Showing papers by "University of Rochester published in 1988"
TL;DR: This article examined the relation between the monitoring of CEOs by inside and outside directors and CEO resignations using stock returns and earnings changes as measures of prior performance, and found that there is a stronger association between prior performance and the probability of a resignation.
4,463 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the neoclassical model of capital accumulation augmented by choice of labor supply as the basic framework of modern real business cycle analysis and explore the implications of the basic model for perfect foresight capital accumulation and for economic fluctuations initiated by impulses to technology.
1,945 citations
TL;DR: The special cellular microecology of tumors influences responsiveness to therapeutic agents and has implications for future directions in cancer research.
Abstract: Abnormal vascularization of malignant tumors is associated with the development of microregions of heterogeneous cells and environments. Experimental models such as multicell spheroids and a variety of new techniques are being used to determine the characteristics of these microregions and to study the interactions of the cells and microenvironments. The special cellular microecology of tumors influences responsiveness to therapeutic agents and has implications for future directions in cancer research.
1,791 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the association between a firm's stock returns and subsequent top management changes and found that there is an inverse relation between the probability of a management change and the firm's share performance.
1,723 citations
TL;DR: In this review recent findings on heme oxygenase are highlighted and it is shown that the enzyme activity is inhibited in vivo for extended periods subsequent to binding of Zn- and Sn- protoporphyrins.
Abstract: In biological systems oxidation of heme is carried out by two isozymes of the microsomal heme oxygenase, HO-1 and HO-2. HO-1 is the commonly known heme oxygenase, the activity of which can be induced by up to 100-fold in response to a wide variety of stimuli (metals, heme, hormones, etc.). HO-2 was only recently discovered, and the isozyme appears to be uninducible. The two forms are products of two different genes and differ in their tissue expression. The primary structure of HO-1 and an HO-2 fragment of 91 amino acid residues show only 58% homology, but share a region with 100% secondary structure homology. This region is believed to be the catalytic site. Most likely, HO-1 gene is regulated in the same manner as metallothione in the gene. HO-1 has a heat shock regulatory element, and possibly many promoter elements, which bind to respective inducers and cause transcription of the gene. In vivo induction of HO-1 activity in the liver is accompanied by decreases in the total P-450 levels and, in a reconstituted system, cytochrome P-450b heme can be quantitatively converted to biliverdin by HO-1 and HO-2. The enzyme activity is inhibited in vivo for extended periods subsequent to binding of Zn- and Sn- protoporphyrins. This property appears useful for the suppression of bilirubin production. The metalloporphyrins, however, are not innocuous and cause major disruptions in cellular metabolism. In this review recent findings on heme oxygenase are highlighted.
1,711 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that institutional investors and other blockholders vote more actively on antitakeover amendments than non-blockholders, and opposition by institutions is greater when the proposal appears to harm shareholders.
1,517 citations
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TL;DR: In particular, the tests developed by Phillips and Perron (1988) seem more sensitive to model misspeciflcation than the high order autoregressive approximation suggested by Said and Diekey(1984) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Recent work by Said and Dickey (1984 ,1985) , Phillips (1987), and Phillips and Perron(1988) examines tests for unit roots in the autoregressive part of mixed autoregressive-integrated-moving average (ARIHA) models (tests for stationarity). Monte Carlo experiments show that these unit root tests have different finite sample distributions than the unit root tests developed by Fuller(1976) and Dickey and Fuller (1979, l981) for autoregressive processes. In particular, the tests developed by Philllps (1987) and Phillips and Perron (1988) seem more sensitive to model misspeciflcation than the high order autoregressive approximation suggested by Said and Diekey(1984).
1,495 citations
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a model of the intimacy process, where one person expresses personally revealing feelings or information to another, and the listener responds supportively and empathically.
Abstract: In this chapter, we propose a model of the intimacy process. The process begins when one person expresses personally revealing feelings or information to another. It continues when the listener responds supportively and empathically. For an interaction to become intimate, the discloser must feel understood, validated, and cared for.
1,427 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed 114 NYSE or AMEX-listed corporations with majority shareholders and found that majority shareholders are approximately equally divided between corporations and individuals and are typically both directors and officers.
1,350 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider an economy where labor is indivisible and agents are identical and show that the discontinuity in labor supply at the individual level disappears as a result of aggregation.
1,240 citations
TL;DR: The data suggest that estrogen acts directly on human bone cells through a classical estrogen receptor-mediated mechanism, indicating an induction of functional progesterone receptors.
Abstract: In seven strains of cultured normal human osteoblast-like cells, a mean of 1615 molecules of tritium-labeled 17 beta-estradiol per cell nucleus could be bound to specific nuclear sites. The nuclear binding of the labeled steroid was temperature-dependent, steroid-specific, saturable, and cell type-specific. These are characteristics of biologically active estrogen receptors. Pretreatment with 10 nanomolar estradiol in vitro increased the specific nuclear binding of progesterone in four of six cell strains, indicating an induction of functional progesterone receptors. RNA blot analysis demonstrated the presence of messenger RNA for the human estrogen receptor. The data suggest that estrogen acts directly on human bone cells through a classical estrogen receptor-mediated mechanism.
