Showing papers by "University of Massachusetts Boston published in 1980"
TL;DR: A hypothesis to explain the evolution of distyly into dioecy is proposed, which states that individuals bearing female flowers are evolutionarily derived from long-style individuals, while male plants are derived from the shortstyle form.
Abstract: Distylous flowering plant species are characterized by having two types of individuals that bear different forms of flowers: "pin" flowers with long styles and short stamens and "thrum" flowers with short styles and long stamens (Darwin, 1877; Frankel and Galun, 1977). In most cases this flower dimorphism is associated with a physiological self-incompatibility mechanism that prevents fertilization after self-pollination or pollen transfer between individuals of the same flower type, with the result that only pollination between forms results in fertilization (Frankel and Galun, 1977; de Nettancourt, 1977). In several angiosperm genera, distyly has evolved into dioecy (Baker, 1958, 1959; Bir Bahadur, 1968; Ornduff, 1966; Viulleumier, 1967; Opler et al., 1975), and in every case individuals bearing female flowers are evolutionarily derived from long-style individuals, while male plants are derived from the shortstyle form. The selective forces that may have brought about this transformation are not well understood (Lloyd, 1979). Here we propose a hypothesis to explain the evolution of distyly into dioecy.
141 citations
TL;DR: Deep differences between males and females with respect to floral morphology, floral rewards, average number of flowers per plant and flowering periodicity in Jacaratia dolichaula (D. Smith) Woodson are reported, which provides an ecological basis for similar features of floral biology observed in other plants.
Abstract: Sexual dimorphism in animals has recently received much attention from evolutionary biologists who have sought to review differences in the reproductive strategies of males and females in the light of modern concepts in ecology and evolution (Campbell, 1972; Ghiselin, 1974; Williams, 1975; Emlen and Oring, 1977; Maynard Smith, 1978). Although dioecism is widespread among flowering plants, especially in tropical lowland forest trees (Ashton, 1969; Bawa, 1974, 1980; Tomlinson, 1974; Bawa and Opler, 1975; Croat, 1979), no serious attempt has been made to examine the differences in the reproductive behavior of the two sexes. Even differences in floral rewards of male and female flowers and the ways pollinators perceive and respond to such differences to bring about the transfer of pollen have not been generally investigated (Bawa, 1977). A possible exception is the dioecious Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae) for which Baker (1976) has demonstrated significant differences in floral rewards and concomitant differences in the behavior of pollinators on the two types of flowers. Here, I report profound differences between males and females with respect to floral morphology, floral rewards, average number of flowers per plant and flowering periodicity in Jacaratia dolichaula (D. Smith) Woodson, also of the Caricaceae, in which female flowers seem to mimic male flowers. I explain these differences and the mimicry in relation to pollination ecology and sexual selection, particularly intrasexual competition for pollinators. My explanation provides an ecological basis for similar features of floral biology observed in other plants. Revised November 2, 1979
133 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that children use syntactic cues in determining which noun phrase is quantified, and that children evaluate a some-statement as part of evaluating an all-statement, but there was no evidence for an asymmetry between the all-and some-questions.
106 citations
TL;DR: This article argued that the new left was shaped by the ongoing tension within it between a spontaneous, grassroots social movement committed to participatory democracy and hostile to formal organization and the perceived need for formal, even centralized, organization capable of implementing political change.
Abstract: Most analysts of the new left fault it for having been Utopian, antiorganizational, and even antipolitical, suggesting that these characteristics were responsible for its failures. It is suggested in this paper that such evaluations of the new left are biased in favor of certain organizational and instrumental-political forms—forms the new left rejected in the name of a communitarian and expressive-political experiment. It is indicated that the new left was shaped by the ongoing tension within it between a spontaneous, grassroots social movement committed to participatory democracy and hostile to formal organization and the perceived need for formal, even centralized, organization capable of implementing political change. Faced with a choice between “strategic” and “prefigurative” politics, the new left, it is argued, chose the latter and hence chose to fail according to the established political standards. The new left sought to avert Michels' “iron law of oligarchy” by its refusal to transform itself into a political party and by its insistence on remaining a social movement. The attempt to found a new politics of participation and process, while unsuccessful, may well prove to have been the new left's most valuable legacy.
