Showing papers by "Miami University published in 1988"

A semianalytic radiance model of ocean color

Abstract: A semianalytical radiance model is developed which predicts the upwelled spectral radiance at the sea surface as a function of the phytoplankton pigment concentration for Morel Case 1 waters. The model is in good agreement with experimental measurements carried out in waters which were not included in the data base used to derive it. It suggests that the observed variability in the radiance is due to variations in the backscattering of plankton and the associated detrital material. The model is extended to include other material in the water, such as dissolved organic material, referred to as yellow substances, and detached coccoliths from coccolithophorids, e.g., Emiliana huxleyi. Potential applications include an improved biooptical algorithm for the retrieval of pigment concentrations from satellite imagery in the presence of interference from detached coccoliths and an improved atmospheric correction for satellite imagery. The model also serves to identify and to interpret deviations from Case 1 waters.

Nonverbal expectancy violations: Model elaboration and application to immediacy behaviors

Abstract: Nonverbal expectancy violations theory holds that positive violations produce more favorable communication outcomes than conformity to expectations, while negative violations produce less favorable ones, and that reward characteristics of the communicator mediate the interpretation and evaluation of violations. The factors affecting expectancies and the consequences of violating them are reviewed and compared to other models (discrepancy‐arousal, arousal‐labeling, arousal‐valence, sequential functional) employing similar assumptions and mediating variables. An experiment extending the model domain to immediacy violations and to interactions with familiar as well as unfamiliar others had friend and stranger dyads (N=82) engage in discussions during which one member of each pair significantly increased immediacy, significantly reduced it, or conformed to normal levels. Nonimmedicacy violations produced lower credibility ratings than high immediacy or conformity to expectations for both friends and strangers...

Human factors in aviation

Abstract: The fundamental principles of human-factors (HF) analysis for aviation applications are examined in a collection of reviews by leading experts, with an emphasis on recent developments. The aim is to provide information and guidance to the aviation community outside the HF field itself. Topics addressed include the systems approach to HF, system safety considerations, the human senses in flight, information processing, aviation workloads, group interaction and crew performance, flight training and simulation, human error in aviation operations, and aircrew fatigue and circadian rhythms. Also discussed are pilot control; aviation displays; cockpit automation; HF aspects of software interfaces; the design and integration of cockpit-crew systems; and HF issues for airline pilots, general aviation, helicopters, and ATC.

Lipid peroxidation and scavenger enzymes during exercise: adaptive response to training.

Abstract: This study was designed to determine whether endurance training would influence the production of lipid peroxidation (LI-POX) by-products as indicated by malondialdehyde (MDA) at rest and after an acute exercise run. Additionally, the scavenger enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were examined to determine whether changes in LIPOX are associated with alterations in enzyme activity both at rest and after exercise. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 32) were randomly assigned to either trained or sedentary groups and were killed either at rest or after 20 min of treadmill running. The training program increased oxidative capacity 64% in leg muscle. After exercise, the sedentary group demonstrated increased LIPOX levels in liver and white skeletal muscle, whereas the endurance-trained group did not show increases in LIPOX after exercise. CAT activity was higher in both red and white muscle after exercise in the trained animals. Total SOD activity was unaffected by either acute or chronic exercise. These data suggest that endurance training can result in a reduction in LIPOX levels as indicated by MDA during moderate-intensity exercise. It is possible that activation of the enzyme catalase and the increase in respiratory capacity were contributory factors responsible for regulating LIPOX after training during exercise.

Future Directions in Psychological Skills Training

Abstract: This decade has been marked by the development of several approaches to psychological skills training (PST). To assess current trends in PST in order to ascertain if consumers’ needs are being met, a content analysis of PST approaches published in books in North America between 1980 and 1988 was conducted with regard to target populations, content areas, and format characteristics. Based on the content analysis, six needs representing viable future directions for PST are outlined. These needs include targeting youth and coaches in addition to elite athletes, moving beyond basic education into specific implementation procedures, differentiating between psychological skills and methods, adopting a holistic approach based on the interactional paradigm and a personal development model, defining the practice of sport psychology based on the personal development of sport consumers, and facilitating the theory/practice relationship through research-based PST programming and evaluation research.

Extraction of tannin from fresh and preserved leaves.

Abstract: The extractability of tannin from fresh, lyophilized, and dried leaves collected at various times in the growing season was determined using the radial diffusion assay for protein-precipitating phenolics. The amount of tannin extracted depended on the method of leaf preservation and on the maturity of the leaf. Early in the season, more tannin was extracted from lyophilized leaves than from fresh leaves, but late in the season more tannin was extracted from fresh leaves. At all times, more tannin was extracted with aqueous acetone than with aqueous or acidic methanol.

