Showing papers by "School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences published in 1999"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present instrumental measurements based on a consonant/vowel segmentation for eight languages and show that intuitive rhythm types reflect specific phonological properties, which in turn are signaled by the acoustic/phonetic properties of speech.
1,168 citations
TL;DR: The findings support the notion that syllabic rhythm is a necessary and sufficient cue for French adult subjects to discriminate English from Japanese sentences and the new methodology proposed appears to be well suited to study language discrimination.
Abstract: This paper proposes a new experimental paradigm to explore the discriminability of languages, a question which is crucial to the child born in a bilingual environment. This paradigm employs the speech resynthesis technique, enabling the experimenter to preserve or degrade acoustic cues such as phonotactics, syllabic rhythm, or intonation from natural utterances. English and Japanese sentences were resynthesized, preserving broad phonotactics, rhythm, and intonation (condition 1), rhythm and intonation (condition 2), intonation only (condition 3), or rhythm only (condition 4). The findings support the notion that syllabic rhythm is a necessary and sufficient cue for French adult subjects to discriminate English from Japanese sentences. The results are consistent with previous research using low-pass filtered speech, as well as with phonological theories predicting rhythmic differences between languages. Thus, the new methodology proposed appears to be well suited to study language discrimination. Applications for other domains of psycholinguistic research and for automatic language identification are considered.
254 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors address the problem of perception of poverty and the second question deals with the measurement aspect of poverty, since the efficacy of an antipoverty policy is evaluated by observing changes in the level of poverty.
Abstract: Removal of poverty has been and continues to be one of the primary aims of economic policy in many countries Two important questions that arise in this context are: What exactly do we mean by poverty? In what sense do we say that poverty of a nation has increased or decreased over a certain time period? The first question addresses the problem of ‘perception of poverty’ The second question deals with ‘measurement of poverty’ In this paper we are interested in the measurement aspect of poverty Since the efficacy of an antipoverty policy is evaluated by observing changes in the level of poverty, the way poverty is measured is important both for an understanding of poverty and for policy applications
85 citations
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TL;DR: For the dominant sections of the bourgeoisie and the aristocracy, an ethical education for their daughters is always a major preoccupation. as discussed by the authors The "Notre Dame des Oiseaux" school is not so much an excepcional case as a bordeline case.
Abstract: For the dominant sections of the bourgeoisie and the aristocracy, an ethical education ¾ a "good"education ¾ for their daughters, is always a major preoccupation.Instruction, on the other hand, a training for intellectual activity, is considered of secundary importance, as though, in the case of theses girls, the transmission of the economic and cultural capital. The "Notre Dame des Oiseaux" school, is not so much an excepcional case as a bordeline case.With a few concessions to the new bourgeois morality, and thanks to the extreme homogeneity not only of its pupils, but also of its teaching staff and the sisters, the preparation for a specific role ¾ "happy" mother, cultivated wife, with a job but quite prepared to give it up, pious, involved in some charitable activity ¾ remains the most important aspect of the education of young girls of this milieu.
48 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors deal with the nature of the relations that the Chilean nation (imagined as homogeneous and European) and the state (centralized and looking for territorial unity) established with the Mapuche, the biggest indigenous groups in Latin America.
Abstract: Before the indigenous law of 1993 recognized the existence of cultural pluralism in the national territory and set up the basis for the participation of «the Chilean ethnic groups», the aboriginal peoples were merely considered as legal «objects». Indeed, the indigenous policy implemented by the Chilean state since independence was mainly characterized by the state's will to assimilate the indigenous people. This article deals with the nature of the relations that the Chilean nation (imagined as homogeneous and European) and the state (centralized and looking for territorial unity) established with the Mapuche, one of the biggest indigenous groups in Latin America.
33 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the changing social mobility in 19th-century France and the role of historical methods in the process of social mobility change in the 19th century.
Abstract: (1999). Changing Social Mobility in Nineteenth-Century France. Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History: Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 53-73.
23 citations
TL;DR: It is conjecture that under favorable circumstances, deaf children exploit sign input to gain entry into the language system with the same facility as hearing children do with spoken input.
