Showing papers by "University of Maryland, Baltimore County published in 1978"
TL;DR: It is shown that even for relatively short (10 day) time series, the integral-valued chi-square periodogram can distinguish circadian-periodic from random series at a level of significance of about 0·01.
950 citations
309 citations
TL;DR: Schizophrenics have significantly fewer linkages than nonpsychotics, but even the most impaired schizophrenics are not totally isolated, and rehospitalization is dependent upon two factors, degree of psychopathology and hotel network size.
Abstract: Beginning with Freud's (1958) formulation of the Schreber case, impairment in object relationships has been conceptually linked to serious psychopathology. Subsequent work by Federn (1952), Bak (1965), Fairbairn (1954), Jacobson (1954), Mahler (1968), and Bellak (1969), in particular, detailed the role of disturbance of object relations in schizophrenia . Social scientists using census tract data uncovered evidence of atomistic life styles within geographic areas producing the highest incidence of hospitalized schizophrenics. It was postulated that isolation was a key to etiologic factors in the disease (Faris and Dunham 1939; Jaco 1954; Ware 1956). Subsequent refutations of isolation as the primary causal element in schizophrenia (Kohn and Clausen 1955) resulted in a temporary waning of interest in the relationship between sociability and psychopathology. More recently, Budson (1977), after reviewing a variety of community maintenance studies, concluded that the presence of a strong "psychosocial kinship system" (comprised of friends, neighbors, and close associates as well as family) was the "crucial factor" in determining program success. Similarly, Strauss and Carpenter (1977) found a high correlation between 5-year outcome scores and previous levels of social contact. They considered prehospital levels of social contact to be one of the three main predictors of outcome in schizophrenia.
212 citations
TL;DR: The results of the first systematic investigation of ex-mental patients residing in a large Manhattan Single Room Occupancy hotel indicate that schizophrenics have significantly fewer numbers of personal contacts than nonpsychotics; however, even the most impaired schizophrenics are not totally isolated.
Abstract: This paper describes the results of the first systematic investigation of ex-mental patients residing in a large Manhattan Single Room Occupancy hotel. Utilizing a "Network Profile" questionnaire, personal interviews, and participant observation, the study focuses on the relationship of social networks to the degree of personality disturbance and the chances of remaining in a nonhospitalized environment. The findings indicate that: (1) schizophrenics have significantly fewer numbers of personal contacts than nonpsychotics; however, even the most impaired schizophrenics are not totally isolated; (2) within the schizophrenic spectrum, there are differences regarding network size, multiplexity, directionality of relationships, and degree of connectedness; these findings are correlated with the ability of schizophrenics with minimal residual deficits to become important members of the hotel community; (3) small, nonmultiplex networks with a low degree of connectedness are correlated with more frequent rehospitalizations.
151 citations
TL;DR: The ribbon procedure appears to be a viable form of timeout, provided that disruptive behaviors during timeout can be tolerated within the setting, or a backup procedure such as exclusionary timeout is available when needed.
Abstract: Recently, the use of timeout rooms has been questioned by various agencies, and some have adopted policies that prohibit or greatly restrict exclusionary timeout. The present study developed a timeout procedure that did not require removal of the misbehaver from the learning environment. The procedure was applied to the disruptive behaviors of five severely retarded children in an institutional special-education classroom. An observer prompted all teacher behaviors related to the procedures to assure their precise implementation. After baseline, a reinforcement-only condition was implemented. Each child was given a different colored ribbon to wear as a tie and received edibles and praise every few minutes for good behavior and for wearing the ribbon. When timeout was added, a child's ribbon was removed for any instance of misbehavior and teacher attention and participation in activities ceased for three minutes or until the misbehavior stopped. Reinforcement continued at other times for appropriate behavior. An ABCBC reversal design was used to demonstrate control of the behavior by the conditions applied. On average, the children misbehaved 42% and 32% of the time during the baseline and reinforcement conditions respectively but only 6% of the time during the timeout conditions. A followup probe during the new school year revealed that the teacher was able to conduct the procedure independently and that the children's disruptive behaviors were maintained at low levels. The practicality and acceptability of the procedure were supported further by the successful implementation of the procedure by a teacher in another state and by responses to a questionnaire given to 40 mental health professionals. The ribbon procedure appears to be a viable form of timeout, provided that disruptive behaviors during timeout can be tolerated within the setting, or a backup procedure such as exclusionary timeout can be tolerated within the setting, or a backup procedure such as exclusionary timeout is available when needed.
