Showing papers by "Miami University published in 1977"
TL;DR: ‘The sanitation syndrome’, equating black urban settlement, labour and living conditions with threats to public health and security, became fixed in the official mind, buttressed a desire to achieve positive social controls, and confirmed or rationalized white race prejudice with a popular imagery of medical menace.
Abstract: Infectious disease and concepts of public health, operating as societal metaphors, seem to have exercised a powerful influence on the origins and development of urban segregation in South Africa. Between 1900 and 1904 bubonic plague, threatening major centres, occasioned the mass removal of African urban populations to hastily established locations at the instigation of medical authorities and other government officials under the emergency provisions of the public health laws. Inchoate urban policy, under tentative consideration since the 1890s as economic development and social change began to stimulate black urban migration, was precipitated by this episode into specific legislation and permanent administration. Cape Town and Port Elizabeth were the two foci of this development in the Cape Colony, where the government locations at Ndabeni and New Brighton exemplify the process. These moves and the effort to consolidate them were to a large degree frustrated by practical administrative, legal, economic and human factors which have characterized the anomalies and contradictions of urban location policy ever since. A black ‘middle class’ resisted the loss of property rights and clung to aspirations of economic and social mobility or legal independence. Especially at Port Elizabeth, where independent peri-urban settlements proliferated, white officials and politicians laboured in an administrative and legal quagmire. White employers and black migrants proved only marginally amenable to location concepts modelled on the principles of quarantine. But ‘the sanitation syndrome’, equating black urban settlement, labour and living conditions with threats to public health and security, became fixed in the official mind, buttressed a desire to achieve positive social controls, and confirmed or rationalized white race prejudice with a popular imagery of medical menace. These issues of urban social order would be repeated again in connexion with such dire events as the 1918 influenza epidemic as the foundations of Union-wide policy and law were laid during and after World War I.
516 citations
TL;DR: Quantitative methods for the analysis of acclimation time courses are proposed and applied both to the A. jeffersonianum data and to derived literature values, finding low, but within the range reported for other amphibians.
129 citations
TL;DR: Animals fed vitamin-enriched algae were less sensitive to a chronic copper stress than animals fed a trout-granule diet and the mechanism of toxic action is different for acute and chronic toxicity, suggesting that the ratio between chronic and acute toxicity would not be a constant under different environmental conditions.
Abstract: SUMMARY. Daphnia magna was maintained on two diets and exposed to acute and chronic copper stresses. Animals fed vitamin-enriched algae were less sensitive to a chronic copper stress than animals fed a trout-granule diet. This conclusion is based on the responses of cohorts as measured by survival, mean brood size and r, the instantaneous rate of population growth. Application factors were also significantly different for animals reared on the two foods (0.47 for algal-fed animals, 0.12 for animals reared on trout-granules). In contrast to chronic toxicity, 72 h LC50 values were not significantly different for animals maintained on the two foods. This suggests that the mechanism of toxic action is different for acute and chronic toxicity and that, if so, the ratio between chronic and acute toxicity would not be a constant under different environmental conditions.
99 citations
TL;DR: It was determined that avoidance of novel/complex stimuli (neophobia) is controlled by a gene or genes at chromosomal segmentsH-24c andH-1b and it was found that a polygenic model is consistent with behavior measured by the second (activity) factor.
Abstract: Sixty-six mice of 11 genetic stocks (the Bailey recombinant inbred strains CXBD, CXBE, CXBG, CXBH, CXBI, CXBJ, CXBK; their progenitor strains, BALB/cBy and C57BL/6By: and the reciprocal hybrids, B6CF and CB6F) were tested in a two-compartment apparatus and in a shuttlebox, with five measures taken relating to activity and to approaches to novel and complex stimuli A factor analysis of these measures revealed two factors, the first involving behavior relating to novel stimuli and the second relating to locomotor activity In a second experiment, 132 mice of the same strains were tested on four of the measures used previously On the two measures which had high loadings on the first factor and very low loadings on the second, it was possible to determine a strain distribution pattern (SDP), with the same SDP being found for both measures When confirmed by testing mice from two congenic histocompatibility strains H(w54) and H(w80), we were able to determine that avoidance of novel/complex stimuli (neophobia) is controlled by a gene or genes at chromosomal segments H-24c and H-1b It was also found that a polygenic model is consistent with behavior measured by the second (activity) factor
79 citations
TL;DR: In the 1960s, experiments were begun with controlled burning and natural fire zones; these led to the development of a management policy based on the natural functioning of ecosystems as discussed by the authors, which was used to prevent and suppress all fires.
Abstract: Aboriginal Indian occupance of Sequoia National Park began about 1000 A. D. Periodic burning to aid in food gathering and lightning-caused fires led to the development of a vegetation cover considered to be “natural.'’In the 1860s, a period of resource exploitation began, as sheepherders drove their flocks throughout the area and set fires to increase forage. With the establishment of the Park in 1890, the federal government initiated a protectionist resource management policy; steps were taken to prevent and suppress all fires. Increased forest densities and fire dangers led to disagreement on this policy. In the 1960s, experiments were begun with controlled burning and natural fire zones; these led to the development of a management policy based on the natural functioning of ecosystems.