84 citations
TL;DR: This article reviewed the book "Contested Terrain: The Transformation of the Workplace in the Twentieth Century, by Richard Edwards" and found that "contested terrain" was a metaphor for work environments.
Abstract: The article reviews the book “Contested Terrain: The Transformation of the Workplace in the Twentieth Century,” by Richard Edwards.
81 citations
TL;DR: In this article, aqueous cyclohexaamylose (6-Cy) and 7-Cy were determined at 10-47 and 25-55°C, respectively, by pH potentiometry.
73 citations
TL;DR: The major research focus was to predict the direction of weight change after smoking cessation, and among the characteristics most related to weight gain after quitting were heavier tar consumption, younger age, and leanness of body build.
Abstract: Smoking behavior and weight change over a 5-year period were studied in 1,749 adult males of the Normative Aging Study. While men who quit smoking generally gained more weight than those in other smoking categories, 36% either lost weight or maintained the same weight after quitting. The major research focus was to predict the direction of weight change after smoking cessation. Among the characteristics most related to weight gain after quitting were heavier tar consumption, younger age, and leanness of body build. Conversely, traits related to weight loss were lighter smoking, older age, and stoutness of build.
55 citations
TL;DR: Results indicated that FVC and FEV1.0 were relatd to smoking status, and for all age groups, nonsmokers performed best on spirometry, while current smokers performed worst.
Abstract: Three serial spirometric determinations of forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1.0) were performed during a 10-yr period for 268 adult male cigarette smokers, 181 quitters, and 254 who had never smoked. Smokers were further divided into high- and low-tar consumption groups. Spirometric data were analyzed by repeated measures analyses of variance using time (aging) and smoking status as independent variables and age as a covariate. Results indicated that FVC and FEV1.0 were relatd to smoking status. For all age groups, nonsmokers performed best on spirometry, while current smokers performed worst. The decline in FEV1.0 over time was greatest in current smokers, especially the high-tar group. Loss of FVC over time was not influenced by smoking status.
55 citations
TL;DR: The Horn-Waingrow Smoker Survey was administered to subjects in 1973 and again in 1976, and factor analyses showed that the original factor structure could be satisfactorily replicated at both times, and that the addition of Coan's new items contributed only one new factor.
Abstract: A review of recent research shows that some consensus on the number, nature, and function of smoking motives or styles is emerging. Large-scale studies on the stability of motives and the utility of the smoking motive model, however, have not yet been reported. To test the factorial replicability and longitudinal stability of smoking motives, the Horn-Waingrow Smoker Survey was administered to subjects in 1973 and again in 1976, together with 20 additional items developed by Coan. Subjects were 1,340 current and former adult male smokers. Factor analyses showed that the original factor structure could be satisfactorily replicated at both times, and that the addition of Coan's new items contributed only one new factor. The 3-year stability coefficients for both continuing and former smokers ranged from. 45 to. 67, consistent with the idea that smoking motives are a relatively stable reflection of personality needs and traits.
41 citations
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that the degradation and renewal of photoreceptor membrane in larval mosquito ocelli is regulated by light and the kinetics of rhabdomere growth and diminution indicate that changes arise from variations in the rate of membrane turnover.
Abstract: We have presented evidence in previous papers showing that the degradation and renewal of photoreceptor membrane in larval mosquito ocelli is regulated by light. Mosquito rhabdomeres grow larger in darkness and smaller in light as the amount of membrane increases and decreases. The kinetics of rhabdomere growth and diminution indicate that these changes arise from variations in the rate of membrane turnover (1).
36 citations
TL;DR: Formation constants for binary complexes of cyclohexaamylose and p-nitrophenol/p-Nitrophenolate and PNP PNP − are determined by means of a novel acid-base spectrophotometric analysis.
