Showing papers by "Kent State University published in 1993"
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors generalize the Bi-CGSTAB algorithm further, and overcome some shortcomings of BiCGStab2 by combining GMRES(l) and BiCG and profits from both.
Abstract: For a number of linear systems of equations arising from realistic problems, using the Bi-CGSTAB algorithm of van der Vorst [17] to solve these equations is very attractive. Unfortunately, for a large class of equations, where, for instance, Bi-CG performs well, the convergence of BiCGSTAB stagnates. This was observed specifically in case of discretized advection dominated PDE’s. The stagnation is due to the fact that for this type of equations the matrix has almost pure imaginary eigenvalues. With his BiCGStab2 algorithm Gutknecht [5] attempted to avoid this stagnation. Here, we generalize the Bi-CGSTAB algorithm further, and overcome some shortcomings of BiCGStab2. In some sense, the new algorithm combines GMRES(l) and Bi-CG and profits from both.
566 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the conservation of resources (COR) theory was applied to social intervention and research, which depicts resource loss as disproportionately weighted in comparison to resource gain, and further posits that to prevent resource loss or establish resources, other resources must be invested.
Abstract: Conservation of resources (COR) theory (Hobfoll, 1988, 1989) was applied to social intervention and research. COR theory depicts resource loss as disproportionately weighted in comparison to resource gain. COR theory further posits that to prevent resource loss or establish resources, other resources must be invested. Resources contribute to further resource gain, whereas lack of resources contributes to ongoing resource loss. Consequently, people, groups, or organizations that are endowed with strong personal or social resource reserves should better resist the deleterious effects of stress and withstand everyday challenges. One of the basic principles of the theory—that loss is disproportionately weighted compared to gain—was tested in two samples and strongly supported. Implications of the model for intervention were discussed.
564 citations
TL;DR: A more complex, multiequation model is proposed that examines the interrelationships among its various dimensions and exposes the inherent problems of several complex and contaminated items routinely included in applications of established functional health status measures.
Abstract: This article builds on earlier conceptualizations of the structure of health status to propose a more complex, multiequation model that examines the interrelationships among its various dimensions. As such, the focus is not merely on the identification of the direct effects of a variety of factors on perceived health status, but on how the constructs of disease, functional limitation, and self-rated health interrelate. In so doing, we expose the inherent problems of several complex and contaminated items routinely included in applications of established functional health status measures. The source of these problems lies in the lack of specificity or conceptual clarity for the individual items in these established measures. Potential biases are discussed, and several methods and strategies for addressing these problems are explored. Alternative scales are constructed and their psychometric properties are presented. Researchers who rely on public use data bases containing these scales should be aware of the potential biases and either modify the scales or use other appropriate methodologies to control for the measurement contamination.
485 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Audience activity and media use is studied in the context of the 1990s and the early 2000s, and the authors present a survey of the media use and audience activity.
Abstract: (1993). Audience activity and media use. Communication Monographs: Vol. 60, Into the New Century, pp. 98-105.
252 citations
TL;DR: A hypothetical model is described that summarizes the experimental findings and provides a vehicle for discussing the major factors and psychological processes involved in alcohol-induced aggression.
Abstract: Research on the relationship between alcohol, drugs and aggression is reviewed. The findings indicate that alcohol is a potent antecedent of aggressive behavior. Studies conducted in our laboratory demonstrate that aggressive behavior is related to the quantity of alcohol ingested, that the effect of social pressure to aggress and of intense provocation is enhanced by alcohol, that the instigating effect of alcohol depends upon the aggressive disposition of the alcohol consumer, that the aggressive behavior of the intoxicated person can be regulated by altering cues that affect cognitive processes and that other depressant increase aggressive responding. A hypothetical model is described that summarizes the experimental findings and provides a vehicle for discussing the major factors and psychological processes involved in alcohol-induced aggression.
199 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that sclerocarpic harvesting (the preparation and ingestion of fruit with a hard pericarp) allows pitheciin monkeys to obtain nutritious seeds, with reduced tannins, that are softer than those ingested by other frugivores.
