Showing papers by "James Cook University published in 1986"
TL;DR: Multispecific synchronous spawning, or “mass spawning”, of scleractinian and some alcyonacean corals represents a phenomenon which is, so far, unique in both marine and terrestrial communities.
Abstract: Following observations of mass spawning of hermatypic corals on the Great Barrier Reef in 1981 and 1982, spawning dates were successfully predicted and documented at five reefs on the Central and Northern Great Barrier Reef in 1983. During the predicted times, 105 species from 36 genera and 11 families were observed to spawn. Of these, 15 species were shown to have an annual gametogenic cycle. All but two of the species observed during mass spawnings shed gametes which underwent external fertilization and development. Synchronous spawning was observed both within and between the five reefs studied, which were separated by as much as 5° of latitude (500 km) or almost a quarter of the length of the Great Barrier Reef. The mass spawning of corals took place on only a few nights of the year, between the full and lastquarter moon in late spring. Maturation of gametes coincided with rapidly rising spring sea temperatures. Lunar and diel cycles may provide cues for the synchronization of gamete release in these species. The hour and night on which the greatest number of species and individuals spawned coincided with low-amplitude tides. Multispecific synchronous spawning, or "mass spawning", of scleractinian and some alcyonacean corals represents a phenomenon which is, so far, unique in both marine and terrestrial communities.
700 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that the original form of the authenticity notion, which was proposed by Heidman, is the same as the authenticity concept used in this paper.
Abstract: The major emphasis in this article is the development of the authen ticity concept in tourist experiences. It is argued that the original form of the authenticity notion, which was proposed by Heid...
253 citations
TL;DR: In regional metamorphic rocks, the partitioning of deformation into progressive shearing and progressive shortening components results in strain and strain-rate gradients across the boundaries between the partitioned zones as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In regional metamorphic rocks, the partitioning of deformation into progressive shearing and progressive shortening components results in strain and strain-rate gradients across the boundaries between the partitioned zones. These generate dislocation density gradients and hence chemical potential gradients that drive dissolution and solution transfer. Phyllosilicates and graphite are well adapted to accommodating progressive shearing without necessarily building up large dislocation density gradients within a grain, because of their uniquely layered crystal structure. However, most silicates and oxides cannot accommodate strain transitions within grains without associated dislocation density gradients, and hence are susceptible to dissolution and solution transfer.
As a consequence, zones of progressive shearing become zones of dissolution of most minerals, and of concentration of phyllosilicates and graphite. Exceptions are mylonites, where strain-rates are commonly high enough for plastic deformation to dominate over diffusion rates and therefore over dissolution and solution transfer. Porphyroblastic minerals cannot nucleate and grow in zones of active progressive shearing, as they would be dissolved by the effects of shearing strain on their boundaries. However, they can nucleate and grow in zones of progressive shortening and this is aided by the propensity for microfracturing in these zones, which allows rapid access of fluids carrying the material presumed to be necessary for nucleation and growth. Zones of progessive shortening also have a number of characteristics that help to lower the activation energy barrier for nucleation, this includes a build up of stored strain-energy relative to zones of progressive shearing, in which dissolution is occuring.
Porphyroblast growth is generally syndeformational, and previously accepted criteria for static growth are not valid when the role of deformation partitioning is taken into account.
Porphyroblasts in a contact aureole do not grow statically either, as microfracturing, associated with emplacement, allows access of fluids in a fashion that is similar to microfracturing in zones of progressive shortening.
The criteria used for porphyroblast timing can be readily accommodated in terms of deformation partitioning, reactivation of deforming foliations, and a general lack of rotation of porphyroblasts, with the spectacular exception of genuinely spiralling garnet porphyroblasts.
239 citations
TL;DR: Tetrahydrofuran-methanol extracts of reef-building corals (Acropora spp.) show broad absorbance maxima in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum at 317 nm, which indicates that these compounds must detect and biochemically respond to the presence of UV-B light at depths up to 20 m.
223 citations
TL;DR: Embryogenesis and larval development were documented in 19 species of hermatypic scleractinians which release gametes during the summer coral spawning season on the Great Barrier Reef, and results suggest that larval corals produced by most gamete-releasing coral species are likely to be dispersed away from the parent reef.
