Showing papers by "Kettering University published in 1968"
TL;DR: Adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate at a concentration of 10-7M causes a four-to sixfold increase in the rate of histone phosphorylation catalyzed by a liver enzyme preparation, suggesting a mechanism for the induction of RNA synthesis by those hormones that cause increases in the concentration of cyclic AMP.
Abstract: Adenosine cyclic 39,59-monophosphate at a concentration of 10-7M causes a four-to sixfold increase in the rate of histone phosphorylation catalyzed by a liver enzyme preparation. This observation suggests a mechanism for the induction of RNA synthesis by those hormones that cause increases in the concentration of cyclic AMP.
382 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a causal relation between smoking of cigarettes and cancer of the lung in man has been demonstrated, and a significant reduction in the tar yield of American cigarettes, a reduction which we hope will continue.
Abstract: Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated a causal relation between smoking of cigarettes and cancer of the lung in man. Women smokers, cigar, and pipe smokers also face an increased risk for lung cancer. Prospective and retrospective studies have found a correlation between smoking of cigarettes, cigars, and pipes and cancer of the oral cavity, larynx, and esophagus and for cigarette smokers increased risks to develop cancer of the pancreas, kidney, and urinary bladder. Dose responses have been established between number of cigarettes smoked and cancer of the respiratory and upper digestive tract. Tobacco chewers face an increased risk for cancer of the mouth and esophagus. Tobacco smoke has induced tumors of the lung in the dogs and of the larynx of hamsters. The particulate matter of the smoke is carcinogenic to the skin of mice and rabbits, and the bronchi and connective tissue of rats. In tobacco smoke were identified tumor initiators, tumor promoters, cocarcinogens and organ specific carcinogens. Chewing tobacco is a tumor promoting agent and contains traces of tobacco specific and carcinogenic nitrosamines. Ten to 15 yr after giving up smoking the ex-smoker faces the same low risk to develop cancer of the upper digestive tract, the lung, the pancreas, and the urinary tract as the nonsmoker. It should be our goal, therefore, to prevent young people from starting the smoking habit and to convince the smoker to quit smoking. So far, we can report no success in terms of decreasing smoking habits among younger people. On the other hand, we can take satisfaction from the fact that antismoking propaganda has had an effect on college educated males, that among the population as a whole, there is a considerable number of exsmokers; that smoking cessation clinics do prove cost effective and if they were to become part of every health care center, they could help a large number of heavy smokers who cannot seem to stop smoking on their own. We can also report that there has been a significant reduction in the tar yield of American cigarettes, a reduction which we hope will continue; that the tumorigenic activity of tobacco as measured in animal studies, has decreased; and that as a consequence of the above, the risk of lung cancer and other tobacco-related cancers among smokers of these cigarettes is lower than in years past. It is unlikely that man will ever be able to inhale smoke components as harmless as unpolluted air, but as long as we have a society which accepts this habit and as long as people find satisfaction in smoking, we must work towards the day when tobacco-related cancers and other diseases will be reduced to a minimum. With the world wide coperation of the scientific community, the Departments of Agriculture, and the tobacco industry, it is our hope that this goal will be achieved.
300 citations
TL;DR: Measurements were made of growth, pigmentation, photosynthesis, respiration, quinone Hill reaction, cell morphology, and structure as a function of growth light intensity for various algae.
Abstract: SUMMARY
Measurements were made of growth, pigmentation, photosynthesis, respiration, quinone Hill reaction, cell morphology, and structure as a function of growth light intensity for various algae. These processes showed varying degrees of dependency upon light intensity and are discussed with reference to algal classification. Eighteen algae, examples from 10 taxonomic divisions, were studied.
136 citations
TL;DR: Perfusion of guinea pig placenta in situ, following removal of the fetus, demonstrated the primary role of the placente in establishing a concentration gradient toward the fetus and it was demonstrated that the amino acid was transferred across the Placental transport in both directions, apparently more rapidly towards the fetus than in the reverse direction.
118 citations
TL;DR: The nature, degree, and kinetics of unscheduled thymidine incorporation previously shown to occur in 90 % of irradiated lymphocytes was stud-incorporation was sever ely depressed by the presence of 10(-4) M acriflavine and by low temperature, but was unaffected by 10(-3) M hydroxyurea or caffeine.