Abstract: Pithecia pithecia andChiropotes satanas are seed predators that eat fruits with hard pericarps. We measured resistance to puncturing and crushing of fruit and seeds eaten by these two pitheciins at two localities: in evergreen rain forest at Raleighvallen-Voltzberg, Surinam, and in tropical dry/transitional moist forest on islands in Guri Lake, Venezuela. Average measurements of pericarp hardness were similar at both sites for fruit eaten byChiropotes, but a higher maximum value was obtained at the rainforest site.Chiropotes andPithecia both ate fruits that had harder pericarps than did fruits eaten byAteles paniscus, but crushing resistances of seeds eaten were lower than values forAteles. Thus, both pitheciins selected fruits with hard pericarps and soft seeds, although there were notable intergeneric differences in hardness of fruit ingested. When fruit became scarce,Pithecia ate more flowers, whileChiropotes continued to eat fruits with hard seed coverings. Chemical analysis of species of seeds eaten byPithecia suggests that they avoided seeds with extremely high tannin levels, though they tolerated moderate tannin levels in combination with high levels of lipids. We propose that sclerocarpic harvesting (the preparation and ingestion of fruit with a hard pericarp) allows pitheciin monkeys to obtain nutritious seeds, with reduced tannins, that are softer than those ingested by other frugivores.
185 citations
TL;DR: Results indicate that utilization of several age indicators, weighted according to their reliability, helps control for variation in the changes that occur with age in any single morphological indicator.
Abstract: The multifactorial aging method has been shown to be a highly reliable method of skeletal aging because it incorporates age information from as many age indicators as are available for each skeleton (Lovejoy et al.; Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 68:1–14, 1985). The present study was a blind test to assess its accuracy on a skeletal sample composed of 55 individuals with verified death certificates (Grant Collection, University of Toronto). Three authors (C. O. L., M. E. B., and K. F. R.), with no access to the death certificate ages, independently seriated and aged the sample using three to four criteria: auricular surface, pubic symphysis, and radiographs of the proximal femur and clavicle. Summary ages were then calculated for each individual in the sample.
The authors' independent summary age estimates showed strong correlations with one another (r = 0.84–0.89). Multifactorial age estimates correlated better with real age than did those from any single indicator used. The mean error (averaging 8.7 years) for summary age was at least 1 year less than that for any single indicator. Average bias ranged from −0.7 (underage) to 1.4 (overage) years. These results indicate that utilization of several age indicators, weighted according to their reliability, helps control for variation in the changes that occur with age in any single morphological indicator. This method may therefore be considered one of the most accurate available for the determination of skeletal age-at-death, particularly for paleodemographic analysis. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
159 citations
TL;DR: These findings are explained by a Landau type of model where the liquid crystal is confined to independent pore segments, suggesting that the glassylike orientational order is to a large extent locally determined.
Abstract: Magnetic resonance and calorimetric studies of 4'-n-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl confined to Vycor glass, a random network of pores with average diameter ∼70 A, are reported. Under such severely constrained conditions, the nematic-to-isotropic transition is replaced by a continuous evolution of orientational order in the pores. Our findings are explained by a Landau type of model where the liquid crystal is confined to independent pore segments, suggesting that the glassylike orientational order is to a large extent locally determined
157 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, P inactivation has been found to be most effective in improving trophic state in shallow, softwater, polymictic lakes where control of sediment P release affects the entire water column.
Abstract: Internal P loading can maintain high P concentrations and delay eutrophic lake recovery following abatement of external loading. Sediment P inactivation with Al salts has been shown to provide longterm (5–14 years) control of sediment P release; long-term effectiveness of Fe and Ca salts has not been reported. Al toxicity problems are possible unless pH is maintained in the 6-8 range. Vertical transport of hypolimnetic P is unlikely in small, deep, dimictic lakes \((\bar{Z}\sqrt {{{{A}_{0}}}} > 8)\), and effectiveness of P inactivation in lowering their mid-summer epilimnetic P has not been demonstrated. To date, P inactivation has been found to be most effective in improving trophic state in shallow, softwater, polymictic lakes where control of sediment P release affects the entire water column. Abatement of external loading, where necessary, is essential for a successful P inactivation treatment.
