research Institute of Marine Pharmacology in Dee Why carried out an intensive study of biologically active chemical substances from marine flora and fauna with the aim of finding new compounds which were suitable for therapeutic medical and veterinary applications.
Abstract: Between 1974 and 1981, scientists at the Roche Research Institute of Marine Pharmacology(RRIMP) in Dee Why (Sydney, Australia) carried out an intensive study of biologically active chemical substances from marine flora and fauna with the aim of finding new compounds which were suitable for therapeutic medical and veterinary applications One aspect of this work was the screening of extracts from marine plants for potential antibiotic compounds
154 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the correlations between measurements of a variety of responses, including approach, avoidance, nature of contact with the stimulus, tail position and posture, to a large number of stimuli were analysed.
146 citations
TL;DR: The seagrasses were objectively classified into pioneer, competitor or tolerator classes, and a largely deterministic model of their patterns and processes is suggested.
139 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a conceptual overview of tourist-guide interactions, including goals, rules, roles, element, sequences, cognitive structures, environmental setting, and language.
120 citations
TL;DR: Evidence from a wide range of coelenterates and observations on the larvae of G. aspera point to post spawning larval behaviour as the most likely factor in determining where these species will settle.
Abstract: The reproductive biology of Goniastrea aspera at Magnetic Island was compared with that of a very similar sympatric species, G. favulus as reported by Kojis and Quinn at Heron Island. The development of gametes was similar in both species, but there was no evidence for an adolescent protandrous period of development in G. aspera such as that recorded for G. favulus at Heron Island. Other reproductive differences between the two species were found in egg size and the mode of spawning. The eggs of G. aspera are smaller and more numerous than those of G. favulus. Goniastrea aspera expelled buoyant packets of eggs and sperm, while G. favulus had sticky sinking eggs which were released separately from the sperm. The spatial pattern of the two species was examined on the reef flat at Magnetic Island to determine whether the observed differences in spawning behaviour and egg buoyancy might have an effect on egg retention and the distribution of adult colonies. The results of this comparison failed to detect any difference in the degree of aggregation of the two species. This is not the result which would be expected if sticky sinking eggs helped retain developing larvae in the vicinity of the adult. These results, together with evidence from a wide range of coelenterates and observations on the larvae of G. aspera point to post spawning larval behaviour as the most likely factor in determining where these species will settle.
106 citations
TL;DR: Pythiosis (204 cases, 77%), basidiobolomycosis (48 cases, 18%), and conidioblomycotic (14 cases, 5%) were diagnosed morphologically from 266 horses with phycomycosis, with minor differences in inflammatory cell populations within the granulomatous lesions.
Abstract: Pythiosis (204 cases, 77%), basidiobolomycosis (48 cases, 18%), and conidiobolomycosis (14 cases, 5%) were diagnosed morphologically from 266 horses with phycomycosis All lesions were cutaneous ulcerative granulomas and three horses with pythiosis had metastatic lesions in regional lymph nodes Lesions of pythiosis contained characteristic yellow, coral-like coagula and had a fibrotic surface containing sinus tract openings Basidiobolomycosis was characterized by infrequent small yellow coagula and a yellow line of fungal invasion beneath an edematous surface Lesions of conidiobolomycosis had numerous small coagula and a nasal location There were minor differences in inflammatory cell populations within the granulomatous lesions Most differences were associated with coagula size and fungal morphology Coagula were composed of collagen, fibrin, cellular debris, degranulated and whole eosinophils and hyphae Histochemistry revealed no major differences among the three diseases Pythium sp hyphae were 26 to 64 micrometers in diameter, had thick walls, and occasionally were septate Basidiobolus haptosporus hyphae were 51 to 205 micrometers in diameter, had thin walls, and commonly were septate Conidiobolus coronatus hyphae were 51 to 128 micrometers in diameter, had thin walls, and commonly were septate A perihyphal eosinophilic cuff ( Splendore - Hoeppli phenomenon) with a radius of up to 20 micrometers was associated with the latter two fungi Ultrastructurally, Pythium sp was composed of a thick, single density cell wall while B haptosporus and C coronatus had thin, double-layered cell walls
92 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that mitochondrial and cytoplasmic protein syntheses are not required for heat shock acquisition of ethanol and thermotolerance in yeast.
