Russian State Agricultural University

About: Russian State Agricultural University is a education organization based out in Moscow, Russia. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Biology. The organization has 80 authors who have published 61 publications receiving 446 citations.

Growth and Development Patterns of the Skeleton in Simmental and Cross Young Beef Bulls

Abstract: The age-related carcass-morphology and composition changes and the growth and development patterns of the axial and peripheral skeleton systems and the bones composing them in the Simmental and crossbred young beef bulls have been studied. In order to carry out the survey, the young bulls were divided into three groups of 15 animals each. The first (control) group included the purebred Simmental young bulls. The second (experimental) group was formed of the halfbred and crossbred young stock produced by crossbreeding between the Simmental cows and the Simmental beef bulls of German selection. The third (experimental) group was composed of the crosses of Simmental cows with Charolais bulls. The Charolais crosses had more energy for growth. Thus, their liveweights comprised 431.9, 523.4, and 620.6 kg at the ages of 12, 15, and 18 months, respectively, which were 7.8, 7.5, and 10.2% more than that in their peers of the maternal breed. The crossbred young stock in both groups was distinct for carcass morphology and composition, reaching a more advanced level of the carcass flesh-coverage mass in all the age intervals when compared that to the purebred Simmentals. The age-related changes in the absolute and relative masses of the young-bull carcass bones are caused by different intensities specific to bone growth in the axial and peripheral skeleton systems. For instance, the intensity of bone growth in the axial skeleton system tended to increase in the postnatal period, while the bone growth rates of the peripheral skeleton system decreased. Irregularity in developing the indicated skeleton systems is caused by different intensities specific to growth of certain bones and their complexes. The highest growth rate is usually typical for ribs and the vertebral column, while the slowest growth rate is most common for extremitas thoracica and extremas pelvina. The bone growth rates for the limb proximal structures generally exceed that for the distal bone structures. The age-related differences in the growth rates of certain skeleton structures can cause some changes in ratios between the linear body measurements of the young bulls.

Semisterile meiotic mutant sy11 with heterologous chromosome synapsis in rye Secale cereale L.

Abstract: A study was made of the expression and inheritance of the sy11 mutation, which alters homologous chromosome synapsis in meiotic prophase I of rye. The abnormal phenotype proved to be determined by a recessive allele of a single sy11 gene. Univalents and multivalents were observed in homozygotes for the mutant allele. Analysis of the synaptonemal complex revealed a combination of homologous and nonhomologous synapsis in the mutant. The nonhomologous synapsis frequency significantly decreased in the course of meiotic prophase I in the mutant. The number of chiasmata per bivalent in metaphase I was 1.1 ± 0.01 versus 1.8 ± 0.01 in wild-type plants, and the number of univalents was 2.7 ± 0.06 versus 0.5 ± 0.05 in wild-type plants. As a result, a broad range of abnormalities was observed at subsequent stages of meiosis and led to the formation of defective microspores. Mutant plants were semisterile.

Survey on UHF Device Operating Modes for Thermal Treatment and Disinfection of Nonfood Animal-Origin Raw Materials

Abstract: The authors have developed ultra-high-frequency (UHF) devices of several types that are different in their operation and design principles. It is well known that the technological process of the animal product treatment includes a range of operations resulting in obtaining the final products and nonedible by-products approved for livestock feed manufacturing. Therefore, the development of technologies and technical means for treatment of slaughterhouse waste classed as nonedible animal by-products, which can provide the opportunity to make the processed protein product, is considered urgent. For this reason, surveys on UHF devices’ operating modes for thermal treatment of slaughterhouse waste were carried out. A description of the continuous mode operating principle of a UHF device combined with a resonator for the thermal treatment of nonfood by-products of raw meat material is reported. The combined resonator designed to ensure the electromagnetic safety limits is presented as a variation of a cylindrical resonator with a hemispherical base providing the raw material supply. The regression-based models optimizing the UHF device operating modes are developed. A description of the technology and the device for thermal treatment of the nonfood animal-origin raw materials under the impact of high-frequency electromagnetic fields, operating in the continuous mode, is reported. The properties of dielectric heating of the multicomponent raw material during its grinding in the resonator chamber and the analogs of the HVF devices are considered.

Simulation Model for Biogas Project Efficiency Maximization

Abstract: Abstract A simulation method (SM), linear programming method (LPM), project evaluation methods (PEMs), and whole farm modeling (WFM) were applied to analyze the investment appeal of a biogas project on a Russian farm. The biogas project was evaluated for constant input parameters. The project efficiency evaluation procedure was elaborated to evaluate and maximize biogas investment project efficiency. The procedure to evaluate the project efficiency includes defining the optimal state of the farm for the situations “with project” and “without project.” The main elements for optimization are the equipment for anaerobic digestion, substrate blend structure, fertilizing plan, cost plan, and farm production structure. The optimization was fulfilled by simulation modeling (SM) and LPM. The situations “with project” and “without project” were compared by using PEMs, the main indicators of project efficiency: net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), payback period (PBP), and profitability index (PI). The optimal substrate blend structure was defined by the direct search method (DSM) to select the probe providing the highest NPV afterward. The procedure to maximize biogas project efficiency was applied to justify the benefits of biogas production on the farm under corresponding conditions and to work out the recommendations for businesses and municipalities.