Abstract: Embryogenesis and larval development were documented in 19 species of hermatypic scleractinians which release gametes during the summer coral spawning season on the Great Barrier Reef. Cleavage of fertilized eggs began approximately 2 h after spawning in all species, and gave rise to blastulae after 7–10 h. Endoderm formation in Platygyra sinensis was by invagination, and this appeared to occur in all species studied. All species observed at 36 h after spawing were mobile and full mobility was reached by 48 h. Settlement of planulae placed in aquaria occurred between 4 and 7 days after fertilization. These results suggest that larval corals produced by most gamete-releasing coral species are likely to be dispersed away from the parent reef.
218 citations
TL;DR: The potential role of historic theme parks in providing domestic tourists with an "authentic" insight into their history and culture is examined in this article, where the authors argue that these analyses have not allowed for the possibility of seeking authentic insight into the past.
177 citations
TL;DR: A representation of the hierarchy of kinetic equations formulated earlier for reacting charged-particle swarms in gases is obtained in the Sonine polynomial basis and transport and rate coefficients, distribution functions, and other quantities of physical interest are computed.
Abstract: A representation of the hierarchy of kinetic equations formulated earlier [Phys. Rev. A 33, 2068 (1986)] for reacting charged-particle swarms in gases is obtained in the Sonine polynomial basis. We specialize to electron swarms and compute transport and rate coefficients, distribution functions, and other quantities of physical interest for both model and realistic electron-molecule scattering cross sections, in a wide variety of cases.
153 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the multiterm spherical-harmonic representation of the velocity distribution function of ''reacting'' charged-particle swarms in a gaseous medium is discussed from a general viewpoint, using spherical tensors throughout, in contrast to the traditional mixed spherical-Cartesian notation usually employed in analysis of the hydrodynamic regime.
Abstract: The multiterm spherical-harmonic representation of the velocity distribution function of ``reacting'' charged-particle swarms in a gaseous medium is discussed from a general viewpoint, using spherical tensors throughout, in contrast to the traditional mixed spherical-Cartesian notation usually employed in analysis of the hydrodynamic regime. The resulting hierarchy of kinetic equations generated from the Boltzmann equation has a universal validity, applicable to all experimental arrangements, as do the associated transport and reaction-rate coefficients. The structure of these equations and the nature of the eigenvalue problem associated with them are discussed generally, independently of any numerical technique adopted for their solution, of which the moment method of Lin, Robson, and Mason [J. Chem. Phys. 71, 3483 (1979)] is just one possibility.
140 citations
TL;DR: It is confirmed that brooded planulae may be produced both sexually and asexually and countered the suggestion that electrophoretic studies of hermatypic corals may be weakened by the contaminating effect of the enzymes of their symbiotic xooxanthellae.
Abstract: Electrophoresis was used to provide genetic evidence of the mode of production of brooded planulae in each of four species of scleractinian coral collected from the central region of the Great Barrier Reef during September, October and November 1984. Comparisons were made of the multi-locus genotypes of planulae and their broodparents for two ahermatypic (non zooxanthellate) species,Tubastraea diaphana andT. coccinea and two hermatypic (zooxanthellate) species,Acropora palifera andSeriatopora hystrix. For both ahermatypic species, all planulae were found to be genetically identical to their broodparents, including 91 planulae which were heterozygous for at least one locus. These results are consistent with asexual (ameiotic) reproduction. In contrast, non-parental genotypes were detected in the majority of hermatypic broods, which is consistent with expectations for sexual reproduction with at least some outcrossing. These data confirmed that brooded planulae may be produced both sexually and asexually and countered the suggestion that electrophoretic studies of hermatypic corals may be weakened by the contaminating effect of the enzymes of their symbiotic xooxanthellae.
140 citations
TL;DR: There appears to be genetic variation between dogs in fearfulness when young, but genetic selection against fearfulness would be more accurate if carried out in adult dogs rather than in young dogs.
133 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a succession of shorelines (S8-S1) are recognized, as follows: S8 = c. - 113 m, 18,000 yr BP; S7 =c. -88 m, 17, 000 yr BP, S6 = c-75 m, 15,000 year BP;S5 = c -56 m, 12,000 years BP; and S4 = c.-28 m, 9,500 years BP.