TL;DR: The results of this study strongly support optimal foraging theory as diet diversity exhibited a significantly positive relationship with hunger, and a significantly negative relationship with seed processing time.
Abstract: Food density, degree of hunger prior to foraging, and food processing difficulty were varied in order to determine their effects on the diet diversity of captive Peromyscus leucopus foraging for buried seeds No relationship was found between diet diversity and food density However, diet diversity exhibited a significantly positive relationship with hunger, and a significantly negative relationship with seed processing time These results strongly support optimal foraging theory
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed to use the extreme points on the 95% joint confidence ellipsoid to estimate the uncertainty of a parameter in linear and nonlinear multiple regression.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of a classroom program designed to improve fifth and sixth-grade students' attitudes toward blind peers were examined in an experiment with a blind student and blind peers.
Abstract: Examines the effects of a classroom program designed to improve fifth- and sixth-grade students’ attitudes toward blind peers. The results indicated that children who received the lessons had bette...
TL;DR: The photosynthetic rates of intact sporophytes or gametophytes of the fern Todea barbara grown in sterile culture were measured using an infrared gas analyzer and O(2) inhibited the photosynthesis rates of both plants to a degree typical of C-3 plants.
Abstract: The photosynthetic rates of intact sporophytes or gametophytes of the fern Todea barbara grown in sterile culture were measured using an infrared gas analyzer. Sporophytes consisted of single whole plants with roots and leaves grown in tubes of agar. Gametophytes were grown as several plants covering the surface of the agar. Sporophytes had photosynthetic rates at light saturation of 8.50 microliters CO 2 per hour per milligram dry weight and 1,300 microliters CO 2 per hour per milligram chlorophyll, whereas rates for gametophytes were lower, 2.36 microliters CO 2 per hour per milligram dry weight and 236 microliters CO 2 per hour per milligram chlorophyll. O 2 inhibited the photosynthetic rates of both plants to a degree typical of C-3 plants. The light-saturated photosynthetic rates of sporophytes increased 42% and gametophytes increased 27% when the O 2 concentration was changed from 21 to 1%.
TL;DR: The self in the world: The social context of Sylvia Plath's late poems as mentioned in this paper, where my own nature would be leading, is a classic example of the self-in-the-world metaphor.
Abstract: (1980). The self in the world: The social context of Sylvia Plath's late poems. Women's Studies: Vol. 7, “Where my own nature would be leading”: The triumph of the woman poet, pp. 171-183.
TL;DR: Five monopolar cells and two long visual fibres are a consistent component of the lamina cartridge of the ventral half of the eye of the dragonfly Sympetrum rubicundulum and communicate with the chiasm via a cartridge axon bundle comprising a minimum of ten fibres.
Abstract: Five monopolar cells and two long visual fibres are a consistent component of the lamina cartridge of the ventral half of the eye of the dragonfly Sympetrum rubicundulum. They communicate with the chiasm via a cartridge axon bundle comprising a minimum of ten fibres. The arrangement of these elements is documented with respect to the ommatidial photoreceptor axon bundle innervating them. These relationships are described both within the lamina cortex and in the cross-section of the underlying cartridge.
TL;DR: Right, as well as left, temporal patients were significantly impaired on shot-sterm auditory memory for consonant trigrams and were deficient on tests of tonal memory and delayed facial recognition.
Abstract: Right, as well as left, temporal patients were significantly impaired on shot-sterm auditory memory for consonant trigrams. The severity of the deficit shown by both groups was not related to the association value (low, medium, high) of the trigrams or the duration of the intertrial intervals (from 6 sec to 1 min) used in this study. Right temporal patients were also deficient on tests of tonal memory and delayed facial recognition. The results are discussed in terms of a sequential model of information processing involving modality-specific short-term memory and material-specific long-term retention.
