Showing papers by "University of York published in 2023"

The evolution of intergroup cooperation

Abstract: Sociality is widespread among animals, and involves complex relationships within and between social groups. While intragroup interactions are often cooperative, intergroup interactions typically involve conflict, or at best tolerance. Active cooperation between members of distinct, separate groups occurs very rarely, predominantly in some primate and ant species. Here, we ask why intergroup cooperation is so rare, and what conditions favour its evolution. We present a model incorporating intra- and intergroup relationships and local and long-distance dispersal. We show that dispersal modes play a pivotal role in the evolution of intergroup interactions. Both long-distance and local dispersal processes drive population social structure, and the costs and benefits of intergroup conflict, tolerance and cooperation. Overall, the evolution of multi-group interaction patterns, including both intergroup aggression and intergroup tolerance, or even altruism, is more likely with mostly localized dispersal. However, the evolution of these intergroup relationships may have significant ecological impacts, and this feedback may alter the ecological conditions that favour its own evolution. These results show that the evolution of intergroup cooperation is favoured by a specific set of conditions, and may not be evolutionarily stable. We discuss how our results relate to empirical evidence of intergroup cooperation in ants and primates. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Collective behaviour through time’.

Growing together: An analysis of measurement transparency across 15 years of player motivation questionnaires

Abstract: There are many questionnaires to assess player motivation, originating from a diverse range of disciplines. Each discipline differs in their usage and reporting of questionnaires, but there has been no attempt to standardise their application. No standard approach leads to a lack of transparency in usage reporting, which affects the ability of the field to synthesise. This has made it unclear whether player motivation research is a unified community, or a collection of individuals with a similar goal. Therefore, the current work assesses the transparency of reporting practices of player motivation questionnaires published within the last 15 years. 18 questionnaires were identified via a scoping review, then papers citing these questionnaires were analysed for their transparency of reporting practices (n=238); first via a content analysis of justifications for use, then followed by an analysis of transparency against eight criteria created for this work. Overall, reporting transparency is lacking, driven by little priority for presenting items alongside text. Many papers use questionnaires because they are theory-based or have measured specific variables in previous works, but explicit justification is rare. The work concludes with a transparency checklist based on the eight criteria used, which authors can use to standardise the field and allow for more cohesive research synthesis.

Routinely used interventions to improve attachment in infants and young children: a national survey and two systematic reviews

