Showing papers by "Northwestern University published in 1978"
TL;DR: Lottery winners were not happier than controls and took significantly less pleasure from a series of mundane events, and Paraplegics also demonstrated a contrast effect, not by enhancing minor pleasures but by idealizing their past, which did not help their present happiness.
Abstract: Adaptation level theory suggests that both contrast and habituation will operate to prevent the winning of a fortune from elevating happiness as much as might be expected. Contrast with the peak experience of winning should lessen the impact of ordinary pleasures, while habituation should eventually reduce the value of new pleasures made possible by winning. Study 1 compared a sample of 22 major lottery winners with 22 controls and also with a group of 29 paralyzed accident victims who had been interviewed previously. As predicted, lottery winners were not happier than controls and took significantly less pleasure from a series of mundane events. Study 2 indicated that these effects were not due to preexisting differences between people who buy or do not buy lottery tickets or between interviews that made or did not make the lottery salient. Paraplegics also demonstrated a contrast effect, not by enhancing minor pleasures but by idealizing their past, which did not help their present happiness.
2,015 citations
1,882 citations
TL;DR: This study confirms, in the largest group surveyed to date, similar findings in previous cross-sectional surveys, and is consistent with data from longitudinal and intervention studies on the importance of overweight in relation to hypertension.
Abstract: In the nationwide Community Hypertension Evaluation Clinic screening of more than 1 million people, the group classifying itself as overweight had prevalence rates of hypertension 50% to 300% higher than other screenees. Frequency of hypertension in overweight persons aged 20 to 39 years was double that of normal weight and triple that of underweight persons. Among those aged 40 to 64 years, the overweight group had a 50% higher hypertension prevalence rate than the normal-weight group and 100% higher than the underweight group. With each higher degree of blood pressure elevation, relative frequency of hypertension with overweight was larger. Thus this study confirms, in the largest group surveyed to date, similar findings in previous cross-sectional surveys. It is also consistent with data from longitudinal and intervention studies on the importance of overweight in relation to hypertension. ( JAMA 240:1607-1610, 1978)
643 citations
TL;DR: A binomial model was developed, and some of its characteristics were tested against data from 4120 scores obtained on the CID Auditory Test W-22, and good agreement was found between predicted and observed values.
Abstract: Many studies have reported variability data for tests of speech discrimination, and the disparate results of these studies have not been given a simple explanation. Arguments over the relative meri...
550 citations
TL;DR: An assessment is made of commonly used dietary survey methods in terms of their appropriateness for measuring individual dietary intake, and suggestions are made for improving the design and methods of nutritional surveys, especially with regard to reducing errors introduced by intra-individual variation.
537 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify the circumstances in which high credibility either facilitates, inhibits, or has no effect on the communicator's persuasiveness in relation to a less credible source.
Abstract: Two experiments are reported identifying the circumstances in which high credibility either facilitates, inhibits, or has no effect on the communicator's persuasiveness in relation to a less credible source. These data provide support for the cognitive response view of information processing and suggest the importance of message recipient's initial opinion as a determinant of persuasion.
501 citations
TL;DR: In this article, structural instability due to strain-softening (i.e., declining branch of the stress-strain diagram) is presented, and the existence of a lower limit on the size of this region permits ductility, along with its dependence on the structure size and stored energy, to be predicted by a stability analysis.
Abstract: Analysis of structural instability due to strain-softening (i.e., declining branch of the stress-strain diagram) is presented. In a continuum, strain-softening is impossible; it can exist only in a heterogeneous material. Failure occurs by unstable localization of strain or beam curvature, in which the stored strain energy of the structure is transferred into a small strain-softening region whose size is several times the aggregate size, or the spacing of reinforcement, or the depth of the beam. The existence of a lower limit on the size of this region permits ductility, along with its dependence on the size and stored energy, to be predicted by a stability analysis. Calculations of limit loads and moment redistributions in strain-softening beams and frames must include instability checks of possible curvature localization. The same applies to finite element analyses of reinforced concrete structures with account of tensile cracking, and predictions of limit loads of these structures which are questionable because they depend on the size of the finite elements.