TL;DR: Thiocolchicoside, the sulfur analogue of the β-D-glucoside of colchicine forms orthormhombic crystals, space group P2 1 2 2 1 2 1 with a = 9.854, b = 12.137, c = 28.255 A.
TL;DR: For example, between 1907-1916, Lenin developed a programme for the capitalist development of the Russian countryside which was intended to prepare the material and social foundations for socialism, and to provide an alternative to the tsarist regime's pro-capitalist efforts.
Abstract: Between 1907–1916, Lenin developed a programme for the capitalist development of the Russian countryside which was intended 1) to prepare the material and social foundations for socialism, and 2) to provide an alternative to the tsarist regime's pro‐capitalist efforts. During this period, he hoped for a Marxist‐led bourgeois revolution. In his view, a petty bourgeois peasantry inspired by archaic fantasies of social justice and a realistic hatred of gentry privilege and liberal compromise, were crucial to any Marxist success.
TL;DR: In this paper, the EPR spectra of doxyl cyclododecane (3,3-dimethyl-1-oxa-1azas-piro[4.11]hexadec-4-yloxy) and the analog deuterated at the positions adjacent to the point of attachment of the DOxyl ring were analyzed.
TL;DR: No major role in sclerotin formation by visceral components other than storage of precursors was revealed by pulse-chase analysis, and both biological value and efficiency of isotope incorporation was greater using the microbial diet when compared with a semisynthetic diet.
TL;DR: In this article, the notion of economic dualism is expanded to encompass a possible surplus not only of labor, but also of any resource, and it is shown that a non-saving constraint does not require fixed coefficients across the board.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of paramagnetic impurities on the Neel temperature of an intinerant antiferromagnet is described and a low concentration minimum, qualitatively similar to that observed in Cr Co, is obtained in this model only when the coupling of the impurity to the spin-density-wave is included.
01 Sep 1980
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: This report contains the findings of a study carried out by the Gerontology Program at the University of Massachusetts/Boston concerning the effects of the escalating fuel costs on the lives of the elderly who must pay for their own heat.
Abstract: This report contains the findings of a study carried out by the Gerontology Program at the University of Massachusetts/Boston concerning the effects of the escalating fuel costs on the lives of the elderly who must pay for their own heat. Through the use of an interview format known as "modified critical incident" technique, a team of mostly elderly students spent several weeks during the winter of 1980 eliciting responses from more than 100 elderly individuals from throughout the greater Boston area. Not surprisingly , this study has revealed a number of profound impacts that the radical turn of economic events has already had on the lives of older Americans. To begin, standards of living must be adjusted as a larger proportion of the monthly budget is spent on fuel. Living arrangements change as the thermostat is lowered and utilized living areas are reduced by closing off rooms to conserve fuel. Nutrition is often sacrificed for warmth. Health frequently suffers as a result, with colder room temperatures further aggravating certain perennial afflictions of old age, such as arthritis. Social contacts diminish as mobility lessens. Cars become an unaffordable luxury Embarrassment over the coldness of the home and concern over visitors' health in such cold are additional disincentives to entertaining. Pride in oneself, as a self-sufficient person, as a hospitable person, as a responsible member of
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TL;DR: Tax incentives are a type of government spending equal to the amount of taxes that would have been collected absent the incentives, that is, whether they should be viewed as tax expenditures.
Abstract: These remarks were prepared for the Multistate Tax Commission’s State and Local Business Tax Symposium at American University. The panel addressed the pressure on state and local officials to adopt tax incentives to prevent businesses from leaving their jurisdiction or to attract new business. The panel questions whether firms actually choose their location based on state and local taxation, or whether tax incentives are simply a result of political pressure. Further issues raised were the effect of property taxation on the price of land and whether revenue forgone by tax incentives is proportional to the benefits received. Equity concerns are also addressed, such as whether tax incentives to new businesses unfairly prejudice existing businesses in the same jurisdiction. A final question considered was whether tax incentives are a type of government spending equal to the amount of taxes that would have been collected absent the incentives, that is, whether they should be viewed as tax expenditures.