77 citations
TL;DR: In this article, solid-state 29Si and 27A1 NMR spectroscopy with magic-angle spinning was used to study two smectites, two illites and a vermiculite.
Abstract: A B S T R A C T : Solid-state 29Si and 27A1 NMR spectroscopy with magic-angle spinning was used to study two smectites, two illites and a vermiculite. 27A1 NMR was able to directly observe the coordination of aluminium. 29Si NMR was sensitive to both the chemical nature of the interlayer species and the presence of aluminium in the tetrahedral sheet. Well-resolved resonances in the vermiculite at c5 = -84.6, --88.7 and -92.9 (ppm relative to TMS) were assigned to Q3(2A1), Q3(1AI) and Q3(0A1) respectively. The smectites exhibited single resonances centred at ~5 = -93 (Q3(0AI)). The illites displayed broad resonances between 6 = -80 and -105. The 29Si spectrum of a smectite eomplexed with alkylammonium cations showed a shielding of up to 1 ppm relative to the untreated sample.
76 citations
TL;DR: A scale designed to tap adherence to the Protestant work ethic ideology in Australia has been developed as mentioned in this paper, which is based on items selected on the basis of factor analysis and item-total correlations.
Abstract: A scale designed to tap adherence to the Protestant work ethic ideology in Australia has been developed. The development of the Australian Work Ethic scale (AWE) was based on items selected on the basis of factor analysis and item-total correlations. Validation of the scale found that it has convergent and concurrent validity. Specifically, it correlated highly with both the Mirels and Garrett (1971) Protestant work ethic scale and Blood's (1969) pro-Protestant ethic scale. It was also found that people who strongly endorsed the work ethic ideology as measured on the AWE scale, tended to stress internal causal explanations for unemployment, and were less willing to provide assistance to the unemployed, findings which are in line with the work ethic ideology. The findings were discussed in terms of the continued efficacy of the work ethic ideology in Australia. Possible uses of this new measure in future research are suggested.
75 citations
TL;DR: The estimates of temperature threshold for development and the number of degree-days above this threshold required to complete development for the immature stages of all species in both localities are compared.
Abstract: The effects of temperature on growth and development of the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae, and three wasp parasites: Apanteles rubecula, Apanteles glomeratus and Pteromalus puparum in Vancouver, Canada, and Canberra, Australia, are examined. We compare the estimates of temperature threshold for development and the number of degree-days above this threshold required to complete development for the immature stages of all species in both localities. Developmental patterns of both the host and its parasites differ between localities. Within the range of temperatures likely to be experienced during the host's breeding season, Australian parasites have longer generation times than their host at low temperatures and shorter generation times at high temperatures. Canadian parasites have shorter generation times, relative to the host, at all temperatures. This may be necessitated by the shorter breeding season available to the Canadian parasites. Besides temperature, parasite development is affected by host size and, in the gregarious species, parasite density. Host larval development is retarded by both Apanteles. All parasites are smaller at higher temperatures and males are smaller than females, but size is also affected by host size and parasite density. Although parasite size, and consequently fecundity, varies greatly, parasites experiencing similar temperatures will have closely similar developmental periods. The ecological significance of these developmental responses is discussed.
TL;DR: There was a seasonal pattern of gonad development and spawning in these laboratory animals, where water temperature was the only apparent cue for this seasonality, and previous observations of the high susceptibility of growth rate and maximum size to diet in asteroids are supported.
TL;DR: Field and experimental evidence suggest that brown tips may develop in response to micro-environmental conditions, and may represent a means of coordination of growth within a colony.