TL;DR: Encouraging early results support the continuing use of total cavopulmonary connection, at least for patients with a nonhypertrophied right atrium, and suggest ways in which hydrodynamic designs of the Fontan circulation might be improved.
TL;DR: This paper found that threatening faces pop out of crowds, perhaps as a result of a preattentive, parallel search for signals of direct threat, and that face-processing should be highly efficient.
Abstract: Facial gestures have been given an increasingly critical role in models of emotion. The biological significance of interindividual transmission of emotional signals is a pivotal assumption for placing the face in a central position in these models. This assumption invited a logical corollary, examined in this article: Face-processing should be highly efficient. Three experiments documented an asymmetry in the processing of emotionally discrepant faces embedded in crowds. The results suggested that threatening faces pop out of crowds, perhaps as a result of a preattentive, parallel search for signals of direct threat.
TL;DR: Recordings of whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of single arterial endothelial cells exposed to controlled levels of laminar shear stress in capillary flow tubes suggest that localized flow-activated hyperpolarization of endothelium involving I K.s may participate in the regulation of vascular tone.
Abstract: The endothelial lining of blood vessels is subjected to a wide range of haemodynamically-generated shear-stress forces throughout the vascular system1. In vivo and in vitro, endothelial cells change their morphology2,3 and biochemistry4 in response to shear stress in a force- and time-dependent way, or when a critical threshold is exceeded5'6. The initial stimulus–response coupling mechanisms have not been identified, however. Recently, Lansman et al.7 described stretch-activated ion channels in endothelial cells and suggested that they could be involved in the response to mechanical forces generated by blood flow. The channels were relatively non-selective and were opened by membrane stretching induced by suction. Here we report whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of single arterial endothelial cells exposed to controlled levels of laminar shear stress in capillary flow tubes. A K+ selective, shear-stress-activated ionic current (designated IK.s) was identified which is unlike previously described stretch-activated currents. IK.s varies in magnitude and duration as a function of shear stress (half-maximal effect at 0.70 dyn cm−2), desensitizes slowly and recovers rapidly and fully on cessation of flow. IK.s activity represents the earliest and fastest stimulus–response coupling of haemodynamic forces to endothelial cells yet found. We suggest that localized flow-activated hyperpolarization of endothelium involving IK.s may participate in the regulation of vascular tone.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the four channels work in conjunction at threshold to create an operating range for the perception of vibration that extends from at least 0.4 to greater than 500 Hz and may be determined by the combined inputs from four channels.
Abstract: Although previous physiological and anatomical experiments have identified four afferent fiber types (PC, RA, SA II, and SA I) in glabrous (nonhairy) skin of the human somatosensory periphery, only three have been shown to mediate tactile (mechanoreceptive) sensation. Psychophysical evidence that four channels (P, NP I, NP II, and NP III) do, indeed, participate in the perceptual process is presented. In a series of experiments involving selective masking of the various channels, modification of the skin‐surface temperature, and testing cutaneous sensitivity down to very low‐vibratory frequencies, the fourth psychophysical channel (NP III) is defined. Based on these experiments and previous work from our laboratory, it is concluded that the four channels work in conjunction at threshold to create an operating range for the perception of vibration that extends from at least 0.4 to greater than 500 Hz. Each of the four channels appears to mediate specific portions of the overall threshold‐frequency characteristic. Selection of appropriate neural‐response criteria from previously published physiological data and correlation of their derived frequency characteristics with the four psychophysical channels indicates that each channel has its own physiological substrate: P channel and PC fibers, NP I channel and RA fibers, NP II channel and SA II fibers, and NP III channel and SA I fibers. These channels partially overlap in their absolute sensitivities, making it likely that suprathreshold stimuli may activate two or more of the channels at the same time. Thus the perceptual qualities of touch may be determined by the combined inputs from four channels.
TL;DR: In this article, a table-top-size Nd:glass amplifier was used to amplify single picosecond pulses to the terawatt level by using the technique of chirped pulse amplification.
Abstract: Single picosecond pulses have been amplified to the terawatt level by a table-top-size Nd:glass amplifier by using the technique of chirped pulse amplification (CPA). The divergence of the beam is twice the diffraction limit, making the brightness of this source equal to approximately 2*10/sup +18/ W/(cm-sr), which is thought to be the highest brightness yet reported. The CPA technique allows the efficient energy extraction from extremely compact amplifier systems. Amplification of chirped pulses over nine orders of magnitude, i.e. from nanojoule to the joule level, has been demonstrated. >
TL;DR: A dynamic program slice is an executable subset of the original program that produces the same computations on a subset of selected variables and inputs that can be handled more precisely and the size of slice can be significantly reduced, leading to a finer localization of the fault.
TL;DR: Correlation measurements of mixed signal and idler photons produced in the process of parametric down-conversion have been performed as a function of two linear polarizer settings and it is found that the Bell inequality for two separated particles is violated.
