Showing papers by "Stony Brook University published in 1980"
TL;DR: Neither general marital unhappiness nor overt marital hostility related to problem behaviors in girls, and specific findings and possible reasons for the differential results with respect to boys and girls were discussed.
Abstract: Measures of overt marital hostility, general marital adjustment, and children's behavior problems were obtained from the parents of 64 children referred to a child psychological clinic. Correlations between children's scores on measures of general marital unhappiness and overt marital hostility were compared. Overt marital hostility correlated significantly with many behavior problems of boys. However, neither general marital unhappiness nor overt marital hostility related to problem behaviors in girls. Specific findings and possible reasons for the differential results with respect to boys and girls were discussed.
696 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, unit cells and crystal structures were determined on a single crystal of quartz at seven pressures from I atm to 61.4 kbar by fitting the P-V data to a Birch-Murnaghan equation of state.
Abstract: Unit cells and crystal structures were determined on a single crystal of quartz at seven pressures from I atm to 61.4 kbar. Unit-cell parameters are a:4'916(l) and c : 5.a054(4)A at I atm, and a: 4.7O22(3) and c : 5.2561Q)A at 61.4 kbar. Structural changes observed over this pressure range include a decrease in the Si-O-Si angle ftom 143.73(7)" to 134.2(l)"' a decrease in the average Si-O bond distance from 1.6092(7) to 1.605(l)A, and an increase in distortion ofthe silicate tetrahedron. Several O-O distances show very large changes (ll7a) that can be related to the unit-cell-edge compression. As pressure is increased, the geometry of the SiO, (quartz) structure approaches that of the low-pressure GeO, (quartz) structure. The structural changes that take place with increased temperature are not the inverses of those that occur with increased pressure; changes in the Si-O-Si angle and the tetrahedral tilt angle control thermal expansion, whereas smaller changes in the Si-O-Si angle and tetrahedral distortion control isothermal compression. By constraining the zero-pressure bulk modulus to be equal to that calculated from acoustic data [K, : 0.371(2) Mbar], the pressure derivative of the bulk modulus at Tnro pressure tKi : 6.2(l)l has been calculated by fitting the P-V data to a Birch-Murnaghan equation of state. The anomalously low value of Poisson's ratio in quartz can be explai-ned by the low ratio of the off-diagonal shear moduli to the pure-shear moduli. This small ratio reflects the easily expandin! or contracting spirals of tetrahedra that behave like coiled springs.
577 citations
TL;DR: Thirty-two linear regression equations predict the frequency composition of the electroencephalogram within four frequency bands, for four bilateral regions of the brain, as a function of age.
Abstract: Thirty-two linear regression equations predict the frequency composition of the electroencephalogram within four frequency bands, for four bilateral regions of the brain, as a function of age. Equations based on such data from large groups of healthy children in the United States and Sweden are closely similar. These equations describe the development of the electrical activity of the normal human brain, independent of cultural, ethnic, socioeconomic, or sex factors.
455 citations
TL;DR: A massive Dirac neutrino has a magnetic moment which causes its spin to precess in a magnetic field This reduces the effective weak cross sections for relativistic neutrinos as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A massive Dirac neutrino has a magnetic moment, which causes its spin to precess in a magnetic field This reduces the effective weak cross sections for relativistic neutrinos An estimate on the basis of phenomenological considerations as well as the standard electroweak theory indicates that massive neutrinos from supernovae and neutron stars may contain significant mixtures of negative- and positive-helicity states
442 citations
TL;DR: There is a growing discontent among therapists of varying orientations as discussed by the authors, noting some of the political, economic, and social forces apt to affect our likelihood of ever reaching a consensus within the field and presenting an approach to the delineation and study of commonalities across various orientations.
Abstract: There is a growing discontent among therapists of varying orientations. Psychoanalytic, behavioral, and humanistically oriented clinicians are starting to raise serious questions about the limits of their respective approaches and are becoming more open to contributions from other paradigms. This article documents this trend within the field, which resembles a Kuhnian-type crisis, noting some of the political, economic, and social forces apt to affect our likelihood of ever reaching a consensus within the field and presenting an approach to the delineation and study of commonalities across various orientations.
