Showing papers by "Johns Hopkins University published in 1971"
TL;DR: In this paper, the Eulerian time correlation coefficient of turbulent velocities passed through matched narrow-band niters shows a strong dependence on nominal filter frequency (∼ wave-number at these small turbulence levels).
Abstract: Space-time correlation measurements in the roughly isotropic turbulence behind a regular grid spanning a uniform airstream give the simplest Eulerian time correlation if we choose for the upstream probe signal a time delay which just ‘cancels’ the mean flow displacement. The correlation coefficient of turbulent velocities passed through matched narrow-band niters shows a strong dependence on nominal filter frequency (∼ wave-number at these small turbulence levels). With plausible scaling of the time separations, a scaling dependent on both wave-number and time, it is possible to effect a good collapse of the correlation functions corresponding to wave-numbers from 0·5 cm−1, the location of the peak in the three-dimensional spectrum, to 10 cm−1, about half the Kolmogorov wave-number. The spectrally local time-scaling factor is a ‘parallel’ combination of the times characterizing (i) gross strain distortion by larger eddies, (ii) wrinkling distortion by smaller eddies, (iii) convection by larger eddies and (iv) gross rotation by larger eddies.
991 citations
TL;DR: There are many words in the English language to describe the varieties of pain experience, and there is a high level of agreement that the words fall into classes and subclasses that represent particular dimensions or properties ofPain experience.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop new approaches to the problem of describing and measuring pain in human subjects. Words used to describe pain were brought together and categorized, and an attempt was made to scale them on a common intensity dimension. The data show that: 1) there are many w
982 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated empirical relations between diffusion characteristics by the use of carefully examined data from instantaneous dye-release experiments in the upper mixed layer of the sea and showed that the overall behaviors of the horizontal variance and apparent diffusivity are evidently different from those which the similarity theory of turbulence deduces.
805 citations
TL;DR: Pyer's patches are a highly enriched source of cells which have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into IgA-producing immunocytes and are far more efficient in seeding the gut of irradiated recipient rabbits with donor cells that give rise to immunoglobulin-producing cells than cells from peripheral blood or popliteal lymph nodes.
Abstract: The proliferative and differentiative potential of Peyer's patch, peripheral blood, and popliteal lymph node cells was assessed by allogeneic cell transfer followed by quantitation of donor immunocytes by immunofluorescence. It was found that Peyer's patches are a highly enriched source of cells which have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into IgA-producing immunocytes and that the Peyer's patch cells are far more efficient in seeding the gut of irradiated recipient rabbits with donor cells that give rise to immunoglobulin-producing cells than cells from peripheral blood or popliteal lymph nodes.
723 citations
TL;DR: The destinies of the eleven children first reported in 1943 as suffering from autistic disturbances of affective contact are brought up to date and attention is called to the subsequent scientific studies of early infantile autism with ever-increasing facilities for research in nosology, biochemical and general systemic implication, and therapeutic amelioration.
Abstract: The destinies of the eleven children first reported in 1943 as suffering from autistic disturbances of affective contact are brought up to date. Their life histories are summarized succinctly in terms of developmental data, family constellations, clinical observations in the course of the years, the varieties of professional planning, and present status. Attention is called to the subsequent scientific studies of early infantile autism with ever-increasing facilities for research in nosology, biochemical and general systemic implication, and therapeutic amelioration. The need for continued follow-up studies of autistic children is emphasized.
445 citations
350 citations
TL;DR: There was a significant correlation between the magnitude of effect of intra-arterial prostaglandin and of intraluminal cholera exotoxin when determined in the same dog and the possibility that they may act upon a single secretory mechanism is considered.
332 citations
TL;DR: Findings support the view that the high-affinity sites represent the ligand-binding sites of a specific Ca(2+) ;permease' or transport system in the membrane.
Abstract: A survey was made of the capacity of mitochondria isolated from a number of different tissues and species to accumulate Ca(2+) from the suspending medium during electron transport The species examined included the rat, mouse, rabbit, hamster, guinea pig, cow, chicken, turtle, blowfly, yeast and Neurospora crassa The tissues examined included vertebrate liver, kidney, brain, heart, spleen, thyroid and adrenal cortex, and the flight muscle of the blowfly The mitochondria from all vertebrate tissues examined showed: (a) stimulation of State 4 respiration by added Ca(2+) (Ca(2+)/~ activation ratio about 20), accompanied by accumulation of Ca(2+) and ejection of H(+), with a H(+)/Ca(2+) ratio about 10; (b) a requirement of phosphate for accumulation of large amounts of Ca(2+); (c) respiration-independent high-affinity binding sites for Ca(2+); (d) endogenous Ca(2+), which is largely released by uncoupling agents However, mitochondria from yeast and blowfly flight muscle are unable to accumulate Ca(2+) in a respiration-dependent process and possess no high-affinity Ca(2+)-binding sites These findings support the view that the high-affinity sites represent the ligand-binding sites of a specific Ca(2+) ;permease' or transport system in the membrane The relatively high affinity for Ca(2+), which equals or exceeds the affinity for ADP, and the generally uniform characteristics of Ca(2+) transport in all the vertebrate mitochondria tested strongly suggest that respiration-linked Ca(2+) accumulation plays a general and fundamental role in vertebrate cell physiology
329 citations
TL;DR: Results suggested that the transferase-acceptor complex may play a role in cellular recognition as well as other compounds, which were not acceptors, had no effect.