Abstract: Correlation measurements of mixed signal and idler photons produced in the process of parametric down-conversion have been performed as a function of two linear polarizer settings. It is found that the Bell inequality for two separated particles is violated by about 6 standard deviations, and that classical probability for light waves is violated substantially also.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors develop a multistage game-theoretic model of three-party competition under proportional representation, which is essentially defined by the vote shares each party receives in the general election, and the parties' electoral policy positions.
Abstract: Predictions of electoral behavior in a multiparty setting should be a function of the voters' beliefs about how parties will perform following an election. Similarly, party behavior in a legislature should be a function of electoral promises and rewards. We develop a multistage game-theoretic model of three-party competition under proportional representation. The final policy outcome of the game is generated by a noncooperative bargaining game between the parties in the elected legislature. This game is essentially defined by the vote shares each party receives in the general election, and the parties' electoral policy positions. At the electoral stage parties and voters are strategic in that they take account of the legislative implications of any electoral outcome. We solve for equilibrium electoral positions by the parties and final policy outcomes.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report evidence that dissident stockholders who wage a proxy contest for board seats typically site poor earnings rather than poor stock price performance as necessitating the proposed hostile management change.
TL;DR: The identification of DNT has therapeutic and prognostic implications because aggressive therapy can be avoided, thus sparing these young patients the deleterious long term effects of radio- or chemotherapy.
Abstract: This report concerns the clinicopathological features of 39 cases of a morphologically unique and surgically curable group of neuroepithelial tumors associated with medically intractable partial complex seizures. All were supratentorial and characterized by intracortical location, multinodular archi
TL;DR: In this article, an economical model of generating finite and "calculable" Majorana neutrino masses is presented. But the model has a singly charged and a doubly charged singlet scalar which supply Majorana masses to the neutrinos at the two-loop level.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors outline new directions for investigations of real business cycle models: consideration of stochastic growth of exogenous and endogenous forms, analysis of suboptimal outcomes arising due to externalities of distorting taxes, and implications of labor market heterogeneity.
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TL;DR: The authors investigated empirically the differences in time series behavior of key economic aggregates under alternative exchange rate systems (pegged, floating, and systems such as the EMS) and found little evidence of systematic differences in the behavior of other macroeconomic aggregates or international trade flows.
Abstract: This paper investigates empirically the differences in time?series behavior of key economic aggregates under alternative exchange rate systems. We use a postwar sample of 49 countries to compare the behavior of output. consumption, trade flows, government consumption spending, and real exchange rates under alternative exchange rate systems (pegged, floating, and systems such as the EMS). We then examine evidence from two particular episodes, involving Canada and Ireland, of changes in the exchange rate system. Aside from greater variability of real exchange rates under flexible than under pegged nominal exchange rate systems, we find little evidence of systematic differences in the behavior of other macroeconomic aggregates or international trade flows under alternative exchange rate systems. These results are of interest because a large class of theoretical models implies that the nominal exchange rate system has important effects on a number of macroeconomic quantities.
TL;DR: One decade after the Food and Drug Administration approved the plasminogen activators streptokinase and urokinase, thrombolytic therapy is no longer a novel approach to the treatment of thrombotic disease.
Abstract: ONE decade after the Food and Drug Administration approved the plasminogen activators streptokinase and urokinase, thrombolytic therapy is no longer a novel approach to the treatment of thrombotic ...
TL;DR: This article reviewed a model of retrieval processes in language production that accounts for phonological speech-error data and drew a distinction between empirical phenomena that are built into the model and phenomena that can be considered predictions from it.
TL;DR: In this paper, a general hypothesis is developed that dust overloading, which is typified by a progressive reduction of particle clearance from the deep lung, reflects a breakdown in alveolar macrophage (AM)-mediated dust removal due to the loss of AM mobility.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that there are costs associated with open-market repurchase programs, since they provide managers with opportunities to use inside information to benefit themselves at stockholders' expense.
TL;DR: Adolescents at all ages, however, were more likely to reason about the multifaceted and personal issues as personal and sort them as under personal jurisdiction than were parents; parents were morelikely to reason conventionally andsort them as contingent on parental authority than were adolescents.
Abstract: This study assessed adolescents' and parents' conceptions of parental authority. Subjects were 102 children ranging from fifth to twelfth grade (age range = 10.2-18.3 years) from 2-parent families and their parents. They were divided into 4 groups according to children's grade level. Subjects were presented with 15 items pertaining to family transgressions (4 moral, 4 conventional, 3 personal, and 4 multifaceted, containing conventional and personal components). For each act, subjects were asked to judge the legitimacy of parental jurisdiction, justify its wrongness or permissibility, and assess its contingency on parental authority. As expected, all family members treated both moral and conventional issues as more legitimately subject to parental jurisdiction than multifaceted and personal issues. With increasing age of the adolescent, both parents and children became less likely to reason about the multifaceted and personal issues as conventional and sort them as contingent on parental authority; they became more likely to reason about and sort them as under the adolescents' personal jurisdiction. Adolescents at all ages, however, were more likely to reason about the multifaceted and personal issues as personal and sort them as under personal jurisdiction than were parents. Parents were more likely to reason conventionally and sort them as contingent on parental authority than were adolescents. These findings are discussed in terms of research on adolescent development, individuation, and social-cognitive development.