467 citations
451 citations
TL;DR: Recordings made from chinchilla auditory nerve fibers after portions of the cochlear outer hair cell (OHC) population were destroyed with the antibiotic kanamycin suggested that outer hair cells provide a frequency-dependent sensitizing influence to the inner hair cells.
Abstract: 1. Recordings were made from chinchilla auditory nerve fibers after portions of the cochlear outer hair cell (OHC) population were destroyed with the antibiotic kanamycin. In most cases the inner hair cell (IHC) population was completely preserved as determined by phase-contrast microscopy. We presume that the remaining IHCs are functionally normal, and thus that recordings obtained from fibers originating from the lesioned cochlear segment reflect IHC behavior. 2. Behavioral thresholds were measured for all animals both before and after the production of the cochlear lesion. The audiograms and the histological evaluation of the ears were the basis for assessing whether a particular fiber originated in a normal, pathological (shifted threshold; IHC only), or border region. These criteria also identified the animals that sustained IHC damage together with the destruction of part of the OHC population. Only the data obtained from those fibers which probably originated from the OHC-free segment of the cochlea are considered in detail. 3. Fibers whose characteristic frequency (CF) identified them as belonging to the normal (audiometrically and histologically) region, were found to be normal in all respects. 4. Fibers from the border region (where the audiogram has a steep slope between normal and hearing-loss regions probably corresponding to the segment where OHC loss progresses from less than 10% to more than 90%) had very complex response patterns. Their frequency threshold curves (FTC) showed great variability. In general, the closer the fiber was to the fully developed lesion, the more abnormal its FTC became. 5. Those units that were concluded to have originated from the OHC-free part of the cochlea could be divided into three categories on the basis of the shape of their FTCs. A small fraction had very broad tuning (9%). The majority (53%) had approximately normal tail segment, normal bandwidth of the tip segment, and highly elevated threshold at CF. A group of fibers (38%) could not be assigned a CF. Probably the FTC of most of these latter fibers are similar to those of the previous group, but the sharply tuned short tip segment was either missed or was not reachable on account of its extremely high threshold level. 6. Such indexes of fiber response as latency, spontaneous rate, and time pattern (PST histograms) were not affected by the loss of OHCs. 7. On the basis of the data and of the assumptions made it was suggested that outer hair cells provide a frequency-dependent sensitizing influence to the inner hair cells. The frequency dependence could best be expressed as a flat-topped band pass characteristic.
418 citations
TL;DR: Results indicate that the carrier, albumin microspheres with entrapped Fe3O4, and adriamycin HCl, can be concentrated at a predetermined site in vivo by a magnetic field.
Abstract: SummaryA novel carrier system for the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents by magnetic means to desired sites has been developed. Results indicate that the carrier, albumin microspheres with entrapped Fe3O4, and adriamycin HCl, can be concentrated at a predetermined site in vivo by a magnetic field. Carrier delivery of adriamycin is supported by the presence of a significant concentration of the drug at the site of carrier localization. This delivery system allows for the accumulation of local adriamycin which is comparable to that achieved by administration of a 100-fold higher dose of the free drug.
415 citations
TL;DR: For example, the authors found that media-distributed coupons and cents-off deals induce brand switching and result in less loyalty when retracted than if no deal was made. But they did not find that these coupons increased brand switching.
Abstract: Analysis of panel data for two consumer packaged goods indicates that media-distributed coupons and cents-off deals induce brand switching and result in less loyalty when retracted than if no deal ...
TL;DR: An adjunct, polyquarternary amines, specifically Polybrene, that greatly reduces or eliminates this problem of automatic spinning-cup sequenators being incapable of approaching the carboxy terminus of a peptide.