58 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of thermal acclimation on temperature tolerance and heart rate were compared in Rana sylvatica and R. catesbeiana, and the authors found that the cardiac function is less cold tolerant in R.cates beiana than in R., and that the critical thermal maxima (CTM) and lower lethal temperature were significantly above those of R. sylvastica, and correspond to differences between their respective habitats.
34 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the polarized infrared spectra of crystalline acetic acid and two deuterated derivatives, CH3COOD and CD3 COOD, have been recorded from 400 to 4000 cm−1 at cryogenic temperatures.
Abstract: The polarized infrared spectra of crystalline acetic acid and two of its deuterated derivatives, CH3COOD and CD3COOD, have been recorded from 400 to 4000 cm−1 at cryogenic temperatures. The spectroscopic results have been interpreted on the basis of a factor group analysis based on two structural models: a crystallographic cell composed of four interacting monomer units some of whose vibrational modes are highly perturbed by hydrogen bonding and a unit cell composed of two noninteracting acetic acid chains. The results are discussed in terms of possible interactions between the hydrogen-bonded acetic acid polymeric chains.
25 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Although there is no close correspondence between the specific flavonoids accumulated by Pistia and those found in the morphologically more complex members of the Lemnaceae, Pistia appears to have the biochemical pathways to most flavonoid types found in that family.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The results of this study do not support a fluid shift mechanism of zero-G-induced motion sickness, however, a more complete test of the fluidshift mechanism would be obtained if endolymph and perilymph pressure changes were determined separately; the authors have been unable to perform this test to date.
Abstract: This study was undertaken to explore the hypothesis that shifts of body fluids from the legs and torso toward the head contribute to the motion sickness experienced by astronauts and cosmonauts The shifts in body fluids observed during zero-G exposure were simulated by elevating guinea pigs' and monkeys' torsos and hindquarters Cerebral-spinal fluid pressure was recorded from a transducer located in a brain ventricle; labyrinth fluid pressure was recorded from a pipette cemented in a hole in a semicircular canal An anticipated divergence in cerebral-spinal fluid pressure and labyrinth fluid pressure during torso elevation was not observed The results of this study do not support a fluid shift mechanism of zero-G-induced motion sickness However, a more complete test of the fluid shift mechanism would be obtained if endolymph and perilymph pressure changes were determined separately; we have been unable to perform this test to date
TL;DR: The picture theory of meaning (PTM) is applied to a particular ontological perspective, and suggestions are made for generalizing the PTM to most ontological perspectives as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The general features of a picture theory of meaning (PTM) are stated The PTM is then applied to a particular ontological perspective, and suggestions are made for generalizing the PTM to most ontological perspectives Several ways around the classic problem for the PTM-that the language used to describe a situation must have at least one more component than the situation described-are offered
TL;DR: The paper develops and tests a theoretical rationale for treating the attitude change of apathetic receivers as a function of their capacities to process the quantities of information contained in a message within an environmental constraint established via source credibility inductions.
Abstract: The paper develops and tests a theoretical rationale for treating the attitude change of apathetic receivers as a function of their capacities to process the quantities of information contained in a message within an environmental constraint established via source credibility inductions.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors define environmental science as an interdisciplinary field of study which attempts to measure and evaluate the impact of man on the structure and function of social and ecological systems, and which focuses upon the management of these systems for their benefit and survival.
Abstract: Environmental science is defined as an interdisciplinary field of study which attempts to measure and evaluate the impact of man on the structure and function of social and ecological systems, and which focuses upon the management of these systems for their benefit and survival. Curricula in environmental science must be structured in order to provide (a) for quantitative interdisciplinary problem‐solving methodology, (b) for multidisciplinary (applied) areas of specialization, and (c) for on‐the‐job (real‐world) training or research experience. The academic philosophy for such curricula is discussed.
TL;DR: Tolerance to low concentrations of oxygen decreased progressively during the later stages of larval development, and activity levels varied with developmental stage and oxygen concentration.
TL;DR: The role of campaign expenditures in elections has been treated as an economic phenomenon by several authors in recent years as discussed by the authors, and some of the work has been conducted on the empirical as well as the theoretical level, but the two approaches have not been very closely coordinated.
Abstract: The role of campaign expenditures in elections has been treated as an economic phenomenon by several authors in recent years. (For a list of the work in this area, see the references in Bentel and Ben-Zion.) While this research has been conducted on the empirical as well as the theoretical level, the two approaches have not been very closely coordinated. We shall argue that the empirical results most recently reported in this journal by Silberman and by Welch (1974) for the 1972 Congressional elections, while improvements on previous efforts, are not well grounded in theory, and that, given present data limitations, some of the estimation problems may be impossible to overcome. The econometric work on campaign expenditures has focused on two separable, but closely related, relationships. The first is the "productivity" of campaign expenditures in affecting election outcomes. The other involves the determinants of reported campaign expenditures. These relationships have been treated in isolation despite their theoretical simultaneity. Clearly the amount of funds available depends upon (among other things) a candidate's election prospects. In addition to this simultaneity problem, there is also a question of whether reported campaign expenditures are to be considered reflections of the demand for campaign funds, the supply of such funds, or the outcome of a demand/supply process. We shall consider these questions in the context of an estimating model of
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of the allocation of workers to jobs based on individual's preferences for job satisfaction vs. earnings is developed, and the effects of inequality on earnings of high and low productivity workers and the effect of compensating wage differences on the distribution of earnings are discussed.