Abstract: Sign language has only recently become a topic of investigation in cognitive neuroscience and psycholinguistics. In this paper, we review research from these two fields; in particular, we compare spoken and signed language by looking at data concerning either cortical representations or early acquisition. As to cognitive neuroscience, we show that clinical neuropsychological data regarding sign language is partially inconsistent with imaging data. Indeed, whereas both clinical neuropsychology and imagery show the involvement of the left hemisphere in sign language processing, only the latter highlights the importance of the right hemisphere. We discuss several possible interpretations of these contrasting findings. As to psycholinguistics, we survey research on the earliest stages of the acquisition of spoken language, and consider these stages in the acquisition of sign language. We conjecture that under favorable circumstances, deaf children exploit sign input to gain entry into the language system with the same facility as hearing children do with spoken input. More data, however, are needed in order to gain a fuller understanding of the relation of different kinds of natural languages to both the underlying anatomical representations and their early acquisition.
22 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyse the social and institutional mechanisms that support the idea of violence as a kind of irruption of the primitive and take into account that there are contrasting situations of exposure to violence into the modern societies.
Abstract: The crisis in the progressist representation of History, in which the violence has got a positive meaning as regarded as expression of social classes dispute, gave place, nowadays, to a negative concept of violence, which is now regarded as a failure, and is understood as an appeal to the physical and material world, of a society which has got only mediate information. Therefore, the violence is considered a kind of irruption of the primitive. In this way, it is necessary to mistrust a general definition of violence and take into account that there are contrasting situations of exposure to violence into the modern societies, and that because of this, it is necessary to analyse the social and institutional mechanisms which support this idea.
21 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the evolucion of las estrategias y metodos utilizados by los espanoles for dominar a los pueblos autoctonos (reche o mapuche) del centro-sur de Chile.
Abstract: En este trabajo se analiza la evolucion de las estrategias y metodos utilizados por los espanoles para dominar a los pueblos autoctonos (reche o mapuche) del centro-sur de Chile. Se pretende demostrar que existe una diferencia radical entre el modelo de conquista imperante durante el primer siglo (1550-1641) y los dispositivos de sujecion que se asentaron despues (1641-1810), pasando de una maquina de conquista soberana, que remite a un ejercicio violento del poder y que tiende a funcionar a partir de la integracion-exclusion, a otra que se funda en una empresa de civilizacion-asimilacion de los pueblos sin policia. Asimismo, se pone en evidencia el papel central jugado por los jesuitas en el paso de un modelo a otro.
20 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the effects of competition in regulated industries may have positive or negative side effects on the provision of collective goods or services, and that these effects are closely related to the industrial strategies developed by utilities and the regulatory environment within which they operate.
Abstract: The introduction of competition in regulated industries may have positive or negative side-effects on the provision of collective goods or services. The paper shows that these effects are closely related to two associated elements: the industrial strategies developed by utilities and the regulatory environment within which they operate. Regulatory rules and corporate strategies influence the treatment of public service obligations. This raises a major issue regarding the regulation of public utilities. To reduce the drawbacks of the introduction of competition, it is necessary to set regulatory rules that allow the implementation of market configurations enabling public utilities to follow a public service orientation rather than a pure market-based approach. © CIRIEC 1999.
17 citations
TL;DR: The authors showed that verb gapping exists in Chinese and that the verb in Chinese can leave the VP-shell and raise to a functional category in overt syntax under particular circumstances under the assumption that verb movement is confined to the VP shell.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that the effects of competition in regulated industries may have positive or negative side effects on the provision of collective goods or services, and that these effects are closely related to the industrial strategies developed by utilities and the regulatory environment within which they operate.
Abstract: The introduction of competition in regulated industries may have positive or negative side-effects on the provision of collective goods or services. The paper shows that these effects are closely related to two associated elements: the industrial strategies developed by utilities and the regulatory environment within which they operate. Regulatory rules and corporate strategies influence the treatment of public service obligations. This raises a major issue regarding the regulation of public utilities. To reduce the drawbacks of the introduction of competition, it is necessary to set regulatory rules that allow the implementation of market configurations enabling public utilities to follow a public service orientation rather than a pure market-based approach. © CIRIEC 1999.
TL;DR: This paper examined the status of the French past tense imparfait in relation with the general notion of imperfectivity and showed that Guillaume and Smith's proposal is basically correct, however, when one takes into account different complications connected with recent studies of progressivity.