Abstract: The nature, degree, and kinetics of unscheduled thymidine incorporation previously shown to occur in 90% of irradiated lymphocytes was studied. The incorporation was severely depressed in the presence of 10-4 M acriflavine and by low temperature, but was unaffected by 10-3 M hydroxyurea or caffeine. Over a dose range of 25 to $400\ {\rm ergs}/{\rm mm}^{2}$, the uptake of thymidine was increased by a factor of only 1.6, although the survival of lymphocytes, measured 5 days after irradiation, decreased by almost two orders of magnitude. (The survival curve suggests that 90% of the lymphocytes have a $D_{0}\ \text{of}\ 35\ {\rm ergs}/{\rm mm}^{2}$ and 10% have a D0 of $250\ {\rm ergs}/{\rm mm}^{2}$.) After exposure to $25\ {\rm ergs}/{\rm mm}^{2}$, over 70% of the cells survived for 5 days in culture; moreover, cells which had been stimulated by this dose to incorporate thymidine transformed and divided after exposure to phytohemaglutinin. The final uptake of thymidine was significantly greater when a total ...
105 citations
TL;DR: The objective of the laboratory studies reviewed here is to contribute to an understanding of the factors and mechanisms leading to the disease and thereby to eliminate decisive factors.
Abstract: The epidemiologic evidence contributing to the conclusions of various review committees in regard to the association of cigarette smoking with cancer of the lung oral cavity larynx esophagus and bladder has been supported by extensive experimental data but such data fail to establish incontrovertibly a causal relationship between smoking and cancer in humans. The final proof can only be obtained from epidemiologic findings. The objective of the laboratory studies reviewed here is to contribute to an understanding of the factors and mechanisms leading to the disease and thereby to eliminate decisive factors. Attention is focused on some characteristics of tobacco smoke respiratory and skin carcinogenesis bladder carcinogenesis chemical data suspected bladder carcinogens chemical indicators for carcinogenicity reduction of tumorigenicity and problems of experimental tobacco carcinogenesis. Finally the laboratory experience needs to be evaluated in terms of human data. The epidemiologist needs to investigate the cancer risk among groups smoking different types of cigarettes and different blends of tobaccos. In instances where the epidemiologic experience is supported by the laboratory data both data and experience assume greater significance. In this respect the question may be asked to what extent alteration of tobacco smoke to reduce its tumorigenic potential as expressed by chemical indicators and reflected in bioassays can be of importance to humans. It is reasoned from dose-response studies on humans and on the experimental animal that a reduction in exposure to total smoke will be associated with a reduction in the risk of contracting those diseases associated with cigarette smoking. It may be assumed that a reduction in specific toxic and tumorigenic agents which causes a reduction of toxicity and tumorigenicity in assays with animals will similarly affect humans.
104 citations
TL;DR: An analysis of the clinicopathological features of thirty long-term survivors of osteogenic sarcoma found that amputation was the only effective therapeutic method in eradicating the primary disease.
Abstract: An analysis of the clinicopathological features of thirty long-term survivors of osteogenic sarcoma has been presented. We could not identify any specific features which would separate these patients from non-survivors of osteogenic sarcoma. The one common feature shared by all thirty patients was that amputation was the only effective therapeutic method in eradicating the primary disease.
92 citations
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TL;DR: It is shown that tumours induced in mice and rats at the site of subcutaneous injection of polycyclic hydrocarbons such as methylcholanthrene possess antigens capable of eliciting transplantation resistance in isogenic and autochthonous hosts.
Abstract: IT has been shown repeatedly that tumours induced in mice and rats at the site of subcutaneous injection of polycyclic hydrocarbons such as methylcholanthrene possess antigens capable of eliciting transplantation resistance in isogenic and autochthonous hosts1–4. A remarkable antigenic individuality characterizes these tumours; immunization with any one tumour induces resistance to that tumour and usually to no other. Resistance to transplants can be transferred to normal recipients by means of viable cells from the spleen, lymph nodes or peritoneal cavity of actively immunized donors. The serum of immune animals is ineffective in conveying resistance and may induce enhanced growth of the tumour transplant5,6. Antibody to surface components of the tumour cell has been demonstrated in the serum of immunized animals by a variety of serological techniques5–9. It is not clear, however, whether the antigens being detected by these techniques are the specific transplantation antigens or are unrelated cellular antigens, such as the G (Gross) cellular antigen (associated with infection by Gross leukaemia virus) which occurs commonly in tumours induced by methylcholanthrene in mice10,11.
TL;DR: In this article, the light-induced red shifts of the bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid absorption bands of chromatophores of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides were inhibited by a variety of reagents.
Abstract: Abstract— Delayed light emission (measured 4 msec after excitation) and the light‐induced red shifts of the bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid absorption bands of chromatophores of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides were inhibited by a variety of reagents. These included anti‐mycin A, NQNO, CCCP, desaspidin, quinacrine, chlorpromazine, 2,4‐dinitrophenol, gramicidin D, Triton X‐100 and valinomycin in the presence of potassium, cesium or ammonium ions. Delayed light emission was enhanced by orthophenanthroline, ethanol, succinate and glutathione.