111 citations
TL;DR: Sexism and gayism scores were negatively correlated with father's and mother's education, and political orientation was also related to prejudice, with more bias found as one approaches the Conservative end of the spectrum.
Abstract: College undergraduates (211, female and male, mostly white) responded to a 7-point questionnaire with subscales on racial, sexual, and homosexual groups. Political orientation, religious membership and involvement, and parent's educational level were also obtained. All intercorrelations of the three scales were positive and significant (p < .001) and ranged from .44 to .69. Females were significantly lower than males in sexism but not in racism or gayism. Sexism and gayism scores were negatively correlated with father's and mother's education. All three forms of prejudice were higher for those professing more religious involvement; other typical patterns of bias among the three major U. S. religions were found. Political orientation was also related to prejudice, with more bias found as one approaches the Conservative end of the spectrum.
105 citations
Book•
01 Dec 1978TL;DR: Old age in the new land : the American experience since 1790, Old age in a new land: 1790, old age in new land as mentioned in this paper, the American experiences since 1800.
Abstract: Old age in the new land : the American experience since 1790 , Old age in the new land : the American experience since 1790 , کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن آوری اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)
105 citations
TL;DR: Another O(n) algorithm simpler than that presented by Spira and Pan for the insertion of a vertex is presented and labels the vertices of the graph in such a way that any vertex may be deleted from the graph and the minimal spanning tree can be updated in constant time.
94 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for describing the form of the percentage hypsometric curve is developed, which is applicable to multivariate designs, and it is demonstrated that the hypsometric curve has a much greater potential for quantitative landform analysis than can be realized through employment of the integral value alone.
Abstract: A method, applicable to multivariate designs, describing the form of the percentage hypsometric curve is developed in this research. Emphasis is placed on the quantitative aspects of curve form, rather than on average slopes, inflection points, or hypsometric integrals. A question of uniqueness arises when values, like the integral, are used as landform surrogates in process-response models involving drainage basins. It is demonstrated that the hypsometric curve has a much greater potential for quantitative landform analysis than can be realized through employment of the integral value alone. Unlike the integral, the functional form of the curve is unique to a particular area, depicting, among other things, evolutionary changes in the form of drainage basins. The technique involves treating the “decumulation” of the hypsometric curve in its mirror image as a cumulative distribution function. Statistical moments of the curve, and expectations of (x)for the curve's density function are derived, projecting a vector of curve-form attributes.
83 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new and general synthesis of porphyrin dimers is described, which involves the reaction of dibromoalkanes with phenolic porphrin, such as 5(4-hydroxyphenyl)-10,15,20-tritolylporphyrin, to form σ-bromo-alkyl porphryin ethers.
81 citations
TL;DR: The data suggest that food discrimination depends on the perception of a complex chemical message comprised of both polar and non‐polar compounds, with the latter being of somewhat greater importance.
Abstract: . Feeding discrimination of Manduca larvae reared on leaves and a variety of artificial media was tested against leaves, various media, solvent fractions of leaves and media, and media components, including pure chemicals. Field-collected animals showed the same preferences as did animals cultured in the laboratory for many generations. Rearing larvae on a leaf species, an artificial diet, or homogenized leaves added to artificial diet induced a preference for that food in subsequent choice tests. Extracts of these foods using organic solvents (particularly hexane) elicited feeding choices resembling those evoked by the foods themselves: water extracts were effective as stimulants or deterrents, but responses to them differed considerably from responses to the foods. Animals raised on a defined artificial diet showed an increased preference (or decreased deterrence) for the lipid component (linolenic acid) of that diet in behavioural tests. Thus induction of preference was shown to be influenced by a specific nutrient compound. Fifteen artificial diets were tested; three were successful, including a completely defined medium. Various components of the diets were tested for feeding preferences, both as omissions from the main diet and as pure compounds. Some were stimulatory, most were neutral or slightly deterrent; a few were strongly deterrent. With the exception of linolenic acid, preferences for pure compounds were not significantly correlated with the food on which the animals were reared. The data suggest that food discrimination depends on the perception of a complex chemical message comprised of both polar and non-polar compounds, with the latter being of somewhat greater importance. The results are consistent with the explanation of the induction of feeding preferences being due to a reduced responsiveness to deterrents, to an increased preference for feeding stimulants or to both.