Abstract: Intact chicken embryo neural retina cells have been shown to catalyze the transfer of galactose-14C from uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-galactose) to endogenous acceptors of high molecular weight as well as to exogenous acceptors. Four lines of evidence indicate that the galactosyltransferases catalyzing these reactions are at least partly located on the outside surface of the plasma membrane: ( a ) there is no evidence for appreciable uptake of sugar-nucleotides by vertebrate cells nor did unlabeled galactose, galactose 1-phosphate, or UDP-glucose interfere with the radioactivity incorporated during the reaction; ( b ) the cells remained essentially intact during the course of the reaction; ( c ) there was insufficient galactosyltransferase activity in the cell supernatants to account for the incorporation of galactose-14C into cell pellets; and ( d ) the intact cells could transfer galactose to acceptors of 106 daltons, and the product of this reaction was in the extracellular fluid. Appropriate galactosyl acceptors interfered with the adhesive specificity of neural retina cells; other compounds, which were not acceptors, had no effect. These results suggested that the transferase-acceptor complex may play a role in cellular recognition.
325 citations
TL;DR: It was shown that II-B, phosphatidylglycerol, and divalent cation interacted to give a sedimentable pellet which catalyzed the phosphorylation of the sugars in the presence of II-A and the phospho-HPr generating system.
283 citations
TL;DR: Evidence suggesting that if the socialization process has been successful, then natural behavioral dispositions of a child will have been dramatically altered is presented, based on 25 white middle-class infants from 9 to 12 months of age.
Abstract: STAYTON, DONELDA J.; HOGAN, ROBERT; and AINSWORTH, MARY D. SALTER. Infant Obedience and Maternal Behavior: The Origins of Socialization Reconsidered. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1971, 42, 1057-1069. Discussions of socialization typically assume that if the socialization process has been successful, then natural behavioral dispositions of a child will have been dramatically altered. Evidence suggesting the contrary, based on 25 white middle-class infants from 9 to 12 months of age, is presented here. The earliest manifestation of obedience to appear was a simple disposition to comply with maternal commands and prohibitions, independent of efforts to train or discipline the baby. This early obedience was strongly related to the sensitivity of maternal responsiveness to infant signals, but not to frequency of commands or forcible interventions. A few of the brighter babies who had freedom to explore also displayed evidence of "internalized controls" even at this early age, and this too was related to the quality of maternal responsiveness. The findings are considered in the context of an ethological-evolutionary model of early social development.
TL;DR: In this article, a combination of approaches involving the use of luciferin analogs, model light emitters, and a careful comparison of the light emitted in chemiluminescence with that emitted in bioluminecence and with the fluorescence of suitable model compounds was made by a combination.
TL;DR: It is found that initial therapeutic responses in human leukaemia are correlated with lower intracellular concentrations of deaminase than those present in non-responders, and in sequential treatment schedules, increasing concentrations ofdeaminase are associated with markedly reduced susceptibility of the tumour cell to ara-C.
Abstract: THE effectiveness of arabinosyl cytosine (cytarabine: 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, ‘Cytosar’, abbreviated to ara-C) in the treatment of human leukaemia can be correlated with the rate of uptake of the molecule in vitro1 and its subsequent phosphorylation. In man, this nucleoside is also rapidly deaminated to produce arabinosyl uridine which has no therapeutic activity2: both liver and serum contain pyrimidine nucleoside deaminase3. Consequently the half-life of unchanged ara-C in human sera is brief (about 15 min−1) (ref. 2). These characteristics suggest a relationship between cytidine deaminase and the susceptibility of the leukaemic cell to ara-C, and we have found that initial therapeutic responses in human leukaemia are correlated with lower intracellular concentrations of deaminase than those present in non-responders., Furthermore, in sequential treatment schedules, increasing concentrations of deaminase are associated with markedly reduced susceptibility of the tumour cell to ara-C.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the economic design of -charts used to maintain current control of a process when there is a single assignable cause occurring randomly, but with known effect.