TL;DR: The results indicate that synthesis of DNA is dependent upon concurrent synthesis of RNA and protein and that the process involving the initiation of DNA synthesis is more sensitive to inhibitors than that of continuation ofDNA synthesis.
TL;DR: Continuous prednisone therapy appears to be more effective than intermittent dosage regimens in inducing remission in acute childhood leukemia.
Abstract: Although prednisone has been effectively used to induce remission in acute leukemia, a controlled exploration of optimal dosage and of intermittent therapy has not been reported. Of 223 previously untreated children 86 received 2 mg/kg in three divided daily doses; 85 received 4 mg/kg in three divided daily doses; 28 received 8mg/kg every other day in a single dose and 24 received 16 mg/kg every fourth day in a single dose. Steroid side effects were minimal in intermittent therapy. The percentage of remissions on these two regimes, however, was significantly lower than on continuous therapy. Bone marrow remissions were found in 21% on 8 mg/kg every other day and 12% on 16 mg/kg every fourth day. Remission rates of 72% and 60%, respectively, were obtained on the 2mg/kg and 4 mg/kg regimens, indicating no significant difference between these two groups. Continuous prednisone therapy appears to be more effective than intermittent dosage regimens in inducing remission in acute childhood leukemia.
TL;DR: The authors suggest that in the United States all abdominal and extranodal lymphoma in children, except Hodgkin's disease, be treated as is Burkitt's tumor in Africa with Cytoxan, 40 mg/kg every 3 weeks, plus obliterative radiotherapy where disease appears localized.
Abstract: Of 157 long‐term survivors with acute leukemia, 103 are living and well with no evidence of disease (NED) 5 to 17 years from the diagnosis. Of these 103, 48 have been off therapy for a year or more, 43 for 2 or more years, 29 for 5 years or more, and 10 for 10 years or more. Survival curves suggest that over 50% of the 157 patients who have survived more than 5 years should survive 15 years. The author's data suggest that in the patient treated for 7 years and NED for at least 4, therapy may be discontinued. In Burkitt's tumor in Africa 38 of 245 treated cases (15.5%) have been in unmaintained remission for from one to 7 years. The authors suggest that in the United States all abdominal and extranodal lymphoma in children, except Hodgkin's disease, be treated as is Burkitt's tumor in Africa with Cytoxan, 40 mg/kg every 3 weeks, plus obliterative radiotherapy where disease appears localized.
TL;DR: The effectiveness of 1-β- D -2'-deoxy-ribofuranosylcytosine (CdR) in preventing fetal malformations at 21 days, produced by a single i.p. injection of 150 mg/kg or ara-C given to the 12-day-pregnant rat, was dependent on the amount of CdR and of intervals of time between the administration of the two compounds.
TL;DR: In women, large bowel cancers and breast cancers showed significantly higher proportions when contrasted to certain controls but not to others, and men with Hodgkin's disease evidence, in this material, significantly higher rates of past appendectomy than the appropriate control group.
TL;DR: Fragments of bovine retinal outer segments (ROS) containing intact photoreceptor discs took up protons from an aqueous medium upon illumination, but this finding does not provide support for a proposal that a light-induced pH increase was attributable to uptake of exactly 1 proton per molecule of visual pigment bleached.
TL;DR: Posttreatment of the cells with acetoxycycloheximide, a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis, increased the survival (colony-forming ability) of cellstreated with mitomycin C but had very little effect on the survival of cells treated with actinomycin D.
Abstract: The lethal actions of mitomycin C and actinomycin D were followed during the division cycle of HeLa cells. The cells were most susceptible to a 2 hr pulse of mitomycin C during the G1 phase, whereas their sensitivity to actinomycin D was most pronounced in the S phase. Posttreatment of the cells with acetoxycycloheximide, a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis, increased the survival (colony-forming ability) of cells treated with mitomycin C but had very little effect on the survival of cells treated with actinomycin D. The significance of these findings is discussed.
TL;DR: The patient with presumed localized cancer should be carefully surveyed both for evidence of spread of the disease, and in order to obtain baseline data which may be relevant to interpret any later clinical changes.
Abstract: The patient with presumed localized cancer should be carefully surveyed both for evidence of spread of the disease, and in order to obtain baseline data which may be relevant to interpret any later clinical changes. The procedures used--a careful medical history, complete physical examination, laboratory tests, biopsy and cytology preparations, radiographic procedures and radioactive isotope scans of selected organ system--are listed. The recommended procedures in the individual patient are related to the primary site and apparent local extent of the cancer, a knowledge of the natural history of the particular cancer, and the practicalities of the situation. Proper study will direct an attempt at optimal curative therapy or spare the patient with metastatic disease unrewarding and possibly disabling therapeutic efforts.