Abstract: High resolution seismic profiles, supported where possible by radiocarbon dates and regional stratigraphic data, indicate that the last post-glacial transgression in the SW Pacific was episodic, comprising major stillstands punctuated by rapid rises in sea-level. On the terrigenous continental shelf east of South Island, New Zealand, a succession of shorelines (S8-S1) are recognized, as follows: S8 = c. - 113 m, 18,000 yr BP; S7 = c. -88 m, 17,000 yr BP; S6 = c. -75 m, 15,000 yr BP; S5 = c. -56 m, 12,000 yr BP; S4 = c. -46 m, 11,000 yr BP; S3 = c. -28 m, 9,500 yr BP; S3a = c. -24 m, 9,000yr BP; S2 = c. -9 m, 7,500yr~~; S1 = 0 m, 6,500yr BP. With the exception of S8, and possibly S2, the shorelines are associated with wedges of sediment, the size and presence of which imply that (1) sea-level stabilized at some shorelines for a considerable period of time (up to I-2,000 yr); and (2) the intervening rises of sea-level, estimated to have been at least 10-12 m lo3 yr-’, were too rapid to allow the reworking of the wedges into a transgressive sediment sheet, as favoured in some current models. On the Great Barrier Reef shelf, off Queensland Australia, shorelines S8-Sl have also been recognized, with a further shoreline feature S4a occurring at c. - 39 m. Shorelines Sla (0 m/O yr BP), Slb (+2-3 m/ 6,000 yr BP) and Slc (0 m/6,500 yr BP) are recognized as discrete aspects of the post-6,500 yr BP sea-level behaviour in north-eastern Australia. The rapid rise in sea-level, at least between shorelines S5 (12,000 yr BP) and 53 (9,500 yr BP), is known to have outpaced reef growth, causing in situ’drowning of reefs located along the deeper shorelines. All modern reefs so far drilled and dated began their development at or above S3 (- 28 m, 9,500 yr BP). Some of the shorelines, particularly S5, appear to correlate between the northern and southern hemispheres on the basis of age, succession and general depth of occurrence, suggesting (1) that they may be global features controlled by the post-glacial pattern of ice-sheet decay; and (2) that hydro-isostatic adjustment may exert only a minor control on the depth of particular shorelines, at least during the earlieG parts of the post-glacial transgression.
TL;DR: The mating patterns of four species of hermaphroditic scleractinian coral were investigated in November 1984 at Orpheus Island on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, and cross-fertilization was the dominant mating pattern.
Abstract: The mating patterns of four species of hermaphroditic scleractinian coral were investigated in November 1984 at Orpheus Island on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Each of the species shed eggs and sperm into the water, with subsequent external development of larvae. Studies of gamete viability indicated that cross-fertilizations were possible until at least 6 h after spawning.Montipora digitata cross-fertilized exclusively,Acropora tenuis, Goniastrea aspera andG. favulus were capable of self-fertilization, but to varying extents. In all species, cross-fertilization was the dominant mating pattern.
TL;DR: In this paper, a secondary data analysis of material originally collected by the Countryside Commission on 17 British visitor centres was conducted to explore more fully the relationships among key variables related to environmental interpretation; namely visitor enjoyment, visitors' information recall, visitor mindfulness and visitors' own beliefs in how much they had learned.
TL;DR: The Mt Windsor Subprovince encompasses the dismembered remnants of a thick volcanic and sedimentary succession predominantly of Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician age located within the northern part of the Tasman Orogenic Zone.
Abstract: The Mt Windsor Subprovince encompasses the dismembered remnants of a thick volcanic and sedimentary succession predominantly of Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician age located within the northern part of the Tasman Orogenic Zone. The succession is divided into four formations which together comprise the Seventy Mile Range Group. Its lower part, Puddler Creek Formation, comprises immature terrigenous clastic strata lacking in volcanics but hosting numerous penecontemporaneous dolerite sills and dykes. Its upper part, Mt Windsor Volcanics, Trooper Creek Formation and Rollston Range Formation, is dominated by acid and intermediate volcanics and volcaniclastics. The group has been dismembered, deformed and in part metamorphosed by emplacement of the Middle Ordovician Ravenswood Granodiorite Complex which is regarded as having been diapirically emplaced. Stratigraphic relationships and reconnaisance geochemistry suggest that the volcanics comprise a consanguineous series ranging from basaltic andesite to rhyoli...