TL;DR: In this paper, subjects in an experimental simulation played the role of a decision maker in the World Bank and were asked to allocate resources to one of several courses of action and their commitment was measured following a financial setback.
Abstract: March 1978, volume 23 Subjects in an experimental simulation played the role of a decision maker in the World Bank. This simulation was designed to tap some variables relevant for policy situations and to compare specific predictions derived from six psychological theories. Subjects were asked to allocate resources to one of several courses of action and their commitment was measured following a financial setback. Causal information pertaining to the financial setback was experimentally manipulated as was prior success or failure experience. The results showed that individuals may process information differently after a failure as opposed to a success experience, and that this differential processing may account for differences in commitment to policy decisions.
TL;DR: In this article, the Laplace transform has been used to model the deformation of shells of revolution under axisymmetric mechanical and thermal load, and the theory of heat conduction has been applied to elasticity.
Abstract: 1 Introduction.- 2 Mathematical groundwork.- 2.1 Tensor calculus.- 2.2 List of useful formulas.- 3 Fundamentals of thermodynamics.- 3.1 System. State. State parameters and functions.- 3.2 The laws of thermodynamics.- 3.3 Nonuniform systems.- 4 Thermodynamics of elastic deformations.- 5 Modes of heat transfer.- 5.1 Radiation.- 5.2 Convection.- 5.3 Conduction.- 6 Theory of heat conduction.- 6.1 Classical differential equation of heat conduction.- 6.2 Initial and boundary conditions.- 7 An hyperbolic equation of heat conduction.- 8 The linear thermoelastic solid.- 8.1 Anisotropy of materials.- 8.2 Certain types of thermoelastic coupling.- 9 The temperature field.- 9.1 Integral transforms.- 9.1a The Laplace transform.- 9.1b Fourier transforms.- 9.1c Hankel transforms.- 9.2 Separation of variables.- 9.3 Green's, or influence, functions.- 9.3a Steady states.- 9.3b Time-dependent states.- 9.4 Duhamel's superposition theorems.- 9.5 Solidification and melting.- 10 Stress and deformation fields.- 10.1 Goodier's thermoelastic potential.- 10.2 Method of biharmonic representations.- 10.3 Betti-Maysel reciprocal method.- 10.4 Thermoelastic-elastic correspondence principle.- 10.5 Method of Green's function.- 10.6 Method of a complex variable.- 10.6a General concepts and theorems.- 10.6b Series expansions.- 10.6c Conformai mapping.- 10.6d Applications to elasticity.- 10.6e Uniqueness of solution. Connectivity of regions.- 10.6f Cauchy integrals.- 10.7 The extended Boussinesq-Papkovich-Neuber solution.- 11 Uniqueness of solution. Stress-free thermoelastic fields.- 11.1 Uniqueness of solution.- 11.2 Stress-free thermoelastic fields.- 11.2a Three-dimensional regions.- 11.2b Two-dimensional regions.- 12 Anisotropic bodies.- 12.1 Correspondence principle for anisotropic bodies.- 12.2 Thermal stresses in an orthotropic hollow cylinder.- 12.3 Thermal stresses in a transversely isotropic half-space.- 13 Stresses due to solidification.- 14 Thermoelastic stresses in plates.- 14.1 General equations.- 14.2 Boundary conditions.- 14.3 Correspondence principle for isotropic plates.- 14.4 Two characteristic cases.- 14.5 Laminated composite plates.- 15 Thermoelastic stresses in shells.- 15.1 Deformation of shells of revolution under axisymmetric mechanical and thermal load.- 15.2 State of stress in shells of revolution deformed axisymmetrically.- 15.3 General theory of shells.- 15.4 Shells of revolution deformed arbitrarily.- 15.5 Donnell's theory of cylindrical shells.- 15.6 Boundary conditions.- 15.7 Equation of heat conduction for shells.- 16 Thermoelastic stresses in bars.- 16.1 Bars of solid cross-section.- 16.2 Bars of thin-walled open cross-section.- 16.3 Bars of thin-walled closed cross-section.- 16.4 Torsion of bars of thin-walled open cross-section.