Abstract: The presence or absence of zooxanthellae near the tip of Acropora formosa branches is correlated with apical skeletal structure and extension rates. White (zooxanthellae-free) tips are lightly calcified, possess thin, widely spaced skeletal elements and bear only a few, poorly developed radial corallites. Brown tips are heavily calcified, possess smaller axial corallites and larger, more numerous radial corallites. White tips exhibit a range of normally distributed extension rates. Brown tips do not extend, but radial growth and internal calcification continue. These processes progressively alter the appearance and density of brown tipped branches. In addition, the axial corallite of brown tips becomes progressively smaller and is eventually indistinguishable from adjacent radial corallites. Although brown and white tips can change from one form to the other, with a corresponding change in extension rate, it is hypothesized that in brown tips with degenerated axial corallites, a new axial corallite must develop before extension can resume. Brown tips predominate in the interior of arborescent colonies, where space for continued extension is limited. They may therefore represent a means of coordination of growth within a colony. Field and experimental evidence suggest that brown tips may develop in response to micro-environmental conditions. White, zooxanthellae-free zones are also characteristic of other branched and plate-forming species, which exhibit rapid extension in a localized region of the colony.
TL;DR: In this article, a regional program of continuous seismic profiling in the central Great Barrier Reef Province has identified a widespread shallow seismic discontinuity (reflector A) which is interpreted as the pre-Holocene surface.
Abstract: A regional programme of continuous seismic (boomer) profiling in the central Great Barrier Reef Province has identified a widespread shallow seismic discontinuity (reflector A) which is interpreted as the pre-Holocene surface.
Nine seismic facies units are distinguished primarily on the basis of the seismic records, but also with the aid of additional criteria such as location and surface sediment types. Two units underlie reflector A and are pre-Holocene. These units are interpreted as: (a) Permo-Carboniferous bedrock, and (b) Pleistocene/? Tertiary sediments, consisting of both shelf-wide terrigenous units, and carbonate mounds and platforms under present reefs. Seven units are post-glacial and overlie reflector A. These units are interpreted as: (c) fluvial/estuarine channel fill, (d) relict delta-front deposits, (e) relict transgressive veneer, (f) coastal coarse and (g) fine deposits, (h) modern reef and (i) reef talus.
In general post-glacial sediment cover is very thin and in many places on the mid-shelf the pre-Holocene units crop out. Substantial post-glacial accumulations are limited to protected coastal embayments and to offshore reef masses.
TL;DR: There appears to be individual variation between dogs which determines whether a dog responds to fear by increasing or decreasing activity, and general fearfulness was uncorrelated with olfactory exploration, but lack of experience in crowded, noisy places increased both o aroma exploration and fear of certain objects likely to be encountered in such places, and so caused a correlation between these two traits.
01 Mar 1984
TL;DR: It is suggested that a combination of environmental stresses coupled with an injury inflicted on the corals are possible stimuli that initiate the development of these abnormal growth through either bacterial attack or theDevelopment of an aberrant polyp during tissue repair.
Abstract: A highly localized incidence of skeletal malformations (tumors) in the scleractinian coralsPlatygyra pini andP. sinensis on an inshore fringing reef at Cockle Bay, Magnetic Island within the Great Barrier Reef province is reported. These tumors are typified by a localized area of increased growth rate resulting in roughly circular protuberances extending up to 4.5 cm above the colony's surface. In both species, similar proportions of their populations carried tumors (24.1 % inP. pini and 18.7 % inP. sinensis). Larger colonies (>80 cm in diameter) are at least 7 times more likely to possess tumors than smaller colonies (<40 cm in diameter). X-radiographs of the skeletal malformations indicate a point of origin, presumably from a single budded polyp with subsequent, localized, accelerated growth. The mean radial growth rate of the tumorous area was 29 % greater than that of the surrounding normal regions. In contrast to the normal tissue, the tumorous tissue exhibited proliferation of cells, atrophied gastrodermal cells and mesenterial filaments which were larger and disordered in structure. The environmental conditions at Cockle Bay are relatively extreme with high turbidity, periodic exposure of the reef flat, abrupt changes in salinity during the wet season and mechanical damage to corals caused by unpredictable cyclonic storms. It is suggested that a combination of environmental stresses coupled with an injury inflicted on the corals are possible stimuli that initiate the development of these abnormal growth through either bacterial attack or the development of an aberrant polyp during tissue repair.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the quality of the data available on tourists' complaints and propose that two concepts from social psychological research can be used to interpret and understand them; first, the notion of "fit" between tourists and the environments they visit; second, the concept of attribution theory is shown to be useful for understanding the process by which tourists allocate blame and responsibility.