TL;DR: The paradigm refers to a model or representation, graphic or symbolic or verbal, of the relations among concepts or events as discussed by the authors, and it can be traced to the Greek para-, by the side of, and deiknunai, to show.
Abstract: The term paradigm refers to a model or representation, graphic or symbolic or verbal, of the relations among concepts or events. Its origins can be traced to the Greekpara-, by the side of, and deiknunai, to show. In such forms asparadeigma and paradigme, en route from late Latin through early modern French to modern English, it came to refer to an example, especially in grammar or rhetoric. and eventually to a patterned or diagrammatic table of examples.27 In psychology, paradigms have been so closely tied to descriptions of classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning that the term has even come sometimes to be used, mistakenly, to refer to procedures or phenomena themselves rather than to their symbolic representations. By contrast, in Kuhn’s interpretation of the history of science.23 paradigms are more broadly conceived: they are said to represent the common methods, principles, or assumptions of fields of scientific inquiry. The paradigm, like a scientific Weltanschauung, provides the explicit and implicit integrative concepts that allow those in the field to communicate with each other. According to Kuhn. scientific change occurs as a series of revolutions in which old paradigms are successively replaced by new ones. In periods of “normal” science, one generally accepted paradigm guides research. Eventually the paradigm becomes inadequate, and its inadequacies set the stage for a revolution that culminates with the adoption of a new one. Thus, for example, the increasing complexity of the Ptolemaic system, as astronomical measurement became more sophisticated. set the stage for the substitution of the Copernican view. Other paradigm clashes in the physical sciences produced the Newtonian revolution, Einstein’s revolutionary concept of relativity, and the revolution of quantum mechanics. In any area of inquiry, it may be asked whether a paradigm exists at all. I t has been argued, for example, that psychology, as part of the social and behavioral sciences in general, remains in a preparadigmatic stage. According to this view, there is no common body of assumptions among psychological researchers; some go further still and suggest that a paradigm for psychology is not even possible.21 Others maintain, however, that through most of the twentieth century, from John B. Watson’s early pronouncements to the systematic statements of B. F. Skinner. psychological research has been dominated by a behavioral or behaviorist paradigm, and that the behavioral paradigm is at last yielding ground to a cognitive or mentalistic 0ne.~.20.~*.~ The argument goes that psychology is still in the midst of this paradigm clash. and that one or the other paradigm will emerge victorious from the conflict.
TL;DR: For example, this paper found that states with a more unequal distribution were more likely to have high imprisonment ratios for burglary and larceny, and that inequality was related to imprisonment for crimes against property only when higher income groups were most likely to be victimized.
Abstract: Some conflict theorists suspect that differences in economic resources give rise to legal outcomes reflecting the interests of powerful, affluent groups. Because property is one guarantee of the supremacy of an economic elite, I hypothesized that imprisonment for violation of the property codes would be more likely in political systems where unequally distributed resources favor influence by the affluent. States with a more unequal distribution were likely to have high imprisonment ratios for burglary and larceny. When analysis was restricted to areas where patterns of victimization were consistent across income groups, I also obtained results supporting the conflict view. Inequality was related to imprisonment for crimes against property only when higher income groups were most likely to be victimized.
01 Dec 1978-Journal of Comparative Physiology A-neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology
TL;DR: When slugs were subjected to artificialPhotoperiods consisting of long (LD 16∶8) or short (LD 8∶16) days, female-phase maturation was not found to be significantly affected by photoperiod and appeared to be induced by a short-day to long-day transition.