Abstract: Attachment refers to an infant's innate tendency to seek comfort from their caregiver. Research shows that attachment is important in promoting healthy social and emotional development. Many parenting interventions have been developed to improve attachment outcomes for children. However, numerous interventions used in routine practice have a limited evidence base, meaning that we cannot be sure if they are helpful or harmful.This research aimed to conduct a large-scale survey to identify what interventions are being used in UK services to improve child attachment; conduct a systematic review to evaluate the evidence for parenting attachment interventions; and develop recommendations for future research and practice.We worked closely with our Expert Reference Group to plan a large-scale survey focused on relevant UK services. We then conducted two systematic reviews. One searched for all randomised controlled trial evidence for any attachment parenting intervention. The second searched for all research for the top 10 routinely used interventions identified from the survey.The survey collected 625 responses covering 734 UK services. The results identified the 10 most commonly used interventions. The responses showed a limited use of validated measures and a wide variety of definitions of attachment. For the first review, seven studies were included from 2516 identified records. These were combined with results from previous reviews conducted by the team. Meta-analyses showed that, overall, parenting interventions are effective in reducing disorganised attachment (pooled odds ratio 0.54, 95% confidence interval 0.39 to 0.77) and increasing secure attachment (pooled odds ratio 1.85, 95% confidence interval 1.36 to 2.52). The second review searched the literature for the top 10 routinely used interventions identified by the survey; 61 studies were included from 1198 identified records. The results showed that many of the most commonly used interventions in UK services have a weak evidence base and those with the strongest evidence base are not as widely used.There is a need for better links between research and practice to ensure that interventions offered to families are safe and effective. Possible reasons for the disparity include the cost and accessibility of training. There is also a need for improved understanding by professionals regarding the meaning of attachment.Although the survey had good geographical spread, most respondents were based in England. For review 2 we were unable to access a large number of papers; however, we conducted extensive reference checking to account for this.There is a need for robust research to test the efficacy of routinely used attachment interventions. Research could also explore why routinely used interventions are not consistently subject to thorough evaluation; how to embed dissemination, cost-effectiveness, fidelity and sustainability into research; and how to keep clinical practice up to date with research developments.This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42019137362.This project was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 27, No. 2. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.Attachment refers to an infant’s natural instinct to seek comfort from their main carers. There are four ways in which infants show attachment (‘attachment patterns’). These are known as secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant and disorganised. Secure attachment usually occurs with consistent and responsive parenting/caregiving and is linked with positive social and emotional child development. Inconsistent, neglectful or abusive parenting/caregiving can lead to problems with attachment, including disorganised attachment, and is linked to poorer outcomes. Parenting support, education and therapies help parents improve infant attachment and their child’s outcomes. We surveyed UK services to see what they offered families with attachment problems. A total of 734 UK services responded. This identified 10 therapies or support packages most commonly offered to parents. We checked what research had been done on these. We found very little. We found 61 studies of support packages with quite good evidence, but these were generally not ones offered by UK services. We also looked in detail at research for all types of support/therapies to improve attachment. We looked for the best research (called ‘randomised controlled trials’); 26 studies had tested therapies to see if they improved secure attachment and 20 had tested whether or not they improved (i.e. reduced) disorganised attachment. We found that these therapies or support packages are good at increasing secure attachment and improving disorganised attachment. Mostly they did this by helping parents/caregivers improve caregiving and particularly how sensitive and responsive they are to their child and their needs. Currently, practice is not following research, and research is not being done to properly evaluate current practice. We need to improve the evidence and the way it links to practice, including how those organising and paying for services are made aware of up-to-date research to make sure that the best treatments are available. High-quality training for staff is also important.

The value of national arthroplasty registry data in 2023

Abstract: The importance of registries has been brought into focus by recent UK national reports focusing on implant (Cumberlege) and surgeon (Paterson) performance. National arthroplasty registries provide real-time, real-world information about implant, hospital, and surgeon performance and allow case identification in the event of product recall or adverse surgical outcomes. They are a valuable resource for research and service improvement given the volume of data recorded and the longitunidal nature of data collection. This review discusses the current value of registry data as it relates to both clinical practice and research.

Sodium regulates <scp>PLC</scp> and <scp>IP₃R</scp>‐mediated calcium signaling in invasive breast cancer cells

Abstract: Intracellular Ca2+ signaling and Na+ homeostasis are inextricably linked via ion channels and co-transporters, with alterations in the concentration of one ion having profound effects on the other. Evidence indicates that intracellular Na+ concentration ([Na+]i) is elevated in breast tumors, and that aberrant Ca2+ signaling regulates numerous key cancer hallmark processes. The present study therefore aimed to determine the effects of Na+ depletion on intracellular Ca2+ handling in metastatic breast cancer cell lines. The relationship between Na+ and Ca2+ was probed using fura-2 and SBFI fluorescence imaging and replacement of extracellular Na+ with equimolar N-methyl-D-glucamine (0Na+/NMDG) or choline chloride (0Na+/ChoCl). In triple-negative MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells and Her2+ SKBR3 cells, but not ER+ MCF-7 cells, 0Na+/NMDG and 0Na+/ChoCl resulted in a slow, sustained depletion in [Na+]i that was accompanied by a rapid and sustained increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Application of La3+ in nominal Ca2+-free conditions had no effect on this response, ruling out reverse-mode NCX activity and Ca2+ entry channels. Moreover, the Na+-linked [Ca2+]i increase was independent of membrane potential hyperpolarization (NS-1619), but was inhibited by pharmacological blockade of IP3 receptors (2-APB), phospholipase C (PLC, U73122) or following depletion of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores (cyclopiazonic acid). Thus, Na+ is linked to PLC/IP3-mediated activation of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release in metastatic breast cancer cells and this may have an important role in breast tumors where [Na+]i is perturbed.