Abstract: In this paper, I examine the status of the French past tense imparfait in relation with the general notion of imperfectivity. Although a clear–cut definition of this notion might be out of reach, one can assume that there is a common intuition behind the different uses of the term.1 Imperfectivity is a perspective on an event or state. It focuses on the interior region of the eventuality referred to be the sentence. Well– known analyses of the imparfait (Guillaume 1929, Smith 1991) assign to it a basic imperfective value. This position seems to raise various problems. I will show that Guillaume’s and Smith’s proposal is basically correct, however, when one takes into account different complications connected with recent studies of progressivity. The paper is organized as follows. In section 2.1, I give a very brief description of the ways of expressing imperfectivity in French. In section 2.2, I recall the proposals of Guillaume and Smith. In section 3, I indicate some problems for their approach. In section 4, I show that the aspectual problems mentioned in 3, far from pointing to weaknesses of the imperfective thesis, provide additional evidence in its favor. Finally, in section 5, I address other potential objections to the thesis. I won’t be concerned here with non–temporal uses of the imparfait (politeness, conditionals, etc.)
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: This chapter investigates the linguistic description and formal representation of some pragmatic inferential connectives in French and uses a version of generalized quantification over proofs to describe the inferential constraints which define the various relations presupposed by the connectives.
Abstract: This chapter investigates the linguistic description and formal representation of some pragmatic inferential connectives in French. We show that connectives expressing consequence, opposition or reformulation (like anyway in English) presuppose an abstract relation between propositional arguments of certain semantic types. We first contrast inferential and non-inferential connectives, then we turn to the semantic types of the propositional arguments to lay down some basic distinctions. Finally we substantiate the relations themselves. We use a version of generalized quantification over proofs to describe the inferential constraints which define the various relations presupposed by the connectives. The very possibility of such a description suggests that inferential connectives have a genuine (presupposed) predicative content.
TL;DR: Postural reactions elicited by monocular visual stimulation in the temporal crescent of the visual field were studied in adult subjects in dynamic balance on a rocking platform and suggest that the most peripheral part of the nasal retina has a specific role in head and body stabilisation.
Abstract: Postural reactions elicited by monocular visual stimulation in the temporal crescent of the visual field were studied in adult subjects in dynamic balance on a rocking platform. Circular translation of a visual scene was induced in the temporal crescent by the rotation of membrane prisms placed laterally to the stimulated eye. In anteroposterior balance, postural reactions are identical whichever eyes is stimulated: ventral extension of the body when the visual scene moves upwards and dorsal extension when it moves downwards. In lateral balance, postural reactions vary with the stimulated eye: extension of the right side of the body when the right eye is stimulated by an upward displacement of the visual scene, extension of the left side when the left eye is stimulated. This difference, which contrasts with the similarity of reactions elicited by the stimulation of either para-foveal fields, suggests that the most peripheral part of the nasal retina has a specific role in head and body stabilisation.
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TL;DR: In this article, a combination of theory with empirical evidence on gross job flows and on financial and labour market rents was used to find that, cumulatively, recessions result in reduced restructuring, and that this is likely to be socially costly once they consider inefficiencies on both the creation and destruction margins.
Abstract: The observation that liquidations are concentrated in recessions has long been the subject of controversy. One view holds that liquidations are beneficial in that they result in increased restructuring. Another view holds that liquidations are privately inefficient and essentially wasteful. This paper proposes an alternative perspective. Based on a combination of theory with empirical evidence on gross job flows and on financial and labour market rents, we find that, cumulatively, recessions result in reduced restructuring, and that this is likely to be socially costly once we consider inefficiencies on both the creation and destruction margins.
TL;DR: In this paper, a partir d'une analyse fine de l'ensemble des interactions gestuelles, auditives et visuellis qui interviennent dans l'accomplissement du travail radiophonique, l'article nous montre comment les exigences propres a ce "travail en situation", finissent par prendre le pas sur la logique organisationnelle qui preside en amont.
Abstract: La production radiophonique a France Culture croise deux logiques : celle d’une institution chargee de metiers, d’outils et de schemas organisationnels « maison » ; celle d’une situation orientee vers la combinaison reussie et en temps reel d’un projet d’emission, de savoir faire professionnels, de ressources techniques, d’invites souvent novices et d’un public exterieur. A partir d’une analyse fine de l’ensemble des interactions gestuelles, auditives et visuelles qui interviennent dans l’accomplissement du travail radiophonique, l’article nous montre comment les exigences propres a ce « travail en situation » finissent par prendre le pas sur la logique organisationnelle qui preside en amont.