Abstract: Maturation of the reproductive tract ofLimax maximus was studied in a natural population using a reproductive organ-to-body weight index. Male-phase maturation, denoted by enlargement of the hermaphrodite gland (gonad), took place mainly in June and July. Female-phase maturation, signaled by growth of the albumen gland, occurred primarily in September. When slugs were subjected to artificial photoperiods consisting of long (LD 16∶8) or short (LD 8∶16) days, female-phase maturation was not found to be significantly affected by photoperiod (Fig. 4). In contrast, male-phase maturation appeared to be induced by a short-day to long-day transition (Fig. 7). Implications of this finding for normal seasonal maturation are discussed and a maturation sequence involving both photoperiodic and endocrine control mechanisms is suggested.
TL;DR: It was determined whether normal listeners, presented with filtered speech, would produce consonant confusions similar to those previously reported for the hearing-impaired listener.
Abstract: It has been found that listeners with sensorineural hearing loss who show similar patterns of consonant confusions also tend to have similar audiometric profiles. The present study determined wheth...
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the average electron density is an experimentally measurable quantity related to the intensity scattered by an element, and that ψ obeys the virial theorem, within the Thomas-Fermi approximation.
Abstract: From the general formalism of elastic x-ray scattering and a few meaningful assumptions we have shown that for an atom, ∫ρ2dτ is an experimentally measurable quantity related to the intensity scattered by an element. We have labeled this quantity (p), the “average electron density.” If ψ obeys the virial theorem, within the Thomas–Fermi approximation we show (within a multiplicative constant) that 〈ρ〉 is a lower bound to (∑ ionization potentials )3/2. Thus, the scattered intensity of x rays is related quantitatively to the energy of the scattering atoms. Inequalities have been developed to express these relationships and have been confirmed for the more exact Hartree–Fock wave functions.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report the results of a study of the effects of execution publicity on the incidence of homicide in a single State, South Carolina, and conclude that the deterrent effect of an execution, or more precisely the publicity surrounding an execution was cancelled by its earlier brutalizing effect.
Abstract: In this note we report the results of a study of the effects of execution publicity on the incidence of homicide in a single State, South Carolina. The basic purpose is to see whether the data are consistent with the brutalization hypothesis; the use of the death penalty as a punishment by the state deadens people's respect for life and thus increases the incidence of homicide. Prior Research Most studies have shown that the death penalty has little effect on the incidence of homicide. Indeed, the effects, if any, are frequently contrary to those postulated by the deterrence hypothesis. For example, cross-sectional studies have shown that abolition States tend to have lower homicide rates than death penalty States. Because of other differences between the abolition and death penalty States (e.g., mean education), researchers have been unwilling to conclude on the basis of these data that the death penalty stimulates homicide, although there has been much speculation about a brutalizing effect. One of the few empirical studies to examine the brutalizing effect of the death penalty used data from a three county area in California for the years from 1946 to 1954. In the study comparisons were made between the daily incidence of homicide for weeks with and without executions. During this time California executed prisoners on Friday. It was found that the incidence of Thursday-Friday homicides was greater than expected for those weeks with executions and the incidence of Saturday-Sunday homicides was less than expected for those weeks with executions. From this pattern it was concluded that the deterrent effect of an execution, or more precisely the publicity surrounding an execution, was cancelled by its earlier brutalizing effect. Unfortunately, the conclusion was drawn without examining the accompanying publicity. The only other study providing documentation of a brutalizing effect examined the effects of trial publicity on the incidence of homicide in
TL;DR: The presence of so much genetic variance in temperature tolerance of the copepod Eurytemora affinis is surprising in view of the high physiological adaptation found earlier, especially in females.