Active Learning Strategies in the Flipped Classroom Approach

Abstract: In the flipped classroom teaching approach, students can watch videos explaining the lesson topic at home and most of the class time is then free for hands-on activities. Since the classroom environment is an essential part of the successful implementation of the flipped classroom approach, it is important to create a learning environment which supports different forms of active learning strategies, collaboration and higher-order thinking skills. This chapter explores a wide range of active learning techniques that can be implemented in flipped classroom teaching instruction. Focusing on practices, the chapter also draws attention to the crucial role of the teacher have in facilitating such activities, as well as looking at the positive influence that active learning strategies in the flipped classroom environment can have on students' learning, engagement, achievement, and positive attitudes toward learning.

PySilSub: An open-source Python toolbox for implementing the method of silent substitution in vision and nonvisual photoreception research

Abstract: Abstract The normal human retina contains several classes of photosensitive cell—rods for low-light vision, three cone classes for daylight vision, and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) expressing melanopsin for non-image-forming functions including pupil control, melatonin suppression and circadian photoentrainment. The spectral sensitivities of the photoreceptors overlap significantly, which means that most lights will stimulate all photoreceptors, to varying degrees. The method of silent substitution is a powerful tool for stimulating individual photoreceptor classes selectively and has found much use in research and clinical settings. The main hardware requirement for silent substitution is a spectrally calibrated light stimulation system with at least as many primaries as there are photoreceptors under consideration. Device settings that will produce lights to selectively stimulate the photoreceptor(s) of interest can be found using a variety of analytic and algorithmic approaches. Here we present PySilSub ( https://github.com/PySilentSubstitution/pysilsub ), a novel Python package for silent substitution featuring flexible object-oriented support for individual colorimetric observer models (including human and mouse observers), multi-primary stimulation devices, and solving silent substitution problems with linear algebra and constrained numerical optimisation. The toolbox is registered with the Python Package Index and includes example data sets from various multi-primary systems. We hope that PySilSub will facilitate the application of silent substitution in research and clinical settings.

International orthopaedic trials

Abstract: Musculoskeletal diseases are having a growing impact worldwide. It is therefore crucial to have an evidence base to most effectively and efficiently implement future health services across different healthcare systems. International trials are an opportunity to address these challenges and have many potential benefits. They are, however, complex to set up and deliver, which may impact on the efficient and timely delivery of a project. There are a number of models of how international trials are currently being delivered across a range of orthopaedic patient populations, which are discussed here. The examples given highlight that the key to overcoming these challenges is the development of trusted and equal partnerships with collaborators in each country. International trials have the potential to address a global burden of disease, and in turn optimize the benefit to patients in the collaborating countries and those with similar health services and care systems. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(7):719–722.

Participatory action research

Abstract: This comprehensive Dictionary brings together an extensive range of definitive terms in ecological economics. Assembling contributions from distinguished scholars, it provides an intellectual map to this evolving subject ranging from the practical to the philosophical.