151 citations
Journal Article•
149 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the S θ -analog of the Cauchy criterion for convergence was defined and shown to be equivalent to S ǫ -convergence.
TL;DR: This paper examined verbal aggression in the disputes of abusive couples and found that abusive couples experience less marital satisfaction, less accurately recall each other's behavior, and have significant reciprocity in their verbal aggression compared to nonviolent distressed and nondistressed couples.
Abstract: This study examines verbal aggression in the disputes of abusive couples. Verbal aggression is defined as both a predispositional trait and a relational pattern, so it is viewed within a system theory framework. Specifically, the study considers the relationship between verbal aggression and marital distress, the level of agreement between couples in reporting their verbally aggressive behavior, and the level and type of reciprocity in their verbal aggression. A sample of 82 couples representing violent, nonviolent distressed, and nondistressed relationships completed self-report instruments on verbal aggression and argumentativeness for themselves and their spouses and marital satisfactionfor themselves. Results show that abusive couples experience less marital satisfaction, less accurately recall each other's behavior, and have significant reciprocity in their verbal aggression compared to nonviolent distressed and nondistressed couples.
Patent•
19 Oct 1993TL;DR: In this paper, a light modulating reflective cell comprising a polymer-free chiral liquid crystalline light-modulating material is disclosed, which is capable of changing textures upon the application of a field.
Abstract: A light modulating reflective cell comprising a polymer-free chiral nematic liquid crystalline light modulating material is disclosed. The cell includes nematic liquid crystal having positive dielectric anisotropy and chiral material in an amount effective to form focal conic and twisted planar textures. The chiral material has a pitch length effective to reflect light in the visible spectrum, wherein the focal conic and twisted planar textures are stable in the absence of a field and the liquid crystal material is capable of changing textures upon the application of a field.
Oregon State University1, Geological Survey of Canada2, University of Western Ontario3, University of Colorado Boulder4, Western Washington University5, University of Toronto6, Université du Québec à Montréal7, Kent State University8, United States Geological Survey9, Halifax10, University of Akron11
TL;DR: Fossil records from sites overridden by or adjacent to the Laurentide Ice Sheet indicate that the climate of the last interglaciation (Oxygen-Isotope Substage 5e, ca. 130-116 ka) was warmer than today.
TL;DR: In this article, a simplified version of this model, which represents the formation of the solvent surface stationary phase via a displacement mechanism and the distribution of the solute between the mobile and stationary phases via a partition mechanism, is discussed in order to demonstrate its utility for characterizing RPLC systems.
TL;DR: Evidence is found for a serotonergic modulation of retinohypothalamic input in the SCN, which could involve a presynaptic inhibition of Glu release.
TL;DR: The modern ostracode distribution in lakes of the north-central United States shows how ostracodes abundances are related to concentrations of major ions such as calcium, sulfate, and bicarbonate.
Abstract: The modern ostracode distribution in lakes of the north-central United States shows how ostracode abundances are related to concentrations of major ions such as calcium, sulfate, and bicarbonate. These relationships are quantified for species living in lakes that range from fresh water (200 μS cm-1) to saline water (17 000 μS cm-1). Lakes located in the Minnesota forests have different ostracode assemblages and different water chemistry than lakes located on the prairie of North Dakota and South Dakota. These differences are attributed to differences in precipitation and rock-water interactions. Multivariate analyses of the ostracode and water chemistry data set indicate that different ostracode species are associated with different water types. For example, Limnocythere sappaensis and Heterocypris glaucus are found in bicarbonate-enriched sulfate-dominated waters, whereas Limnocythere staplini is found in bicarbonate-depleted sulfate-dominated waters. Candona ohioensis and Limnocythere itasca are found in fresh water, and Candona rawsoni is eurytopic and found in both bicarbonate-enriched and bicarbonate-depleted sulfate-dominated waters. Ostracodes can be used to identify changes in both ionic composition (solutes) and ionic concentration.
TL;DR: A series of 514 patients seen at three clinics in the United States and Spain were evaluated using clinical judgments of hypernasality, and nasometric assessment of oral-nasal resonance balance, and prediction analyses revealed that maximum efficiency was obtained using a somewhat different threshold nasalance value for each of the three patient samples.