441 citations
TL;DR: There are no consistent associations between diet and either locomotor behavior or forest utilization; rather, monkeys with similar diets show locomotor and habitat differentiation.
Abstract: The locomotor behavior, of seven sympatric species of New World monkeys—Saguinus midas midas, Saimiri sciureus, Pithecia pithecia, Chiropotes satanas chiropotes, Cebus apella apella, Alouatta seniculus, and Ateles paniscus panisus—was studied at the Raleighvallen-Voltzberg Nature Reserve in Central Surinam This paper examines the way in which locomotor behavior is related to body size and to ecological parameters such as forest stratification, forest type, and diet
Locomotor behavior is clearly related to the size of the species; with increasing size, the amount of climbing increases and the amount of leaping decreases In general, larger monkeys use larger arboreal supports; however, Saguinus midas midas uses relatively larger, and Ateles paniscus paniscus relatively smaller supports than expected from body size alone
Leaping is associated with use of the forest understory and with use of liane forest Other types of locomotion are associated with main canopy use in a variety of forest types
There are no consistent associations between diet and either locomotor behavior or forest utilization; rather, monkeys with similar diets show locomotor and habitat differentiation
426 citations
TL;DR: Generation of superoxide by leukocytes in vivo may account for the loss of synovial fluid viscosity that accompanies inflammatory joint disease.
Abstract: To investigate possible mechanisms of hyaluronic acid depolymerization, superoxide anion and other secondary oxygen-derived free radicals were generated in vitro and allowed to act upon a hyaluronate substrate. Superoxide, generated either enzymatically with xanthine oxidase or by stimulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, reduced the viscosity of hyaluronate solutions dramatically while the chromatographic profiles of the glycosaminoglycan shifted toward lower molecular weights. Superoxide-treated hyaluronate also became susceptible to further degradation by beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase A. Experiments with scavengers of various toxic oxygen-derived free radicals clearly implicated these reactants as mediators of hyaluronate depolymerization. Generation of superoxide by leukocytes in vivo may account for the loss of synovial fluid viscosity that accompanies inflammatory joint disease.
351 citations
326 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show the gravitational trace anomalies of antisymmetric tensor potentials and a scalar field A to be different, and that of A μνϱ to be non-vanishing.
313 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that aggression can sometimes function as an escape response and escape-motivated aggression can be controlled by: (a) introducing strongly preferred reinforcers to attenuate the aversiveness of the demand situation; (b) strengthening an alternative, nonaggressive escape response; or (c) using an escape-extinction procedure.
Abstract: This study sought to identify some of the variables controlling the severely aggressive behavior of two retarded children. In Experiment 1, each child was presented with several demand and nondemand situations. Aggression was frequent in the demand situations and rare in the nondemand situations. When a stimulus correlated with the termination of demands was introduced, aggression fell to a near zero level. In Experiment 2, for one child, a variety of preferred reinforcers was introduced into the demand situation contingent on correct responding. Aggression abruptly decreased to a low level. Experiments 3 and 4 involved the second child. In Experiment 3, this child was permitted, in one condition, to leave the demand situation if he emitted a nonaggressive response. Aggression decreased to a low level. In Experiment 4, he was prevented, in one condition, from leaving the demand situation in spite of high levels of aggression. Aggression fell to a near zero level. In Experiments 3 and 4, he was permitted, in several conditions, to leave the demand situation following aggressive behavior. Aggression increased to a high level. The results suggested that: (1) aggression can sometimes function as an escape response; and (2) escape-motivated aggression can be controlled by: (a) introducing strongly preferred reinforcers to attenuate the aversiveness of the demand situation; (b) strengthening an alternative, nonaggressive escape response; or (c) using an escape-extinction procedure.
307 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new class of correlated tests for neutrino masses and lepton mixing is proposed, based on (π, K)l2 decay and nuclear β decay.