Abstract: Evidence of significant additive genetic (genic) variance in temperature tolerance of the copepod Eurytemora affinis was derived from several sources. Differences were observed between average tolerances of progeny of animals exposed and not exposed to heat shock in a power plant. Genic variance was estimated using offspring-parent regressions, full-sib, and half-sib covariances, with quite consistent results. Expressed genic variance between male progeny was always higher than that among female progeny.—The pairs of estimates obtained were as follows: female heritabilities first, 0.40 ± 0.09 and 0.84 ± 0.35 (half-sibs); 0.20 ± 0.09 and 0.79 ± 0.24 (full-sibs); 0.11 ± 0.10 and 0.89 ± 0.45 (full-sibs); 0.28 ± 0.18 and 0.78 ± 0.29 (full-sibs); 0.11 ± 0.44 and 0.72 ± 0.26 (offspring-parent regression). There was no evidence of either nonadditive genetic variance or common environmental (maternal and brood) effects, implying that the genetic variance was mostly additive and was not maintained because of heterozygous advantage.—The presence of so much genetic variance is surprising in view of the high physiological adaptation found earlier, especially in females.
TL;DR: Intracellular lambda DNA was extracted from infected rec+ bacteria and scored for infectivity and recombination (loss of duplication) by transfection of recA recB spheroplasts and subsequent assay for EDTA resistance.
Abstract: Intracellular λ DNA (from tandem duplication phages) was extracted and assayed by a transfection procedure. If phage development is blocked, recombination is very low, unless the phages have been UV-irradiated. Repair (recovery of infectivity) and recombination of irradiated DNA proceed readily in the presence of chloramphenicol and rifampin; inhibitors of DNA gyrase (coumermycin and oxolinic acid) block repair and reduce recombination. Recombination, very low in recA cells, is nearly normal in recB . Pyrimidine dimers seem not to be the primary recombinogenic photoproducts.
TL;DR: In this article, a combination of a reversal design and a multiple baseline design across settings and tic behaviors was employed to determine the effectiveness of a treatment package consisting of self-monitoring, external reinforcement, and timeout in the control of a hyperactive child's multiple tic behaviours.
TL;DR: In this paper, the electric quadrupole interaction at /sup 181/Ta impurities in paramagnetic Ho metal using time-differential perturbed angular correlations was measured and a phenomenological theory applied to this and other cases of closed-shell probes in rare-earth metals indicates that the deviation is due to the aspherical charge distribution of the host ion arising from the influence of the crystalline electric field on their unfilled 4f shells.
Abstract: Measurements of the electric quadrupole interaction at /sup 181/Ta impurities in paramagnetic Ho metal using time-differential perturbed angular correlations show marked deviation from the usual T/sup 3/2/ behavior. A phenomenological theory applied to this and other cases of closed-shell probes in rare-earth metals indicates that the deviation is due to the aspherical charge distribution of the host ion arising from the influence of the crystalline electric field on their unfilled 4f shells.
TL;DR: In this article, the development of beach cusps was studied along the northern shore of Delaware from June 9 through June 30, and from July 28 through August 10, 1976.
Abstract: The development of beach cusps was studied along the northern shore of Delaware from June 9 through June 30, and from July 28 through August 10 of 1976. At the study site, the formation of beach cusps was dependent upon the existence of a tidal berm in the developing stage and of a favorable backshore topography. Beach cusps developed as follows: after an erosional event on a sandy beach, a berm developed at low tide. The swash extended over the berm and ponded between the berm and the backshore. The stream flow from the ponded water to the sea cut closely spaced channels through the berm. As the tide rose, the berm and channels migrated landward. When the tide fell, the swash could no longer overtop the berm, and no water was ponded landward of the berm. Since no water was returning seaward through the channels, the channel form could not be maintained, and the swash flared the channels into bays. A series of beach cusps appeared on the beach as the tide continued to fall. The spacing between cusps was irregular and was attributed to the irregular size of swash salients. At high tide, the horizontal distance from the berm crest to the backshore (L) was less than 12 m. At high tide where L was greater than 12 m, no beach cusps formed. Although a tidal berm developed, there was no effective bachwash to cut through the berm. As the new tidal berm developed and as the swash overtopped the berm crest, the swash continued landward and during a short period of time flooded a portion of the backshore. No cusps were observed to develop after a tidal berm had been constructed; berms and cusps developed together.
TL;DR: The authors' studies suggest that Culex pipiens fatigens yolk protein has a molecular weight of 3.8 × 10 5 daltons and contains protein bound phosphate, lipid and carbohydrate, as do many other vertebrate and invertebrate yolk proteins.