TL;DR: The Roche Research Institute of Marine Pharmacology (RRIMP) as discussed by the authors was the first major commercial attempt to mount an integrated multidisciplinary approach to the challenges of marine pharmaceutical investigation and development.
Abstract: The contents of this presentation derive from a Swiss initiative in Australia, to search for drugs from the sea. This initiative was manifested in the Roche Research Institute of Marine Pharmacology (RRIMP) (1974–1981) and was the first major commercial attempt to mount an integrated multidisciplinary approach to the challenges of marine pharmaceutical investigation and development. Biologists, chemists, biochemists, pharmacologists and microbiologists worked together within RRIMP and, in the organizational concept, had access to Roche R&D colleagues in Switzerland, U.S.A., Japan and England. Switzerland, a country without a coastline, looked to Australia, a country with one of the longest coastlines covering tropical. to near-Antarctic waters, for this initiative.
TL;DR: In this article, a new method for extracting a comprehensive suite of biologically significant parameters from line transect data of coral communities is presented, which assumes only that the coral colonies form a system of non-overlapping circles in the plane, that the diameters of the circles are random quantities with an unknown distribution function, and that the transsects are placed randomly.
Abstract: We present a new method for extracting a comprehensive suite of biologically significant parameters from line transect data of coral communities. In addition to the percentage coral cover (the traditionally extracted parameter), the method extracts the population density of the coral colonies, their mean diameter and associated standard deviation and, for adequate data, their size frequency distribution. The method assumes only that the coral colonies form a system of non-overlapping circles in the plane, that the diameters of the circles are random quantities with an unknown distribution function, and that the transects are placed randomly. We test the method on both theoretical and real data to show that it performs as well as, if not better than, current methods in extracting the traditional parameter as well as being able to extract the additional useful parameters indicated. Because the method makes few restrictive assumptions and seems robust when used with field data, we suggest that it has wide application wherever line transects are used for ecological survey. The method is implemented in a Fortran program available from the senior author.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors indicate some of the characteristics of a sociopsychological perspective on tourism studies and suggest that fruitful interaction between social psychology and tourism studies may be achieved by a nonparasitic relationship and by an increase in pre-paradigmatic research.
TL;DR: In this paper, two holes were drilled on Britomart Reef, a mid-shelf reef, 23 km long and 8 km wide situated 120 km north of Townsville in the central Great Barrier Reef (GBR).
Abstract: Holocene reef development was investigated by coring on Britomart Reef, a mid-shelf reef, 23 km long and 8 km wide situated 120 km north of Townsville in the central Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Two holes were drilled, Britomart 1 on a lagoon patch reef, and Britomart 2 on the windward reef crest. The Holocene reef (25·5 m) is the thickest yet recorded in the GBR and overlies an uneven substrate of weathered Pleistocene limestone.
Mineralogical and geochemical analyses show that magnesian calcite and aragonite were converted to low Mg-calcite below the Holocene-Pleistocene disconformity. Corals above the interface have 7500–8500 ppm Sr, but 1650–1500 ppm just below it, decreasing to 400–800 ppm downwards. The intermediate Sr values could be due to partial replacement of aragonite by calcite or higher original Sr content in the corals.
Three units are recognized in the Holocene: (1) coral boundstone unit, (2) coral framestone unit, and (3) coral rudstone unit. The coral boundstone unit forms the top 5 m of both cores and is algal-bound coral rubble similar to the present reef top. The coral framestone unit is composed of massive head corals Diploastrea heliopora and Porites sp., and is currently forming in patch reefs situated in the lagoon and along the reef front. The coral rudstone unit comprises coral rudstone and floatstone with unabraded, and unbound, coral clasts in muddy matrix. This matrix may be up to 30% sponge chips.