TL;DR: This article examined the syntactic and sociolinguistic properties of code-switching and found that it is a highly sophisticated cognitive skill requiring an interactional bilingual competence, and argued that it throws new light on bilingual processing, e.g., the separate storage hypothesis seems to be even less plausible, the 'assembly line' model of sentence production receives support, the view of CM as a simple subsitution of second language elements at surface structure level is rejected, and there seem to be a comparison stage in code-mixed sentence production.
Abstract: Psychologists have traditionally focused on the functional separation of the two languages in the 'ideal' bilingual. However, recent studies on intrasentential code-switching, or Code Mixing (CM), show this to be a legitimate, highly structured bilingual communicative device with its own syntactic and sociolinguistic constraints. An examination of the syntactic properties of CM in particular the Dual Structure Constraint — reveals that CM is a highly sophisticated cognitive skill requiring an interactional bilingual competence. It is argued that CM throws new light on bilingual processing, e.g., the 'separate storage' hypothesis seems to be even less plausible, the 'assembly line' model of sentence production receives support, the view of CM as a simple subsitution of second language elements at surface structure level is rejected, and there seems to be a "comparison stage" in code-mixed sentence production.
TL;DR: NP-completeness results dealing with sets of strings over both finite and infinite alphabets are presented and a linear time algorithm is given for the restricted version of the superstring problem.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used phase-chemistry data for the critical effect of Cr on Al solubility, in full agreement with local Cr/Al ratio variations observed in some massifs.
TL;DR: The efferent projections of the nBOR complex, have been studied with both anterograde autoradiographic and retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) techniques.
Abstract: The efferent projections of the nBOR complex, have been studied with both anterograde autoradiographic and retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) techniques. The nBOR complex includes three distinct subdivisions: the nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR), the nBOR pars dorsalis (nBORd) and the nBOR pars lateralis (nBORl).
Unilateral injections of 3H-leucine or 3H-proline/3H-leucine mixtures into the nBOR complex have demonstrated prominent bilateral projections upon (1) the vestibulocerebellum, (2) the inferior olivary complex, (3) the oculomotor nuclear complex, (4) the nucleus interstitialis, contralateral projections upon (5) the contralateral nBOR complex and ipsilateral projections upon (6) a pretectal nucleus, the nucleus lentiformis mesencephali, pars magnocellularis.
Unilateral injections of HRP confined to folia IXc, d and paraflocculus of the cerebellum, the contralateral nBOR complex or the nucleus lentiformis mesencephali resulted in retrograde labeling of predominantly medium and large size cells within the entire nBOR complex. Unilateral injections of HRP within the inferior olive resulted in retrograde labeling of small, spindle-shaped cells within nBOR and nBORd. Unilateral injections of the oculomotor complex which included the trochlear nucleus resulted in retrograde labeling of small cells within the ipsilateral nBORd and predominantly medium and large cells in the contralateral nBOR.
The displaced ganglion cells of the retina give rise to a prominent and distinct projection upon the nBOR complex (Karten et al., '77). The nBOR complex in turn projects upon the oculomotor nuclear complex, the nucleus interstitialis and the vestibulocerebellum, regions which have been implicated in oculomotor function. These findings strongly suggest that the displaced ganglion cells and the accessory optic system have a major influence upon oculomotor reflexes including eye and head movements.
TL;DR: In this paper, the kinetics of polymer growth and especially gelation are discussed for a system of reacting functional monomeric units, and their implications concerning sol-gel interaction after gelation has occurred are clarified.
Abstract: The kinetics of polymer growth and especially gelation are discussed for a system of reacting f‐functional monomeric units. The gelation models of Flory and Stockmayer are examined, and their implications concerning sol–gel interaction after gelation has occurred are clarified. A new model, in which the gel does not cross link, is considered. A mathematical analysis shows that the onset of gelation is related to the formation of a shock‐wave solution of the equation satisfied by the generation function.
TL;DR: Findings indicate severe dysfunctions by the clinical boys for selective attention, involving both stimulus and response sets, in both the clinical group and age-matched normal controls.