- 17 Thermoelastic stresses around cracks.- 18 Thermoelastic stability of bars and plates.- 18.1 Bars of solid and thin-walled closed cross-section.- 18.2 Bars of thin-walled open cross-section.- 18.3 Plates.- 18.4 Post-buckling behavior of plates.- 19 Moving and periodic fields.- 19.1 General remarks.- 19.2 Illustrative examples.- 20 Thermoelastic vibrations and waves.- 20.1 General concepts and equations.- 20.2 Thermoelastic harmonic waves in infinite media.- 20.3 Thermoelastic Rayleigh waves.- 20.4 Thermoelastic vibrations of a spinning disk.- 20.5 Wave discontinuities.- 21 Coupled thermoelasticity.- 22 Thermoelasticity of porous materials.- 23 Electromagnetic thermoelasticity.- 23.1 Basic concepts of electromagnetism.- 23.2 Maxwell's equations.- 23.3 Lorentz force. Maxwell stresses.- 23.4 Moving bodies.- 23.5 Electromagnetic energy.- 23.6 Electromagnetic thermoelastic equations.- 23.6a Thermoelasticity of dielectrics.- 23.6b Thermoelasticity of ferromagnetic bodies.- 23.6c Applications.- 24 Piezothermoelasticity.- 25 Random thermoelastic processes.- 25.1 General concepts and equations.- 25.1a Random variables.- 25.1b Random processes.- 25.2 Spectral density.- 26 Variational methods in thermoelasticity.- 26.1 General remarks.- 26.2 Virtual work.- 26.3 Principles of stationary energy of Hemp.- 26.4 Principle of Washizu.- 26.5 Principle of Biot.- Literature.- Author index.
TL;DR: This paper explored the role of play and games in childhood socialization and found that boys' greater exposure to complex games may give them an advantage in occupational milieus that share structural features with those games.
Abstract: Aside from Mead and Piaget, little attention has been paid to the world of play and games in the study of childhood socialization. This chapter discusses the Mead and Piaget tradition by focusing on play and games as situations in which crucial learning takes place, but it goes beyond Mead's and Piaget's work in three important ways. A central concern of this study is to explore sex differences in the organization of children's play and to speculate on the sources as well as the potential effects of those differences. Greater attention is given to girls' games as they are less familiar to adults. In contrast, this analysis focused on the peer group as the agent of socialization, children's play as the activity of socialization, and social skills as the product of socialization. One implication of this research is that boys' greater exposure to complex games may give them an advantage in occupational milieus that share structural features with those games.
TL;DR: Results show that organ-specific, nonspecies-specific antibodies reactive with the cell surface of the islet cells can be present in serum from diabetic children, and provide an approach to investigation of immunopathological aspects of diabetes mellitus.
Abstract: Using an indirect immunofluorescence test on suspensions of viable, insulin-producing islet cells from rats, we found that 32 per cent (28/88) of insulin-treated patients with juvenile diabetes have isletcell-surface antibodies in their circulation. These antibodies also occurred in four of nine children with glucose intolerance, in one of 24 healthy children and in nondiabetic children with thyroid disorders. In the diabetic children, the immunofluorescent reaction was inhibited by preadsorption of serum to islet cells but was little affected by preadsorption to rat hepatocytes or erythrocytes or to acetone powders of various rat tissues, including pancreas. These results show that organ-specific, non-species-specific antibodies reactive with the cell surface of the islet cells can be present in serum from diabetic children, and provide an approach to investigation of immunopathological aspects of diabetes mellitus. (N Engl J Med 299:375–380, 1978)
TL;DR: Information theory is used to derive three complementary tests that help analysts select a "best" disaggregate model and extends the information test to examine the relationships among successively more powerful null hypotheses.