Abstract: An earlier article by the author [4] studied the economic design of -charts used to maintain current control of a process when there is a single assignable cause occurring randomly, but with known effect. The present article extends the study to allow for the occurrence of several assignable causes the probability distribution of which is known. The initial model studied reveals the existence of readily acceptable (local minimum) solutions that are relatively stable with respect to model changes, including marked changes in the distribution of assignable causes. There were also found in some cases economically better solutions that would not be as readily acceptable as those offered by the local minima (e.g., the limits might fall at ± 6σ). The article argues that as extensions of the model approach reality, only the local-minimum solutions will remain. It then goes on to show that these can be well approximated by solutions of single-cause models. Thus in practice it may be sufficient to use sin...
TL;DR: In this paper, a grid-generated nearly isotropic turbulence and on the axis of a round jet was studied and it was shown that there is a decrease in the relative fluid volume occupied by fine-structure of given size as the turbulence Reynolds number is increased.
Abstract: Spatial ‘intermittency’ in the velocity field fine-structure of fully turbulent flow regions, first observed by Batchelor & Townsend (1949), is studied further here in grid-generated nearly isotropic turbulence and on the axis of a round jet. At large enough Reynolds numbers, appropriately filtered hot-wire anemometer signals appear intermittent as the turbulent patterns are convected past the hot wire by the mean flow. Measurements show that there is a decrease in the relative fluid volume (equal to the ‘intermittency factor’) occupied by fine-structure of given size as the turbulence Reynolds number is increased. They show also that, for a fixed Reynolds number, the relative volume is smaller for smaller fine-structure. The average linear dimension of the fine-structure regions turns out to be much larger than the sizes of fine-structure therein. At Rλ, = 110, for example, the ratio ranges from 15 to 30, decreasing with decreasing ‘eddy’ size. It appears to be approaching an asymptote with increasing Rλ.The flatness factors and probability distributions of the first derivative, the second derivative, band-passed and high-passed velocity fluctuation signals were also measured. The turbulence Reynolds numbers Rλ ranged from 12 to 830. The flatness factors of the first and the second derivatives increase monotonically with Rλ. Those of the second derivative vary with Rλ0.25 for Rλ 300. No indication of asymptotic constant values was observed for Rλ up to the order of one thousand.The probability distributions of velocity fluctuations and large-scale signals are nearly normal, while the small-scale signals are not. The flatness factor of the filtered band-pass velocity signal increases with increasing frequency.At the larger Reynolds numbers, the square of the signal associated with large wave-numbers may be approximated by a log-normal probability distribution for amplitudes when probabilities fall between 0·3 and 0·95, in limited agreement with the theory of Kolmogorov (1962), Oboukhov (1962), Gurvich & Yaglom (1967).
TL;DR: A phosphotransferase system was isolated from Escherichia coli and was detected in other gram-negative organisms and catalyzed the transfer of phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate to sugars of the d-gluco and d-manno configurations, yielding pyruvates and the corresponding sugar 6-phosphate esters.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: This chapter reviews that over 1500 histidine-requiring mutants of independent origin have been mapped in the histidine operon of S. typhimurium and discusses that the type of mutation is correlated with polarity in the operon, presence of immunologically detectable cross-reacting protein, complementation, and genetic map position.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter reviews that over 1500 histidine-requiring mutants of independent origin have been mapped in the histidine operon of S. typhimurium. About 1,000 mutants have been characterized as type of mutation. The type of mutation has been determined for each mutant by the collective results of recombination tests, analysis of the pattern of spontaneous, N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, and acridine half-mustard induced reversion, and the presence of suppressors among revertants. It also discusses that the type of mutation is correlated with polarity in the operon, presence of immunologically detectable cross-reacting protein, complementation, and genetic map position. The spectrum of spontaneously occurring histidine-requiring mutants is compared with those found after treatment of bacteria with a number of widely used mutagens.
Patent•
18 Jun 1971TL;DR: An improved fixed-rate cardiac pacer or stimulator adapted for human implantation which utilizes, as its power source, a single, rechargeable cell battery which is recharged through the patient''s skin by magnetic induction is described in this article.
Abstract: An improved fixed-rate cardiac pacer or stimulator adapted for human implantation which utilizes, as its power source, a single, rechargeable cell battery which is recharged through the patient''s skin by magnetic induction. The rechargeable battery supplies operating energy to transistorized pulse generating circuitry which is of simplified and fail-safe design effective to produce periodic heart stimulating output pulses at a controlled pulse rate. The electronic pulse generating circuitry is purposely designed such that the output pulse rate varies as a function of the battery voltage and also as a function of body temperature. The mechanical design of the rechargeable pacer or stimulator is compact in order to reduce volume and weight of the device; it is constructed of materials making it more acceptable to human implantation; and, it is hermetically sealed to prevent the infusion of body fluids and at the same time provide shielding against electromagnetic interference.