TL;DR: The central Great Barrier Reef is situated on a 125 km wide continental shelf with a shallow shelf-break at ca. 70 m as discussed by the authors, and the earlier postglacial reef tract was confined to a narrow fringing belt along the present upper slope and outer shelf.
TL;DR: In this article, a 30-MHz narrow-beam ground-wave ocean radar was used for the observation of wind direction changes in a specific case of shallow water where swell waves are behaving nonlinearly.
Abstract: The application of a 30-MHz narrow-beam ground-wave ocean radar to the observation of wind directions is described. It is found that the \cos^{s} (\theta/2) model for wind-wave directions does not apply in a specific case of shallow water where swell waves are behaving nonlinearly. To experimentally extract unambiguous wind directions from this model requires sampling three different beam angles simultaneously. In practice some time and space stationarity is assumed. Detailed analysis in time and space reveals structure in the transition of the cold front from sea to land which, although unexpected, agrees with coastline observations where they are available. The nature of the structure is only briefly discussed. The response of the \lambda = 5 -m wind waves to the frontal change was two orders of magnitude faster than time constants for similar events previously modeled using pitch-and-roll buoy data. This discrepancy needs to be reconciled before lower frequency radars can be used without ground truth for wind-direction changes.
TL;DR: It is shown that the mass rearing methods used for bivalve mollusc larvae are appropriate to T. gigas larvae; however, the typical methods forbivalve nursery rearing are not readily applicable to giant clam juveniles.
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: Yuccabine Creek, an order-3 upland rainforest stream situated in tropical Queensland, at about 18°S. and at 600m altitude, was studied in this paper.
Abstract: This contribution introduces a long-term study of Yuccabine Creek, an order-3 upland rainforest stream situated in tropical Queensland, at about 18°S. and at 600 m altitude. The stream is rocky and comprises alternating riffles and pools. It is acidic (pH 5·9–6·9), with low conductivity (33–70 μS) and seasonally variable temperature (10·5–25·0°C) and discharge (0·02–1·00 m3 s-1), reflecting the regional climate of hot wet summers and warm drier winters.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on one social pre-condition: the way in which organisational arrangements for counter-disaster operations are dependent upon the prevalent attitudes of what con stitutes a disaster.
Abstract: Disaster is a social product. The propensity for disaster is dependent upon the interplay between humans and their use of the physical and social world. Within this perspective disaster can be seen in broader ecological terms to be an expression of the vulnerability of human society. Vulnerability is contingent upon social pre conditions. This paper focuses on one social pre-condition: the way in which organisational arrangements for counter-disaster operations are dependent upon the prevalent attitudes of what con stitutes a disaster. It is argued that parameters need to be developed for different levels of social crisis periods, and organised counter measures need to be oriented towards these different levels. An attempt has been made to distinguish between accident, emergency, and disaster by employing a set of specific criteria.
TL;DR: In this paper, copper, cadmium, nickel, lead and mercury analyses were conducted on muscle and liver samples from 50 species of fish from the Great Barrier Reef from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council's standards for human consumption.
TL;DR: In this article, a technique based on the generation of discrete-frequency cross-wind velocity fluctuations has been used to directly measure the aerodynamic admittance functions for a range of two-dimensional rectangular sections in smooth (low turbulence) flow.
TL;DR: In this article, an experimental design for measuring overland flow in eucalypt woodland communities in the semi-arid tropics of Australia has been introduced by way of a cascade system of unbounded runoff plots which allow the inputs and outputs between troughs to be calculated.