TL;DR: Effects of the foster parent's phenotype on the development of social exploration in both strains and, possibly, on agonistic behavior in C57BL/6J mice indicate mechanisms dependent on genotype.
Abstract: In order to extend the determination and description of effects of the father's phenotype on the development of social behavior in male mice, we tested 24 males from each of 2 highly inbred strains of Mus musculus, A/J and C57BL/6J. Approximately 1 week before the birth of the subjects, we replaced natural fathers with a foster parent such that, within each strain, 8 subjects had preweaning experience with same-strain males, 8 with other-strain males, and 8 with same-strain females, in addition to their natural mothers. Observations of social behavior were conducted at 21, 50, and 60 days of age. The results showed effects of the foster parent's phenotype on the development of social exploration in both strains and, possibly, on agonistic behavior in C57BL/6J mice. The different effects in the 2 strains indicate mechanisms dependent on genotype.
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: In this article, the compact extensions of normal locally compact M-spaces are discussed, where all spaces are assumed to be completely regular and T 1 and a mapping f: X → T, where f is a quasi-perfect map.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the compact extensions of normal locally compact M-spaces. All spaces are assumed to be completely regular and T1. A space X is an M-space [Mo1] if there exists a metrizable space T and a mapping f: X → T, where f is a quasi-perfect map. A space Z is a countably-compactification of a space X if Z is countably compact, X is a dense subset of Z, and every closed countably compact subset of X is also closed in Z. If a space X is countably-compactifiable, then X has a countably-compactification Z such that X ⊂ Z ⊂ βX.
TL;DR: In this paper, a questionnaire administered to unmarried college students provides data on expectations for 10 household tasks in three age and employment situations and projections for one's own marriage, and both youth and dual-career marriage were associated with more shared activities.
Abstract: Although sex and age appropriate behavior has been examined, little attention has been given to expectations for the redistribution of household tasks. A questionnaire administered to unmarried college students provides data on expectations for 10 household tasks in three age and employment situations and projections for one's own marriage. Neither age nor work status alone was the basis for the ascription of norms involving domestic tasks. But both youth and dual-career marriage were associated with more shared activities. Future research should focus on the relationship between general attitudes toward sex-role behavior and the redistribution of household tasks.
TL;DR: Contemporary novels with an old protagonist express individual emotive responses to the experience of aging to supplement gerontological studies and stimulate discussions aboutold age in adult or continuing education groups.
Abstract: Contemporary novels with an old protagonist express individual emotive responses to the experience of aging. Such novels can supplement Topic: aging adult education, continuing elderly Issue Section: Literature and Aging © 1977 The Gerontolog ical Society of America You do not currently have access to this article. Download all figures gerontological studies and stimulate discussions aboutold age in adult or continuing education groups. A bibliography of 87 contemporary novels is provided.
TL;DR: Rb-Sr analyses of 13 whole-rock samples of gneiss, quartz monzonite, and quartz diorite from the Precambrian basement complex in the Bighorn Mountains provide an isochron age of 2,849 ± 60 m.y..
Abstract: Rb-Sr analyses of 13 whole-rock samples of gneiss, quartz monzonite, and quartz diorite from the Precambrian basement complex in the Bighorn Mountains provide an isochron age of 2,849 ± 60 m.y. and an initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio of 0.7016 ± 0.0005. This age is interpreted as the time of regional metamorphism and metasomatism which produced the gneiss and the granitic rocks; independent isochron ages for both groups of rocks are not significantly different. The 2,850-m.y. age for the metamorphic event is consistent with other radiometric ages from the Bighorns and can be correlated with ages reported from several other mountain ranges in Wyoming.
TL;DR: The findings suggest that although gays expressed a significantly higher amount of tolerance for other unconventional groups, they appeared to have reservations in terms of total personal acceptance.
Abstract: Scales measuring attitudes toward various unconventional groups were presented to 100 college students and 51 homosexual respondents. Homosexual respondents expressed significantly more tolerant attitudes toward deviantly labeled groups than did student respondents. Homosexuals were also significantly less likely to place social restrictions on those who opted for unconventional alternatives. However, differences between student and homosexual respondents were smaller on the public tolerance scale. The findings suggest that although gays expressed a significantly higher amount of tolerance for other unconventional groups, they appeared to have reservation in terms of total personal acceptance.
TL;DR: For the brine shrimp Artemia salina, the average repetition frequency of the intermediately redundant DNA component is about 5,000 copies as mentioned in this paper, which is consistent with a unit genome size of 1.5 pg.
TL;DR: Physiological changes were greatest using flooding, especially with specific phobies, while other measures, including therapist and client satisfaction, supported desensitization, consistent with a model stressing the need for a repeated exposure to specific fear cues.