TL;DR: In this article, the luminescence that occurs when chloroplasts are taken from an acid environment to a basic one is shown to be dependent on prior illumination of the chlorplasts, and the relation between the light absorbed and luminecence is given by the following equation L=Lmax(1-eal where L and Lmax are the light emitted and maximum light emission at high flash energy, respectively, J quanta absorbed per chlorlphyll molecule, and α a constant with a value of approximately 200 chlorophyll molecules per quanta consumed.
Abstract: — The luminescence that occurs when chloroplasts are taken from an acid environment to a basic one is shown to be dependent on prior illumination of the chloroplasts. The relation between the light absorbed and luminescence is given by the following equation L=Lmax(1-eal where L and Lmax are the light emitted and maximum light emission at high flash energy, respectively, J quanta absorbed per chlorlphyll molecule, and α a constant with a value of approximately 200 chlorophyll molecules per quanta absorbed. The action spectrum of the luminescence is consistent with that of photosystem II. The metastable state formed during illumination decays in the dark via a temperature dependent second order process.
TL;DR: Recently, with some modifications in the chemical procedures, chymotryptic digests of BGH have been prepared that have anabolic activity in pituitary dwarfs" and hypopituitary adults.
Abstract: The consensus1'2 is that pituitary growth hormone from species other than man or monkey is without hormonal activity in humans. Some understanding of this species specificity for growth hormone is provided by the chemical differences between primate and nonprimate growth hormones. There may, however, be portions of the molecules of the various species that are similar and that represent the \"active sites\" of these molecules. These sites may be exposed by enzymatic proteolysis and subsequently characterized. Bovine growth hormone (BGH) can be degraded to varying extents by ~ h y m o t r y p s i n , ~ ~ t r y p ~ i n , * ' ~ carboxypeptidase,\" pepsin, and streptomycete cell extracts13 with retention of significant amounts of growthpromoting activity. Some of the multiple components in bovine growth hormone preparations have been considered proteolytic products of the interaction of BGH and pituitary p r o t e a ~ e . ~ ~ ' ' ~ A preparation obtained by chymotryptic digestion of BGH3 was reported16 to have growth hormone activity in humans, although this has not been ~0nf i rmed. l~ Recently, with some modifications in the chemical procedures, chymotryptic digests of BGH have been prepared that have anabolic activity in pituitary dwarfs\" and hypopituitary adults.6 Unmodified BGH and human growth hormone (HGH) do not cross-react immunologically. Chymotryptic4 and peptic\" digestion reduced the antigenic activity of BGH. Unlike the undigested BGH, however, peptic digests of BGH were found\" to react with antisera against HGH. We have recently reportedg that tryptic digests of BGH (TBGH), when administered to hypopituitary humans, produced many of the metabolic *Supported in part by Research grants CY-03809, AM-06328, CA-07303 and CA08748. This investigation was supported in part by a Public Health Service research career program award (K3-CA-768) from the National Cancer Institute, a Public Health Service Fellowship (5-F2-AM-19, 684) of the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, a Public Health Service Fellowship (RF-71) of the National Institutes of Health, and a Public Health Service graduate training grant (5T4 CA 5015) from the National Cancer Institgte. 2
TL;DR: The red shift in the absorption spectrum, the decrease in fluorescence intensity and the increase in light scattering were interpreted as due to an aggregation of the pigment molecules.
TL;DR: Six temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus 3 have been identified among 162 plaque isolates tested, and they have been classified in two groups on the basis of differential thermosensitivity at 52°, the ratio of infectivity to hemagglutinating activity, and responses in temperature-shift experiments.
TL;DR: These findings suggest that circulating cells from a number of presumed viral diseases associated with a lymphoproliferative phase have increased potential for long-term in-vitro proliferation and that the presence of H.L.V. in these systems may not be of aetiological significance.
TL;DR: This report is thought to be the first documented case of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome associated with visceral angiomatosis, both gastrointestinal and genitourinary, including the retroperitoneal space and genitalia.
TL;DR: Evidence is reported indicating that DPB reacts with pepsin to form an ester of 1-hydroxy-4-phenylbutanone-2 (HPB) with the β-carboxyl group of an aspartyl residue, and that the amino acid sequence containing this as partyl residue is: Ile-Val-Asp-Thr.
TL;DR: In Spinacea oleracea chloroplasts, rapid ATP formation decreased the rate and extent of the dark decay of the H + gradient, relative to that measured when photophosphorylation was limited or inhibited, interpreted as evidence that ATP formation occurs within a compartment in contact with that into which H + is deposited by the light-driven H + uptake (pump.