Abstract: A series of 514 patients seen at three clinics in the United States and Spain were evaluated using clinical judgments of hypernasality, and nasometric assessment of oral-nasal resonance balance. Data from the nasometer were obtained while patients read a passage devoid of nasal consonants. Across all subjects, the Pearson correlation coefficient between the clinical and instrumental measures was 0.78. Prediction analyses revealed that maximum efficiency was obtained using a somewhat different threshold nasalance value for each of the three patient samples. When all 514 subjects were investigated as a single group, a threshold nasalance score of 28 was found to optimize identification of patients with and without clinically significant hypernasality. In that analysis, a sensitivity of 0.87, a specificity of 0.86 and an overall efficiency of 0.87 was obtained. The clinical relevance of these findings is discussed.
TL;DR: Enamel formation may be more sensitive to changes in nutritional status than is bone mineralization, and disruptions of bone and enamel formation were both associated with frequent illness.
Abstract: The effects of changes in nutritional and health status upon bone and enamel development are examined in a sample of 63 rural Guatemalan children (24 females, 39 males). The number of ossified hand-wrist centers at 3 years and the number of linear enamel hypoplasias (LEH) in ∼0–3 year zones of developing teeth were used to monitor the response of bone mineralization and enamel matrix formation to illness and nutritional supplementation. Numbers of ossified centers and LEH were compared across sex, supplementation, and morbidity groups.
Enamel matrix secretion responded positively to increased supplementation. Children who received less than 34.25 kcal/day in supplement had more LEH than those who received more supplement. No differences in ossification status were found between supplementation groups. These data suggest that enamel formation may be more sensitive to changes in nutritional status than is bone mineralization. Disruptions of bone and enamel formation were both associated with frequent illness. Children who were ill more than 3.6% of the time had more LEH and fewer ossified hand-wrist centers than children who were less frequently ill. Conclusions regarding relative environmental sensitivity must take into account the specific aspects of dental and skeletal development examined. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
TL;DR: This paper found that both internal and external locus of control affect communication motivation and tendencies, and found that the former found communication to be less rewarding and less satisfying, tended to avoid communication, and were motivated to communicate more ritualistically than the latter.
Abstract: Uses and gratifications is a psychological communication perspective focusing on how individual differences mediate attitudes and behavior. Incorporated in the perspective is an implicit emphasis of the interface of personal and mediated communication. As a salient psychological trait, locus of control should affect communication motivation and tendencies. Based on internal vs. external locus of control, we expected differences in communication motivation in interpersonal and mass‐media contexts, and differences in one's communication anxiety and satisfaction. Multivariate analysis of variance supported our expectations. Externals found communication to be less rewarding and less satisfying, tended to avoid communication, and were motivated to communicate more ritualistically than internals. We discussed these findings.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors attempted to determine the motivational personality characteristics associated with psychological reactance, and found a personality pattern of the psychologically reactant person as defensive, aggressive, dominant, autonomous, and nonaffiliative.
Abstract: In this study the authors attempted to determine the motivational personality characteristics associated with psychological reactance. A total of 251 undergraduate psychology students took the Therapeutic Reactance Scale (TRS), the Questionnaire for Measuring Psychological Reactance (QMPR), and the Personality Research Form (PRF). Results show a personality pattern of the psychologically reactant person as defensive, aggressive, dominant, autonomous, and nonaffiliative. Implications of this pattern for resistance in counseling are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compare two independent dyadic assessments of children's close friendship and examine the attachment correlates of both measures, using a total of 73 5-year-olds.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare two independent dyadic assessments of children's close friendship and to examine the attachment correlates of both measures. A total of 73 5-year-olds, who ...
TL;DR: In this article, a reaction time task that allowed participants to administer shocks to an increasingly provocative fictitious opponent was conducted, and the results indicated that a relationship exists between endogenous testosterone levels in men and direct physical aggression.