TL;DR: In this paper, an etude de cas which traite des effets d'un conflit survenu chez les Wodani is presented, in which a serie d'incestes provoquee par une ideologie millenariste, suivie de meurtres et de guerres intestines dans le clan Kundiyau avant d'analyser les efforts mobilises pour resoudre ces disfonctionnements par l'organisation d'one paiement d'homicide,
Abstract: Cet article est une etude de cas qui traite des effets d'un conflit survenu chez les Wodani. On y decrit successivement le developpement soudain d'un culte du Cargo dans cette region isolee de Nouvelle-Guinee, la serie d'incestes provoquee par une ideologie millenariste, suivie de meurtres et de guerres intestines dans le clan Kundiyau avant d'analyser les efforts mobilises pour resoudre ces disfonctionnements par l'organisation d'un paiement d'homicide, qui, grâce a une fiction juridique un peu inattendue, se realise non pas depuis le meurtrier mais a partir d'un frere de clan du prophete incestueux. Ces developpments permettent alors d'envisager plusieurs questions d'ordre plus general: celle de la notion d'inceste, celle de l'affiliation et de l'identite personnelle dans la societe Wodani, le systeme de compensation qui autorise une equivalence entre vies humaines et moyens de paiement; la doctrine eschatologique pour expliquer la fonction reproductrice des monnaies de coquillage; la theorie de la causalite et de la responsabilite juridique justifiant une accusation fictive de meurtre; et finalement, le futur des monnaies traditionnelles dans une societe aujourd'hui contrainte a reformuler son principe cosmologique de la compensation.
TL;DR: In this article, the author penser le folklore en 1937, and s'est agi d'abord de l'identifier en procedant a un pur inventaire des productions " traditionnelles" (i.e., enquerir des differents specimens de folklore, enumerer des objets, des textes, des genres, des themes, des coutumes, and des rituels).
Abstract: Comment penser le folklore en 1937 ? Pour les folkloristes de l'entredeux- guerres, il s'est agi d'abord de l'identifier en procedant a un pur inventaire des productions « traditionnelles ». Il fallait s'enquerir des differents specimens de folklore, enumerer des objets, des textes, des genres, des themes, des coutumes et des rituels, pour partir ensuite, comme les naturalistes, en quete de l'alterite, et dresser alors des listes d'echantillons plus lointains, pour les classer et les comparer. Ce travail interminable nous est restitue maintenant sous forme de catalogues indefiniment augmentes et recomposes. Malgre la pierre de touche de la comparaison, ces folkloristes ont pris le risque de brasser une universalite factice. Ce type d'enumeration conditionne des constructions dont aucun musee ethnographique, aucun centre d'archives folkloriques n'est encore completement degage de nos jours ; et pourtant, cette analyse folklorique s'est averee insuffisamment efficace pour sortir de l'impasse d'une fondation impossible.
TL;DR: A scrupulous analysis of the French translation of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism reveals an acculumation of errors which seriously alter Weber's analysis in its nodal articulations (articulation of relations of causality and affinity, intrication of ideas and interests, schemes of mediation between beliefs and behaviour).
Abstract: A scrupulous analysis of the French translation of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism reveals an acculumation of errors which seriously alter Weber's analysis in its nodal articulations (articulation of relations of causality and affinity, intrication of ideas and interests, schemes of mediation between beliefs and behaviour). The same problem arises in relation to its central conceptual mechanism (concepts of profession-vocation, of life style, of confirmation) and in relation to its theological lexicon. The analysis concludes with the urgent necessity for a new translation.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the socialist and president FHC, even having being severely criticized for having abandoned his old ideas and having turned to be part of the market dictatorship, in a balance of his first mandate, has not only a clearly positive mandate, but also situates him in the middle-left domain, which makes us expect that his second presidency can represent the reborn of the social and political life in Brazil.
Abstract: This article intends to show that the socialist and president FHC, even having being severely criticized for having abandoned his old ideas and having turned to be part of the market dictatorship, in a balance of his first mandate, has not only a clearly positive mandate, but also situates him in the middle-left domain, which makes us expect that his second presidency can represent the reborn of the social and political life in Brazil.
01 Jan 1999
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TL;DR: The authors examines within a unified methodology expectational coordination in a series of economic models, view rational expectations equilibria as reasonable predictors whenever they can be derived from more basic Common Knowledge hypothesis.