Abstract: There is a dearth of knowledge on the runoff processes of eucalypt woodland communities in the semi-arid tropics of Australia. The work was undertaken on a 100 m transect of a 0·8 degree hillslope typical of the ‘smooth plainlands’ of central-north Queensland. This paper introduces a new experimental design for measuring overland flow in such areas by way of a cascade system of unbounded runoff plots which allow the inputs and outputs between troughs to be calculated. Most storms generate overland flow. Time to overland flow ranges between 1 and 18 min where rain intensities are above 10mm hr−1 and when the average detention storage of 3·6 mm is exceeded. The bare soil surfaces within the scattered grass understory control the runoff generation process through the temporal variability of field saturated hydraulic conductivity. The study demonstrated that overland flow is mainly redistributed over the freely-draining oxic soil. Some areas export more overland flow than they gain from upslope (runoff), others gain more overland flow than they export (runon). Over the study period only 2 per cent of total rain is transferred out of this 100 m transect as overland flow due to the short duration of storms, the relatively high soil permeability, and the low slope angle. The remainder adds to the large soil water store or deep drainage. The variability of runoff–runon over these ‘smooth plainlands’ highlights how results from bounded plots would be misleading in such areas.
TL;DR: Jerseys and Sahiwals showed lower respiratory rates compared with Friesians and AIS and their increase in rectal temperature during the day was less than the other two breeds but was not significantly so.
Abstract: The effects of breed (Friesian, AIS, Sindi-Sahiwal and Jersey), time of day (am v pm) and season of the year (hot or cool) on rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiratory rate were examined in the Highlands and Lowlands of Papua New Guinea. Two types of variation were investigated. Between-cow variation was the basis for the comparison of sites, seasons and breeds. Between-day variation was used to assess the effect of enviromental temperatures on the animal parameters. Respiration rate and rectal temperature appeared more sensitive as indicators of heat stress than pulse rate and using these criteria the highlands climate was suitable for dairy cattle. Jerseys and Sahiwals showed lower respiratory rates compared with Friesians and AIS and their increase in rectal temperature during the day was less than the other two breeds but was not significantly so. The relationships between respiration rate and rectal temperature are discussed.
TL;DR: The green alga, Chlorodesmis fastigiata, was the only species examined which was abundant at all study sites and, as a consequence, was considered to be the most suitable candidate for continued surveillance studies in the area.
TL;DR: Various octocorallian and scleractinian corals from within the Great Barrier Reef Province were analysed for zinc, copper, cadmium, nickel and lead by atomic absorption spectroscopy.
TL;DR: The revision involves taxa distributed throughout the Indo-west Pacific region, as far west as S Africa, and nine new species are described, and the 17 existing species are rediagnosed and critically reappraised.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assess the magnitude and properties of Philip's (1957b) infiltration parameters, sorptivity and transmission factor A, on a Red Earth of central-north Queensland.
TL;DR: In this article, a vertically integrated numerical model of wind-driven circulation at One Tree Reef is presented, which can be used to predict current behaviour in strong wind conditions, such as during a cyclone, and estimate net flows into and out of the lagoon.
Abstract: A vertically integrated numerical model of wind-driven circulation at One Tree Reef is presented. The model is the numerical model SURGE developed originally to study tropical cyclone surge. Current data collected in the reef lagoon and over the reef flats is used to test the model's applicability. The reef topography has been modelled explicitly, rather than using an assumed reef shape, with a grid spacing of 150 m. The model corresponds well to the measured current behaviour. The greatest drawback to use of the model is that, at low tide, currents reverse with depth due to lagoon enclosure and a depth integrated model cannot produce water velocity depth profiles. The model can be used to predict current behaviour in strong wind conditions, such as during a cyclone, and to estimate net flows into and out of the lagoon.
TL;DR: In the early Holocene, a lower wedge, W3, formed against a shoreline which is tentatively correlated with a -27 to -24 m stillstand between 9600 and 8800 years ago as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The 85 km long, inner–middle continental shelf off South Otago, is mantled by a near-shore sand wedge. High resolution seismic profiles show that this feature is most developed in Moly-neux Bay, where a combination of sheltered water and abundant sediment supply, chiefly from the Clutha River, have encouraged deposition of up to 34 m of Holocene sediment. The wedge appears to have evolved in two main stages. In the early Holocene, a lower wedge, W3, formed against a shoreline which is tentatively correlated with a –27 to –24 m stillstand between 9600 and 8800 years ago. W3 initially prograded across the floor of Molyneux Bay to the open shelf, where currents redirected sediment northeastwards. Wedge accumulation diminished with resumption of the Holocene transgression. When sea level stabilised at its present position 6500 years ago, the second stage commenced with deposition of modern sand, W1, over the lower wedge. Development was again influenced by shelf currents which controlled wedge morpho...