Abstract: Disaggregate demand models predict the choice behavior of individual consumers. But while such models predict choice probabilities 0
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple representation for the crack-face displacement is employed to compute a weight function solely from stress intensity factors for a reference loading configuration, and the weight function for a corner crack in an LMFBR hexagonal sub-assembly duct is constructed from stress-intensity-factor results for the uniformly over-pressurized case.
TL;DR: Results suggest that classroom acoustics should be considered a critical variable in the educational achievement of children.
Abstract: The monosyllabic word discrimination of normal and hearing-impaired children was evaluated in situations selected to simulate acoustical conditions in current educational environments. All listener...
TL;DR: In this paper, it is proposed that the origin of the intensity enhancement arises from very large changes in the polarizability derivative with respect to a normal coordinate, by virtue of the image field at the admolecule.
Abstract: In this work, we provide a simple classical model to explain the enormous intensity enhancement observed for Raman scattering from molecules adsorbed on electrode surfaces. It is proposed that the origin of the intensity enhancement arises from very large changes in the polarizability derivative with respect to a normal coordinate, by virtue of the image field at the admolecule. A qualitative discussion of the role of adsorbed counter ions is presented. We tentatively propose that the dependence of the intensity enhancement on counter ion concentration may be understood in terms of nearest neighbor dipole–dipole stabilization of surface clusters of counter ions with the adsorbate molecule. We also discuss some limitations of the classical model, and propose some further experiments that may lead to clarification of the ideas presented in this work.
TL;DR: It is postulated that the capacity of some of these agents to inhibit leukocyte chemotaxis may account, in part, for their efficacy in inflammatory skin diseases such as acne vulgaris.
TL;DR: In this paper, a mathematical model for water transfer in concrete above 100°C is developed, and the pore volume available to free water increases as dehydration due to heating progresses and as pore pressure is increased.
Abstract: A mathematical model for water transfer in concrete above 100°C is developed. Drying tests of heated concrete are reported and material parameters of the model are identified from these tests as well as other test data available in the literature. It is found that water transfer is governed principally by the gradient of pore pressure, which represents the pressure in vapor if concrete is not saturated. Permeability is found to increase about 200 times as temperature passes 100°C, which could be explained by a loss of necks on migration passages. The pore volume available to free water increases as dehydration due to heating progresses and as the pore pressure is increased. The temperature effect on pressure-water content (sorption) relations is determined. Thermodynamic properties of water are used to calculate pore pressures. A finite element program for coupled water and heat transfer is developed and validated by fitting test data.
TL;DR: A tape hardest deterministic context-free language is described and the best upper bound known on the tape complexity of (deterministic) context- free languages is (log(n) 2).
Abstract: Let DSPACE(L(n)) denote the family of languages recognized by deterministic L(n)-tape bounded Turmg machines The pnnopal result described m this paper is the equivalence of the following statements (l) The determtmsttc context-free language L~ 2) (described m the paper) is m DSPACE(Iog(n)) (2) The simple LL(I) languages are m DSPACE(tog(n)) (3) The simple precedence languages are in DSPACE(Iog(n)). (4) DSPACE(Iog(n)) is identical to the famdy of languages recogmzed by deterministic two-way multlhead pushdown automata m polynomml tmae These results are obtained by constructing a determlmstlc context-free language L~ 2~ which is log(n)-complete for the family of determlmstlc context-free languages In other words, a tape hardest deterministic context-free language is described The best upper bound known on the tape complexity of (deterministic) context-free languages is (log(n)) 2
TL;DR: Development of the chick dorsal root ganglia was examined in 4‐ to 9.5‐day embryos and autoradiography was used to analyze proliferative activity and the Feulgen procedure to analyze degenerative activity in ganglia 12–17.