Abstract: Subjects were 12 boys (12–14 yrs old) who had previously been diagnosed for hyperactivity (clinical group) and 15 age-matched normal controls. For the selective attention (SA) task vertex ERPs were recorded to dichotically presented tone pips, with differing frequencies to each ear. Each series contained randomly interspersed signals and subjects were instructed to count the signals to one ear (targets). Behavioral tasks consisted of responses to SA targets, a 10-min vigilance series, and dichotic listening. No significant group differences were found to non-attended channels for N and P amplitudes and latencies. N amplitude enhancements to the attended channels were significant for the controls (44%), but not for the clinical boys (14%). Also, P latencies and amplitudes to the target pips were significantly greater for the control than the clinical group. Behavioral responses showed significant deficits by the clinical boys for SA and vigilance, but not for dichotic listening. Correct behavioral SA responses correlated significantly with P target amplitudes, but not with N amplitude enhancements. These findings indicate severe dysfunctions by the clinical boys for selective attention, involving both stimulus and response sets.
TL;DR: In this article, the problem of identifying an unknown value x ϵ {1, 2,…, n } using only comparisons of x to constants when as many as E of the comparisons may receive erroneous answers was considered.
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparison of FeO contents with trace element and isotope contents of basaltic rocks was conducted to understand the evolution of the mantle and its major elements, trace elements and isotopes.
Abstract: Understanding the evolution of the mantle requires a knowledge of the relative variations of the major elements, trace elements and isotopes in the mantle Most of the evidence for mantle heterogeneity is based on variations in the trace element and isotopic ratios of basaltic rocks These ratios are presumed to reflect variations in the mantle sources To compare major element heterogeneities with trace element and isotopic heterogeneities, it is necessary that the major element abundances in basalts also reflect variations in the mantle sources Probably the only major element for which this is so is iron If a basalt has only undergone fractional crystallization of olivine, then the abundance of FeO in the basalt reflects the FeO/MgO ratio of the mantle source, the degree of melting, and the pressure at which melting occurs Relative pressures and degrees of melting can often be constrained, so that variations in the abundances of FeO can be used to obtain information about variations in the FeO/MgO ratio of the mantle sources of basalts Comparison of FeO contents with trace element and isotopic contents of basalts shows some striking correlations and leads to the following conclusions 1 Parental magmas for Kilauean basalts from Hawaii may be related by different degrees of melting of a homogeneous, garnet-bearing source 2 Mid-ocean ridge basalts from the North Atlantic show a negative correlation of La/Sm with FeO, suggesting that the sources that are most enriched in incompatible trace elements are most depleted in FeO relative to MgO, and are probably also depleted in the other components of basalt This correlation does not apply to the entire suboceanic mantle 3 A comparison of tholeiites from near the Azores and from Hawaii shows that sources with similar Nd and Sr isotope ratios may have undergone distinctly different histories in the development of their major and trace element abundances 4 Ocean island tholeiites tend to be more enriched in FeO than ocean floor tholeiites Either the ocean island sources have greater FeO/MgO ratios, or melting begins at significantly greater pressures beneath ocean islands than beneath ocean ridges 5 Major element variations in the mantle are controlled mainly by tectonics and the addition or removal of silicate melts Trace element variations, however, may be controlled by the addition or removal of fluids as well Thus major elements, trace elements and isotopes may each give a different perspective important to the understanding of the evolution of the mantle
TL;DR: In this article, highly purified fibrinogen was covalently coupled to solid beads, which were then used to develop an assay in which platelets agglutinate the beads when they interact with the fibrinsogen.
TL;DR: In this article, a chirally symmetric quark-bag model for the nucleon is obtained by introducing an explicit, classical, pion field exterior to the bag, which satisfies equations of motion corresponding to the non-linear σ-model.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented a list of pictures and words and performed tasks that oriented processing toward the concept as an image or verbal item, or toward underlying referential information associated with the concept.
TL;DR: Data indicate a discrepancy between genital responses and ratings of sexual arousal for which several interpretations are offered, and significant correlations were present between physiological response and Ratings of several affective reactions to the audiotape.
TL;DR: The distribution of Substance P‐like immunoreactivity in the jugular and nodose ganglia of rabbits and pigeons has been studied using immunocytochemical staining techniques and quantitative morphometric techniques.