Abstract: Thirty-eight male college students, classified as either Type A or Type B based on their Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS-T) scores, competed in a reaction time task that allowed them to administer shocks to an increasingly provocative fictitious opponent. Salivary testosterone and cortisol were measured both prior to and after the task. Aggression was defined as the level of shock the subject was willing to set for the opponent. The results of this study indicate that a relationship exists between endogenous testosterone levels in men and direct physical aggression. Some evidence for the moderating effects of hormones on the level of aggression expressed by Type As was observed. No direct relationship between Type A and aggression was found.
TL;DR: Investigation of freshwater zooplankton communities to two chemical stressors found acidification and pesticide contamination were both found to favor dominance by small cladorecans and rotifers, the smallest zoopLankton taxa, consistent with Odum's predictions.
TL;DR: Light scattering is used to study the kinetics of polymerization-induced phase separation in a liquid-crystal\char21{}polymer mixture and the evolution of the structure factor is compared with scaling predictions for thermally quenched systems.
Abstract: We have used light scattering to study the kinetics of polymerization-induced phase separation in a liquid-crystal--polymer mixture. The evolution of the structure factor is compared with scaling predictions for thermally quenched systems. We have also observed a cascading phenomenon where phase separated domains become unstable and undergo phase separation for a second time.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the existence of country-of-origin effects occurring in foreign investments in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and found that the pattern of foreign investments should vary by country of origin.
Abstract: This paper investigates the existence of country-of-origin effects occurring in foreign investments in the People's Republic of China The eclectic theory of international production posits that the pattern of foreign investments should vary by country of origin This aspect of the eclectic theory is difficult to test directly, especially in developing countries, because of the relatively small numbers of foreign investment projects in a single country The data used in this research cover 1,665 Sino-foreign joint ventures (JVs) from 1979 to 1985, allowing a more reliable test of this aspect of the theory Statistical evidence suggests that country-of-origin effects are indeed present in foreign investment activities in China
TL;DR: In this paper, a theoretical framework involving argumentativeness, verbal aggressiveness, and affirming style is employed to predict the degrees of negative affect subordinates report their superiors are willing to stimulate by the use of compliance-gaining message strategies.
Abstract: A theoretical framework involving argumentativeness, verbal aggressiveness, and affirming style is employed to predict the degrees of negative affect subordinates report their superiors are willing to stimulate by the use of compliance-gaining message strategies. A model of compliance-gaining message selection by Hunter and Boster was used to derive predictions. A study of subordinates' perceptions of their superiors was conducted to test a model that posits that high verbally aggressive traits of superiors, along with low argumentative and low affirming traits, increases superiors' willingness to stimulate negative affect by the use of compliance-gaining messages, which also reduces subordinates' satisfaction with their superiors. The results of the study produced considerable support for the speculations. The perceived communication traits of superiors predicted reports of the superiors' use of compliance-gaining strategies. These strategies attributed to superiors also predicted subordinates' satisfact...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors tested a path model involving past communicative experience, situation difficulty, self-efficacy, interpersonal communication competence, and interpersonal communication outcomes and found that selfefficacy mediated the effect of past experience and situation difficulty on interpersonal communication outcome.
Abstract: Self‐efficacy is the belief or confidence people have in their ability to achieve their goals. This study tested a path model involving past communicative experience, situation difficulty, self‐efficacy, interpersonal communication competence, and interpersonal communication outcomes. We found that self‐efficacy mediated the effect of past experience and situation difficulty on interpersonal communication outcomes. Interpersonal communication competence directly effected rewarding, satisfying communication. The study also provided concurrent validity information on the Interpersonal Communication Competence Scale, a skills measure of competence that taps 10 dimensions of the construct.
TL;DR: The results of this study indicate that subjects in the high-dose cocaine condition reacted more aggressively than placebo subjects irrespective of level of provocation.
Abstract: Thirty male undergraduates received either a placebo, low dose (1 mg/kg), or high dose (2 mg/kg) of orally administered cocaine. Subjects were then given the opportunity to administer electric shocks to an increasingly aggressive fictitious opponent during a competitive reaction-time task. Aggression was defined as the intensity of shock the subject was willing to set for his adversary. The results of this study indicate that subjects in the high-dose cocaine condition reacted more aggressively than placebo subjects irrespective of level of provocation.