MDA content increases in fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscle with intensity of exercise in a rat

Abstract: Previous work has shown that high-intensity (HI) exercise results in total body increased production of lipid peroxidation. These results suggest that exercise induces a higher level of oxidative stress in muscles leading to the production of various peroxides and aldehydes that are potentially toxic to cells. However, these past studies were carried out only with subjects that were exercised to exhaustion or at a very high intensity. In this paper, we report how a moderate-intensity (MI) exercise, which is more normally experienced, as well as a HI acute bout of exercise influenced oxidative stress-related reactions by measuring malonaldehyde (MDA) and lipid hydroperoxides (LH) in red vastus, white vastus, and soleus muscle. The muscles from untrained male Sprague-Dawley rats were removed immediately after either a HI 1-min run at 45 m/min (n = 8) or a 20-min MI run at 20 m/min (n = 8) and compared with a control group that did not run. MI exercise resulted in a 90% increase in MDA in white vastus and a 62% increase in red vastus muscle (P less than 0.05). HI exercise resulted in a 157, 167, and 83% increase in MDA in white vastus, red vastus, and soleus muscle, respectively. LH values in red and white vastus after HI exercise increased an average of 33%, but this proved not to be statistically significant. These results confirm earlier studies that HI exercise does increase MDA in skeletal muscle, and when intensity of exercise is considerably lowered, elevated MDA is still found but at a relatively lesser amount.

The myth of sexual compulsivity

Abstract: This paper analyzes critically the newly discovered “conditions” of sexual addiction and sexual compulsion from the sociological perspective of symbolic interactionism We begin by describing the concepts of sexual addiction and sexual compulsion and by providing case studies of each “condition” We then discuss the cultural relativity of sexual conduct, and identify features of the late 1970s' and 1980s' sociosexual landscape that encouraged a perception of nonrelational sex as pathological We conclude by critically analyzing the concepts of sexual addiction and sexual compulsion We demonstrate that the definitions are conceptually flawed and that the criteria for these “conditions” are subjective and value laden There is nothing inherently pathological in the conduct that is labeled sexually compulsive or addictive Rather than referring to actual clinical entities, sexual addiction and compulsion refer to learned patterns of behavior that are stigmatized by dominant institutions

Schooling, popular culture, and a pedagogy of possibility

Abstract: In this paper, the authors analyze the importance of critical pedagogy by examining its potentially transformative relations with the sphere of popular culture. Popular culture is viewed not only a...

Border Pedagogy in the Age of Postmodernism.

Abstract: Within the last two decades, the varied discourses known as postmodernism have exercised a strong influence on the nature of intellectual life both in and out of the university. As a form of cultural criticism, postmodernism has challenged a number of assumptions central to the discourse of modernism. These include modernism's reliance on metaphysical notions of the subject, its advocacy of science, technology, and rationality as the foundation for equating change with progress, its ethnocentric equation of history with the triumphs of European Civilization, and its globalizing view that the industrialized Western countries constitute "a legitimate center a unique and superior position from which to establish control and to determine hierarchies" (Richard, 1987/1988, p. 6). From the postmodernist perspective, modernism's claim to authority partly serves to privilege Western, patriarchal culture, on the one hand, while simultaneously repressing and marginalizing the voices of those who have been deemed subordinate and/or subjected to relations of oppression because of their color, class, ethnicity, race, or cultural and social capital. In postmodernist terms, the political map of modernism is one in which the voice of the other is consigned to the margins of existence, recognition, and possibility. At its best, a critical postmodernism wants to redraw the map of modernism so as to effect a shift in power from the privileged and the powerful to those groups struggling to gain a measure of control over their lives in what is increasingly becoming a world marked by a logic of disintegration (Dews, 1987). Postmodernism not only makes visible the ways in which domination is being prefigured and redrawn, it also points to the shifting configurations of power, knowledge, space, and time that characterize a world that is at once more global and more differentiated. One important aspect of postmodernism is its recognition that, as we move into the 21st century, we find ourselves no longer constrained by modern-

Schooling the Postmodern Body: Critical Pedagogy and the Politics of Enfleshment:

Abstract: While educators in the United States are witnessing a reactionary and ultimately fatuous rearguard defense of the alleged transcendent virtues of Western civilization, a neo-corporatist assault on the New Deal welfare state, and what Jim Merod calls the "guiltless counterrevolutionary violence of state power" (1987, p. 191), they are also experiencing a new vitality in the realm of educational theory. The cultural/moral hegemony of mainstream approaches to curriculum, pedagogy, and epistemology is being fissured and in some cases torn asunder by new deconstructive postmodern strategies. Largely imported from literary theory and influenced by continental poststructuralism, postmodern strategies (e.g., Derridean grammatology and Foucauldian discourse analysis) have systematically problematized, if not dismantled, the epistemological certainty and transcendent claims to truth that characterize dominant strands of modernist discourse.1 Suffice it to say that there exists a "crisis of representation" and a steady and sometimes vehement erosion of confidence in prevailing conceptualizations of what constitutes knowledge and truth and their pedagogical means of attainment. Keeping in mind the conceptual inflation of the term "postmodernity" and its unwieldy semantic overloadwhich has come to designate a vast array of artistic, architectural, and theoretical practices I want to make clear that I am using it in a severely delimited sense. While postmodernism crisscrosses numerous regions of inquiry, I am using it to refer to the material and semiotic organization of society, primarily with respect to what Stanley Aronowitz calls visual culture and the homogenization of culture (1981, 1983). That is, I am referring to the current tendency toward desubstantialized meaning or "literalness of the visual" in which students seem unable to penetrate beyond the media-bloated surface of things, thereby dismissing concepts such as "society? "capitalism," and "history" which are not immediately present to the senses (Aronowitz, 1983). According to Aronowitz, "in the last half of the twen-

Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South

Abstract: Cracker Culture is a provocative study of social life in the Old South that probes the origin of cultural differences between the South and the North throughout American history. Among Scotch-Irish settlers the term 'Cracker' initially designated a person who boasted, but in American usage the word has come to designate poor whites. McWhiney uses the term to define culture rather than to signify an economic condition. Although all poor whites were Crackers, not all Crackers were poor whites; both, however, were Southerners. The author insists that Southerners and Northerners were never alike. American colonists who settled south and west of Pennsylvania during the 17th and 18th centuries were mainly from the 'Celtic fringe' of the British Isles. The culture that these people retained in the New World accounts in considerable measure for the difference between them and the Yankees of New England, most of whom originated in the lowlands of the southeastern half of the island of Britain. From their solid base in the southern backcountry, Celts and their 'Cracker' descendants swept westward throughout the antebellum period until they had established themselves and their practices across the Old South. Basic among those practices that determined their traditional folkways, values, norms, and attitudes was the herding of livestock on the open range, in contrast to the mixed agriculture that was the norm both in southeastern Britain and in New England. The Celts brought to the Old South leisurely ways that fostered idleness and gaiety. Like their Celtic ancestors, Southerners were characteristically violent; they scorned pacifism; they considered fights and duels honorable and consistently ignored laws designed to control their actions. In addition, family and kinship were much more important in Celtic Britain and the antebellum South than in England and the Northern United States. Fundamental differences between Southerners and Northerners shaped the course of antebellum American history; their conflict in the 1860s was not so much brother against brother as culture against culture.

A simulation study of multiple-load-carrying automated guided vehicles in a flexible manufacturing system

Abstract: Although the technology exists for more advanced applications of automated guided vehicles in flexible manufacturing systems, the current employment of these vehicles in material handling generally subscribes to a simple mode of operation : single-load-carrying capacity for each vehicle and unidirectional traffic on each route of the system. Through a simulation programme, this study investigates the effect of several key factors related to the automated guided vehicles on the overall performance of a flexible manufacturing system. These are the number of pallets allowed in the system, the number of vehicles used and the carrying capacity of each and the input and output queue capacities of the machining stations; finally bidirectional traffic is allowed in some routes. The results show that there is a strong interaction among these factors and reveal their combined effects on the throughput from a small flexible manufacturing system. Upon the user's request, the simulation program also provides ...

Postmodernism and the Discourse of Educational Criticism

Abstract: Educational theory and practice has always been strongly wedded to the language and assumptions of modernism. Educators as diverse as John Dewey (1916), Ralph Tyler (1950), Herb Gintis (Bowles & Gintis, 1976), John Goodlad (1984), and Martin Carnoy (Carnoy & Levin, 1985) have shared a faith in those modernist ideals which stress the capacity of individuals to think critically, to exercise social responsibility, and to remake the world in the interest of the Enlightenment dream of reason and freedom. Central to this view of education and modernity has been an abiding faith in the ability of individuals to situate themselves as self-motivating subjects within the wider discourse of public life. For many educators, modernism is synonymous with "the continual progress of the sciences and of techniques, the rational division of industrial work, and the intensification of human labor and of human domination over nature" (Baudrillard, 1987, pp. 65-66). A faith in rationality, science, and technology buttresses the modernist belief in permanent change, and in the continual and progressive unfolding of history. Similarly, education provides the socializing processes and legitimating codes by which the grand narrative of progress and human development can be passed onto future generations. The moral, political, and social technologies that structure and drive the imperatives of public schooling are drawn from the modernist view of the individual student and educator as the guarantor of the delicate balance between private and public life, as the safeguard who can guarantee that the economy and the democratic state will function in a mutually determining manner. Within the discourse of modernism, knowledge draws its boundaries almost exclusively from a European model of culture and civilization. Civilization in this script is an extension of what Jean-Francois Lyotard (1984) calls