Radiocarbon dating indicates the reef grew more rapidly under the lagoon than under the reef front from 7000 to 5000 yr BP. The rate of reef growth matched existing estimates of sea-level rise, but lagged approximately 1000 years (5–10 m) behind it. Most of the reef mass accumulated between 8500 and 5000 yr BP as a mound of debris, perhaps stabilized by seagrasses or algae. Accretion of the reef top in a windward direction between 5000 and 3000 yr BP created the present, steep reef-front profile.
TL;DR: In this article, the abundance and trophic classification of molluscs upon coral reefs in the Sudanese Red Sea were investigated. But they did not consider the effects of coral reef saliency.
Abstract: (1984). The abundance and trophic classification of molluscs upon coral reefs in the Sudanese Red Sea. Journal of Natural History: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 175-209.
TL;DR: The Schrondweilerbaach drainage basin near Ettelbruck was investigated between November 1979 and January 1983 as discussed by the authors, and the relationship between the recession characteristics of the well and plot-runoff hydrographs and the soil profile was investigated.
TL;DR: Although the evidence is circumstantial at present, acquisition of host albumin may be a means whereby skin microfilariae evade immune effector mechanisms and, when living, generally fail to elicit inflammatory reactions in the skin of the host.
TL;DR: The concentration of free CO(2) was found to be a limiting factor for photosynthesis in this plant and high initial photosynthetic rates were observed when acidic solutions were used but not with alkaline solutions.
Abstract: Photosynthetic carbon uptake of the tropical seagrass Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Aschers was studied by several methods. Photosynthesis in buffered seawater in media in the range of pH 6 to pH 9 showed an exponentially increasing rate with decreasing pH, thus indicating that free CO2 was a photosynthetic substrate. However, these experiments were unable to determine whether photosynthesis at alkaline pH also contained some component due to HCO3− uptake. This aspect was further investigated by studying photosynthetic rates in a number of media of varying pH (7.8-8.61) and total inorganic carbon (0.75-13.17 millimolar). In these media, photosynthetic rate was correlated with free CO2 concentration and was independent of the HCO3− concentration in the medium. Short time-course experiments were conducted during equilibration of free CO2 and HCO3− after injection of 14C labeled solution at acid or alkaline pH. High initial photosynthetic rates were observed when acidic solutions (largely free CO2) were used but not with alkaline solutions. The concentration of free CO2 was found to be a limiting factor for photosynthesis in this plant.
TL;DR: The concentrations of a range of species, related to agricultural chemicals applied to the sugar cane crops, have been determined in the groundwaters of the Burdekin River Delta as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: Measurement of changes in levels of circulating antigens by immunoradiometric assays with stage-specific monoclonal antibodies provides a new means of assessing the efficacy of drugs and their site of action in onchocerciasis.
TL;DR: Postmortem and histopathological lesions were observed in most of the tissues and organs of the body and a vasculitis with adventitial mononuclear cell infiltration and lymphoreticular reactions suggested a relationship to malignant catarrhal fever.
Abstract: SUMMARY
Between September 1979 and May 1982, 50 of 177 swamp buffaloes became sick and died S3 to 719 days (mean 271) after being transferred to a research facility and housed in quarters adjacent to where sheep and goats were kept. The major clinical signs were anorexia, fever, conjunctivitis, scleral hyperaemia, ocular discharge, hyperaemia of skin, enlargement of lymph nodes and depression. Postmortem and histopathological lesions were observed in most of the tissues and organs of the body. A vasculitis with adventitial mononuclear cell infiltration and lymphoreticular reactions suggested a relationship to malignant catarrhal fever. The occurrence of serofibrinous epicarditis and myocarditis, which was seen in buffaloes in all cases, has not been a common finding in ruminants with malignant catarrhal fever.
TL;DR: The marine alga Ceratodictyon spongiosum Zanardini, known only in nature in symbiotic association with a haplosclerid sponge, was isolated into unialgal culture for the first time.
Abstract: The marine alga Ceratodictyon spongiosum Zanardini, known only in nature in symbiotic association with a haplosclerid sponge, was isolated into unialgal culture for the first time. Protracted vegetative development took place in simple inorganic medium in the absence of the sponge. Cultured specimens transplanted into the field have not survived.