Abstract: Development of the chick dorsal root ganglia was examined in 4.5- to 9.5-day embryos. Tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) and autoradiography was used to analyze proliferative activity and the Feulgen procedure to analyze degenerative activity in ganglia 12-17. Proliferative activity was found to be elevated through 4.5 days of incubation when as many as 14% of the ganglionic cells become labelled following a one-hour exposure to 3H-TdR. By 6.5 to 7.5 days proliferative activity decreases to 2-4% in the lateroventral (LV) regions and to approximately 1% in the mediodorsal (MD) regions of the ganglia. However, there appears to be increased proliferative activity by the end of the experimental period at 9.5 days. Birthdate studies demonstrate that large-scale neuronal production occurs between 4.5 and 6.5 days in the LV regions and between 4.5 and 7.5 days in the MD regions. After those times ganglionic proliferative activity must be largely nonneuronal in nature. This nonneuronal proliferation is greater in LV than in MD regions and in brachial than in nonbrachial ganglia. Degenerative activiy was found to be absent from the ganglia until after 4.5 days of incubation. It then increases rapidly, and by 5.5 days 5% of the LV cells in nonbrachial ganglia are degenerating. Degenerative activity then declines but is still present at 9.5 days. In contrast to results of an earlier study (Hamburger and Levi-Montalcini, '49), degenerative activity was also found in the LV region of brachial ganglia and the MD regions of brachial and nonbrachial ganglia. The pattern of LV degenerative activity in brachial ganglia is similar to that in nonbrachial ganglia, but the level of activity is lower. In the MD regions degenerative activity increases throughout the experimental period, and by 9.5 days as many as 4% of the MD cells are degenerating.
TL;DR: The pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B were studied in two patients at the conclusion of long-term therapy for disseminated histoplasmosis and the distribution kinetics were adequately described by a three-compartment mamillary model with a total distribution volume averaging 4 liters/kg.
Abstract: The pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B were studied in two patients at the conclusion of long-term therapy for disseminated histoplasmosis. The distribution kinetics of this drug were adequately described by a three-compartment mamillary model with a total distribution volume averaging 4 liters/kg. The elimination phase half-life of amphotericin B was approximately 15 days, reflecting slow release of amphotericin B from a peripheral compartment. In accordance with previous reports, renal excretion accounted for only 3% of total amphotericin B elimination. The pharmacokinetic model for one of the patients also was used to compare the simulated amphotericin B serum levels that would be expected if initial therapy followed two recommended regimens.
TL;DR: By school age the gap in cognitive ability between the treated children and a group of privileged children in the same city had narrowed, the effect being greater the younger the children were when they entered the treatment program.
Abstract: Beginning at different ages in their preschool years, groups of chronically undernourished children from Colombian families of low socioeconomic status participated in a program of treatment combining nutritional, health care, and educational features. By school age the gap in cognitive ability between the treated children and a group of privileged children in the same city had narrowed, the effect being greater the younger the children were when they entered the treatment program. The gains were still evident at the end of the first grade in primary school, a year after the experiment had ended.
TL;DR: Through the use of linear transformations on random matrices, this procedure is capable of generating Gaussian or non-Gaussian rough surfaces with any given surface autocorrelation function.
TL;DR: In this paper, peak surface motions are calculated from the Richter magnitude and distance from tunnel to causative fault, and associated damage are campared internally and externally to determine damage modes and indices.
Abstract: Observation of rock-tunnel response to earthquake motions is compared with calculated peak surface motions for 71 cases to determine damage modes and indices. Damage, ranging from cracking to closure occurred in 41 of the observations. Peak surface motions serve as the principal variables in the study since shaking affects the greatest tunnel mileage, is nonsite specific and has the greatest likelihood of multiple occurrence. The peak motions, calculated from the Richter Magnitude and distance from tunnel to causative fault, and associated damage are campared internally and externally. The internal comparison of earthquake observations yields threshold values of peak motions associated with specific modes of tunnel damage. These thresholds are then externally compared with damaging motions from explosion-test studies to determine the relative conservatism of the threshold values. The results of the comparisons indicate that the damage thresholds are conservative and that tunnels are safer than above-ground structures for a given intensity of shaking.