Abstract: The distribution of Substance P-like immunoreactivity in the jugular and nodose ganglia of rabbits and pigeons has been studied using immunocytochemical staining techniques. Substance P-like immunoreactivity is localized to neuronal cell bodies and processes in the jugular and nodose ganglia, and to pericellular fiber plexi in the nodose ganglia of both species. The numbers and sizes of cells which exhibited Substance P-like immunoreactivity in each ganglion were determined using quantitative morphometric techniques.
The distribution of Substance P-like immunoreactivity in the rabbit and pigeon vagal sensory ganglia is characterized by several general features. In most of the ganglia, immunoreactive neurons factor into discrete types which can be distinguished from one another, and from non-immunoreactive neurons, by size. In addition, immunoreactive nodose and jugular ganglion cells, respectively, are distinguishable on the basis of size. Finally, a considerably higher percentage of immunoreactive neurons is found in the jugular ganglion than in the nodose ganglion.
Substance P-like immunoreactivity was also seen in pericellular fiber plexi which encircle individual neurons in the nodose ganglion of rabbits and pigeons. These plexi are composed of varicose fibers which appear to terminate as boutons on the surfaces of the cells which they encircle.
The distribution of Substance P-like immunoreactivity within the vagal sensory ganglia is discussed with respect to the possible peripheral targets and functions of Substance P-containing vagal afferents. Our findings suggest that Substance P-containing vagal sensory neurons are involved in a variety of visceral and somatic afferent functions.
TL;DR: Numerous algonthms concernmg relahonal databases use a cover for a set of funcUonal dependencies as all or part of their input Examples are Been and Bernsteln's synthesis algorithm and the tableau modtfication algorithm of Aho et al.
Abstract: Numerous algonthms concernmg relahonal databases use a cover for a set of funcUonal dependencies as all or part of their input Examples are Been and Bernsteln's synthesis algorithm and the tableau modtfication algorithm of Aho et al The performance of these algorahms may depend on both the number of funcuonal dependencies m the cover and the total size of the cover Starting with a smaller cover wdl make such algorithms run faster After Bernstem, many researchers beheve that the problem of finding a minimum cover is NPcomplete It as shown here that minimum covers can be found m polynomial time, using the nouon of dwect determmatwn The proofdetads the structure ofmmtmum covers, refining the structure Bernstem and Been show for nonredundant covers The kernel algorithm of Lewis, Sekino, and TIng is improved using these results
TL;DR: In this paper, peridotite xenoliths from the upper mantle of three types of tectonic environments were obtained by applying recrystallizedgrain-size paleopiezometry and pyroxene thermobarometry.
TL;DR: The specific immuno-histochemical localisation of substance P-like immunoreactivity in a population of morphologically distinct amacrine cells of the pigeon retina suggests that the neuropeptides have a specific role in retinal function.
Abstract: Since its actions on smooth muscle were first described by von Euler and Gaddum, substance P has been isolated and characterised as an undecapeptide. The distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in both the central and peripheral nervous systems and its reported excitatory action on neurones implicate substance P as a possible neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator. Previous studies using bioassay and radioimmunoassay techniques have reported substance P in retinal extracts. Here we describe the specific immunohistochemical localisation of substance P-like immunoreactivity in a population of morphologically distinct amacrine cells of the pigeon retina. The localisation of substance P-like immunoreactivity and the recent localisation of enkephalin-like and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in other types of amacrine cells suggest that the neuropeptides have a specific role in retinal function.
TL;DR: Developmental equations, which predict 32 parameters of the electroencephalogram recorded from the healthy human as a function of age, were tested in diverse groups of children, finding a high incidence of significant deviations in children with learning disabilities and those at risk for various neurological disorders.
Abstract: Developmental equations, which predict 32 parameters of the electroencephalogram recorded from the healthy human as a function of age, were tested in diverse groups of children. Few significant deviations were found in normal children, even in a culture different from the one on which the equations were based. A high incidence of significant deviations was found in children with learning disabilities and those at risk for various neurological disorders.