Abstract: The paper examines within a unified methodology expectational coordination in a series of economic models. The methodology views rational expectations equilibria as reasonable predictors whenever they can be derived from more basic Common Knowledge hypothesis. The paper successively considers a simple non noisy N-dimensional model, standard models with "intrinsic" uncertainty, reference intertemporal models with infinite horizon. It reviews existing results and suggests new ones. It translates the formal results into looser but economically intuitive statements, whose robutness, in the present state of knowledge, is tentatively ascertained.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyse l'inscription de l'entreprise missionnaire dans sa double dimension economicopolitique, avec lengagement dans la production sucriere, and spirituelle, assurer le salut du missionnaire and la conversion des Indiens.
Abstract: La province jesuite du Bresil est parcourue au debut duxviie siecle par une serie de tensions qui relevent autant de son rapport a la societe coloniale contemporaine que de ses relations avec le centre romain. A travers l’etude d’un document programmatique exceptionnel et original, dont l’auteur et la date de redaction demeurent inconnus, lesAdvertencias para a provincia do Brasil, on analyse l’inscription de l’entreprise missionnaire dans sa double dimension economicopolitique, avec l’engagement dans la production sucriere, et spirituelle, assurer le salut du missionnaire et la conversion des Indiens. Ce projet, qui fait de l’aldeia la structure determinante de la presence et de l’action jesuites en terre de Bresil, revele une vision globale de la mission, a la fois geopolitique, economique et religieuse que l’historiographie traditionnelle a occultee au profit d’une approche exclusivement spirituelle.
TL;DR: Neo-Messianism in Contemporary Israel as mentioned in this paper was viewed by the Orthodox and by secular Zionists alike as characteristic of traditional Judaism, and early religious Zionists upheld this passive conception, and could thus define Zionism purely political terms and distinguish between political goals and religious yearnings.
Abstract: Neo-Messianism in Contemporary Israel. KRIEGEL. When Zionism emerged at the end of the 19th century quietisi messianism was viewed by the Orthodox and by secular Zionists alike as characteristic of traditional Judaism. Early religious Zionists upheld too this passive conception, and could thus define Zionism purely political terms and distinguish between political goals and religious yearnings. But the religious zionist movement eventually endorsed view which interpreted the zionist awakening as sign of the beginnings of imminent redemption. After 1973 messianic religious Zionists felt themselves the vanguard of Zionism and their influence grew as Labor leaders in Israel were impressed by the commitment of the messianic activists to "pioneer" values. Messianic enthusiasm receded in the and as secular values increasingly permeated Israeli society zionist and non-zionist Orthodox became reconciled and joined forces to resist the secularizing trend under the banner of neo-traditionalism.
TL;DR: Other properties of the median procedure for orders are obtained, like the Pareto property of medians with the symmetric difference metric, and this approach is compared with other consensus approaches.
TL;DR: The authors reproduce les reponses a des questions donnees par quatre temoins et acteurs contemporains importants de l'historiographie de la Compagnie de Jesus durant les temps modernes.
Abstract: L'article reproduit les reponses a des questions donnees par quatre temoins et acteurs contemporains importants de l'historiographie de la Compagnie de Jesus durant les temps modernes. Les questions portent surtout sur les traits saillants des apports nouveaux sur l'histoire des jesuites, sur sa specificite, sur la redecouverte du caractere europeen de la Compagnie et les nouveaux problemes historiques poses.
TL;DR: In this article, the author concentre son approche de l’activite theâtrale dans les colleges jesuites a la fin duxvie et au debut duxviie siecle sur la figure mal connue de l'acteur chretien, un antiacteur investi de toute la force de verite.
Abstract: L’auteur concentre son approche de l’activite theâtrale dans les colleges jesuites a la fin duxvie et au debut duxviie siecle sur la figure mal connue de l’acteur. Elle se livre a l’analyse detaillee d’un certain nombre de textes pour y decrypter le portrait «en creux» de l’acteur chretien, un antiacteur investi de toute la force de verite dont le comedien singe l’image. Mais l’article inscrit, plus generalement, l’acteur des drames religieux jesuites, le plus souvent ecrits par les professeurs des colleges, dans le cadre de ces colleges, qui constituent la garantie ultime, puisque l’acteur en est l’eleve et, n’est nullement apprenti-comedien, de la difference specifique de ce theâtre.