TL;DR: This study examined the constancy of a set of dimensions reflecting basic neurotic symptomology as perceived by psychiatrists and patients of various social classes, indicating a high level of similarity, both among patients and between patients and psychiatrists regarding their interpretations.
Abstract: This study examined the constancy of a set of dimensions reflecting basic neurotic symptomology as perceived by psychiatrists and patients of various social classes. Five symptom dimensions derived through factor-analytic procedures were employed. The sample of 1,066 anxious neurotic outpatients completed selfratings on the Symptom Distress Checklist and an independent set of psychiatrists' ratings were available for a subsample of 837 patients. Assignment of the patients to one of three social class groups was made in terms of the Hollingshead Two-Factor Index of Social Position. The congruency coefficient and the coefficient of invariance were used to evaluate the contrasts and were highly compatible in regard to the major conclusions reached. Findings indicated a high level of similarity, both among patients and between patients and psychiatrists regarding their interpretations. Those differences that were observed tended to be focused in comparisons involving the lowerstatus patients.
TL;DR: Three female patients are presented with a syndrome of low birth weight, dwarfism, aplastic alae nasi, midline ectodermal scalp defects, microcephaly, deafness, thyroid dysfunction, rectourogenital abnormalities, motor-mental retardation, and absent permanent tooth buds.
TL;DR: The melibiose permease system (TMG permease II) of Salmonella typhimurium has now been identified as a sodium-dependent co-transport system.
TL;DR: The Upper Miocene Solfifera series of Sicily contains very coarse, massive selenite; parallel laminated gypsum; wavy, stromatolitic laminated gpsum, planar-and ripple cross-laminated gusseted gypsus-skeletal calcite sandstones; flat-pebble and fining-upward gypsussum conglomerates; and nodular gypsums as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The Upper Miocene Solfifera Series of Sicily contains very coarse, massive selenite; parallel laminated gypsum; wavy, stromatolitic laminated gypsum; planar- and ripple cross-laminated gypsum-skeletal calcite sandstones; flat-pebble and fining-upward gypsum conglomerates; and nodular gypsum. The assemblage of sedimentary features indicates deposition—much of it detrital—in a shallow lagoon-littoral flat complex.
Using modern tidal flats as a guide, we interpret the laminations to form when onshore storms flood the shore-line area with sediment-charged seawater. Algal mats bind the newly deposited gypsiferous layer. Flat-pebble conglomerates are formed when storm waves rip up mudcracked, algally-bound laminated sediment. The gypsum nodules are similar to the anhydrite nodules of the modern Persian Gulf sabkhas. They form within sub-aerially exposed skeletal sand just above the groundwater table. The gypsum sandstones accumulated periodically in very shallow shoals formed by wind-driven currents. Large selenite crystals grew in increments during deposition, as indicated by flat-topped pockets of gypsum sand between selenite crystals, selenite crystals draped by algal laminations, and intraformational conglomerates of selenite fragments.
We believe this model of very shallow strand-line lagoonal accumulation, partly detrital and partly diagenetic, may apply to the early stages of many ancient marine evaporite deposits.
TL;DR: It was shown that isotypic was always greater than heterotypic collection and the use of 32P to label the tissues permitted a much more rapid estimation of cell collection than was obtained previously.
Abstract: A modification of an assay for intercellular adhesive specificity is described. The method involves the collection of radioactively labeled cells by aggregates of the same (isotypic aggregates) or different (heterotypic aggregates) types of tissue and determination of the number of cells collected by liquid scintillation counting. The use of (32)P to label the tissues permitted a much more rapid estimation of cell collection than was obtained previously. With the use of chick embryo neural retina, liver, forebrain, pectoral muscle, and heart ventricle tissue, it was shown that isotypic was always greater than heterotypic collection. Labeled neural retina cell collection by neural retina aggregates was studied as a function of time, cell suspension density, aggregate diameter, temperature, and aggregate number. Neural retina aggregates were treated with certain enzymes in an attempt to determine whether specific changes on the surface of the aggregates would interfere with labeled neural retina cell collection. Of the various proteases and glycosidases tested, only beta-galactosidase rendered the surface more nonspecific.
TL;DR: Two important predictions, contradicting current opinion, arise from his review:Removal of the pituitary causes loss of muscle deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the weanling rat and calorie restriction imposed during the postweanling period of growth in rats does slow cell multiplication but does not cause permanent growth retardation.
Abstract: Speculation: Two important predictions, contradicting current opinion, arise from his review: Removal of the pituitary causes loss of muscle deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the weanling rat. Exercise causes increase in muscle tissue with a commensurate increase in DNA and protein. Therefore, some of the muscle DNA must be in a dynamic state. Calorie restriction (without protein restriction) imposed during the postweanling period of growth in rats does slow cell multiplication but does not cause permanent growth retardation. Therefore, protein restriction, per se, is probably responsible for permanent growth retardation in the experimental animal.