TL;DR: In this article, seven conservation tasks were individually administered to 449 Hausa children between the ages of 5 and 13 years and a 50% rate of conservation responses was achieved on most tests by age 12.
Abstract: To assess the development of concrete operations among the Hausa, seven conservation tasks were individually administered to 449 children between the ages of 5 and 13 years. A 50% rate of conservation responses was achieved on most tests by age 12. Schooled children had significantly higher scores on only a few tasks; schooling did not seem to be a major factor in accelerating the attainment of concrete operations. There were also social class and urbanization effects on several tasks. As a combined test, the Piaget battery seems to be closely related to several intelligence test subtests, particularly those with reasoning components. In addition, the test results of three Piagetian tasks were analyzed to identify the underlying reasoning processes.
Book•
01 Jan 1978TL;DR: Rice as discussed by the authors presents an account that frees, as much as possible, fact from fiction, event from legend, and weighs the evidence carefully, avoiding the partisanship and the attitude of condescension and condemnation that have characterised many of the writings concerning the feud.
Abstract: The Hatfield-McCoy feud has long been the most famous vendetta of the southern Appalachians. Over the years it has become encrusted with myth and error. Scores of writers have produced accounts of it, but few have made any real effort to separate fact from fiction. Novelists, motion picture producers, television script writers, and others have sensationalised events that needed no embellishment. Using court records, public documents, official correspondence, and other documentary evident, Otis K. Rice presents an account that frees, as much as possible, fact from fiction, event from legend. He weighs the evidence carefully, avoiding the partisanship and the attitude of condescension and condemnation that have characterised many of the writings concerning the feud. He sets the feud in the social, political, economic, and cultural context of eastern Kentucky and southwestern West Virginia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. By examining the legacy of the Civil War, the weakness of institutions such as the church and education system, the exaggerated importance of family, the impotence of the law, and the isolation of the mountain folk, Rice gives new meaning to the origins and progress of the feud. These conditions help explain why the Hatfield and McCoy families, which have produced so many fine citizens, could engage in such a bitter and prolonged vendetta.
TL;DR: Fraction 1 and fractionated leaf proteins have been prepared from tobacco and their amino acid compositions are very similar and have a high nutritional value. Removal of proteins from tobacco leaves before the curing process would result in a safer smoking product as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Fraction 1 and unfractionated leaf proteins have been prepared from tobacco. Their amino acid compositions are very similar and have a high nutritional value. Removal of proteins from tobacco leaves before the curing process would result in a safer smoking product. Therefore, tobacco plants could be used for a rich food source and safer smoke material.
TL;DR: In this article, a 10-year-old boy with a history of high rates of disruptive behavior was provided with a self-maintained control regimen, which was designed to ensure honesty, peer support, a high level of appropriate behavior, and his continued adherence to the regimen for an indefinite period, with little teacher intervention.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors employ an explicitly theoretical framework to examine the facts of a particular period (the 1860s) and conclude that the economic impact of the West on China has been too sweeping in their historical coverage, while those with a more limited time perspective have been insufficiently rigorous in their analysis.
Abstract: The economic impact of the West on China has long been a subject of debate among students of Chinese history. Despite numerous books and articles, however, a consensus has yet to emerge. Part of the reason for this, I believe, is that the more analytical contributions to the debate have been too sweeping in their historical coverage, while those with a more limited time perspective have been insufficiently rigorous in their analysis. The aim of this paper is to renew this debate, but to do so by a method that will, hopefully, avoid the pitfalls of the past. Specifically, I intend to employ an explicitly theoretical framework to examine the facts of a particular period—the 1860s. This decade is especially important since it immediately followed the expanded opening of China by the Treaty of Tientsin in 1860. The analytical framework employed—economic theory—is applicable to any period in modern Chinese history, but as the data examined are drawn mostly from the 1860s, my conclusions, strictly speaking, are applicable only to that decade. For reasons discussed below, however, I strongly believe these conclusions to be applicable to the entire period from 1860 to 1895.