Modified stability table for 2-D digital filters

Abstract: A modified stability table is obtained for checking the stability of 2-D digital filters. In this table, the appropriate entries of the first column are equivalent to the appropriate minors of the Hermitian Schur-Cohn matrix. Thus the positivity of the latter matrix requires the positivity checking of the (n-1) appropriate entries for one point, and the last entry, which is equivalent to the Schur-Cohn determinant, is to be checked for positivity for all mod z mod =1. This test is simpler than several others appearing in the literature. >

Flood Basalt Volcanism in the Northwestern United States

Abstract: Flood basalt volcanism in the northwestern U.S. is but one manifestation of the magmatically active western boundary of the North American Plate. This activity relates directly to the convergence between the North American Plate and various oceanic plates to the west. Prior to the Oligocene-early Miocene, convergence was manifest by characteristically calc-alkaline volcanism and plutonism in western North America associated with subduction zone magma genesis (e.g. Lipman et al., 1972). Roughly 30 My ago, collision between the North American plate and the East Pacific Rise began to convert this consumptive plate boundary to the strike-slip motion now evident as the San Andreas fault system (Atwater, 1970). Accompanying the transition from the compressional, subduction related tectonics to the extensional regime now characteristic of the Basin and Range province, the character of the volcanic products in the western U.S. shifted from predominantly calc-alkaline to bimodal basalt-rhyolite (e.g. Lipman et al., 1972; Christiansen and Lipman, 1972; Christiansen and McKee, 1978).

Sport-Confidence and Competitive Orientation: An Addendum on Scoring Procedures and Gender Differences

Abstract: In an earlier study, an approach to the study of self-confidence was introduced in which the constructs sport-confidence and competitive orientation were conceptualized (Vealey, 1986). Sport-confidence was defined as the belief or degree of certainty individuals possess about their ability to be successful in sport. Competitive orientation was conceptualized to account for differences in how individuals define success and may be defined as a tendency for them to base their satisfaction and feelings of competence either on winning (outcome orientation) or performing well (performance orientation). Based on the distinction between personality traits and states, sport-confidence was separated into two constructs: a dispositional construct termed trait sport-confidence (SC-trait) and a state construct termed state sport-confidence (SC-state). To operationalize the constructs in this model, three instruments were developed: the Trait Sport-Confidence Inventory (TSCI), the State SportConfidence Inventory (SSCI), and the Competitive Orientation Inventory (COI). Through five phases of data collection, evidence of internal consistency, item discrimination, test-retest reliability (trait scales only), concurrent validity, and construct validity was accumulated for these instruments as valid operationalizations of the constructs within the conceptual model (Vealey, 1986). As an addendum to the original article (Vealey, 1986), this paper has two purposes. First, the intricate scoring procedures for the COI are clarified, a new procedure for computing a composite competitive orientation score is outlined, and norms for the new composite score are presented. Second, the analyses from the original study are extended to examine gender differences in the personality dispositions of SC-trait and competitive orientation based on the level of sport structure.

Distribution of calcium carbonate in desert soils: A model

Abstract: A model that describes the distribution of calcium carbonate in desert soils as a function of dust flux, time, climate, and other soil-forming factors shows which factors most strongly influence the accumulation of carbonate and can be used to evaluate carbonate-based soil age estimates or paleoclimatic reconstructions Models for late Holocene soils have produced carbonate distributions that are very similar to those of well-dated soils in New Mexico and southern California These results suggest that (1) present climate is a fair representation of late Holocene climate, (2) carbonate dust flux can be approximated by its Holocene rate, and (3) changes in climate and/or dust flux at the end of the Pleistocene effected profound and complex changes in soil carbonate distributions Both higher carbonate dust flux and greater effective precipitation are required during the latest Pleistocene-early Holocene to explain carbonate distributions in latest Pleistocene soils 21 refs, 4 figs, 1 tab

Teaching the medical interview: an intervention study.

Abstract: To study the effects of teaching specific interviewing techniques on verbal behaviors and on health outcomes, internal medicine residents working in a screening clinic were assigned to either an experimental or a control group. The entire clinic visit was audiotaped, transcribed, and coded according to the Verbal Response Mode (VRM) system. Residents in the experimental group were taught interviewing behaviors (patient exposition and physician explanation) that had been found in previous studies to be associated with patient outcomes. Through telephone interviews, patient satisfaction, compliance, and symptom status were determined for all patients. Two hundred and sixty-eight interviews (156 in the experimental group and 112 in the control group) were included in the study. Training did increase patient exposition and physician explanation, but did not affect health outcomes. Residents’ attitudes and behaviors during the training are described.