Reply on RC2

Abstract: Abstract. The island of Hateruma is the southernmost inhabited island of Japan. Here we interpret observations of carbon monoxide (CO), ethane (C₂H₆), propane (C₃H₈), nitrogen oxides (NO_x and NO_y) and ozone (O₃) made from the island in 2018 with the GEOS-Chem atmospheric chemistry transport model. We simulated the concentrations of these species within a nested grid centered over the site, with a model resolution of 0.5°×0.625°. We use the Community Emissions Data System (CEDS) emissions dataset for anthropogenic emissions and add a geological source of C₂H₆ and C₃H₈. The model captured the seasonality of primary pollutants (CO, C₂H₆, C₃H₈) at the site - high concentrations in the winter months when oxidation rates are low and flow is from the north, and low concentrations in the summer months when oxidation rates are higher and flow is from the south. It also simulates many of the synoptic scale events with Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r) of 0.74, 0.88 and 0.89 for CO, C₂H₆ and C₃H₈, respectively. Concentrations of CO are well simulated by the model (with a gradient of best fit between model and measurements of 0.91) but simulated concentrations of C₂H₆ and C₃H₈ are significantly lower than the observations (gradients of best fit between model and measurement of 0.57 and 0.41, respectively), most noticeably in the winter months. Simulated NO_x concentrations were underestimated but NO_y appear to be overestimated. The concentration of O₃ is moderately well simulated (gradient of best fit line of 0.76, with an r of 0.87) but there is a tendency to underestimate concentrations in the winter months. By switching off the model’s biomass burning emissions we show that during winter biomass burning has limited influence on the concentration of compounds in the winter but can represent a sizeable fraction in the summer. We also show that increasing the anthropogenic emissions of C₂H₆ and C₃H₈ in Asia by factors of 2.22 and 3.17, respectively, significantly increases the model’s ability to simulate these species in the winter months, consistent with previous studies.

Letters to the Editor

Abstract: Dental UpdateVol. 50, No. 3 LettersLetters to the EditorVishal Aggarwal, David Shiers, Jasper Palmier-Claus, Paul French, Carolyn Chew-Graham, Emily Peckham, Masuma Mishu, Emma ElliottVishal AggarwalClinical Associate Professor in Acute Dental Care and Chronic Pain; School of Dentistry, University of LeedsSearch for more papers by this author, David ShiersHonorary Research Consultant, Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Trust, Manchester; Honorary Reader in Early Psychosis, Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester; Honorary Senior Research Fellow, School of Medicine, Keele UniversitySearch for more papers by this author, Jasper Palmier-ClausSenior Lecturer in Clinical Psychology, Spectrum Centre for Mental Health Research, Lancaster UniversitySearch for more papers by this author, Paul FrenchProfessor in Mental Health Research, Manchester Metropolitan UniversitySearch for more papers by this author, Carolyn Chew-GrahamProfessor of General Practice, Keele UniversitySearch for more papers by this author, Emily PeckhamSenior Research Fellow, University of YorkSearch for more papers by this author, Masuma MishuLecturer in Public Health, University College LondonSearch for more papers by this author, Emma ElliottAcademic Joint Dental Foundation Core Trainee MaxFax/GDP, Leeds Teaching Hospital Trust, Leeds General InfirmarySearch for more papers by this authorVishal Aggarwal; David Shiers; Jasper Palmier-Claus; Paul French; Carolyn Chew-Graham; Emily Peckham; Masuma Mishu; Emma ElliottPublished Online:16 Mar 2023https://doi.org/10.12968/denu.2023.50.3.222AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View article References 1. The right to smile campaign. 2022. Available at: www.lancaster.ac.uk/media/lancaster-university/content-assets/documents/fhm/spectrum/Oral_Health_Consensus_Statement.pdf (accessed February 2023). Google Scholar FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 2 March 2023Volume 50Issue 3ISSN (print): 0305-5000ISSN (online): 2515-589X Metrics History Published online 16 March 2023 Published in print 2 March 2023 Information© MA Dentistry Media LimitedPDF download

Understanding the aerosol-cloud interactions in ship-dominated and cleaner environments in the Celtic Sea.

Abstract: Aerosol-cloud interaction contributes to one of the highest uncertainties in radiative forcing estimations. Aerosols from ship emissions alter the cloud properties and have become an important source of anthropogenic air pollution in recent decades. &#160;We have measured the size distributions and number concentrations of aerosols in the cloud and outside clouds using various onboard instruments such as cloud droplet probe (CDP; DMT), passive cavity aerosol spectrometer (PCASP, DMT), Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) and Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2; DMT). The measurements were performed in the ship emission-dominated environments and relatively cleaner regions of the Celtic Sea. &#160;We discuss the difference in the characteristics of in-cloud and out-cloud measurements in these relatively contrasting environments. The measurements were made between 29th September and 12th October 2021 using the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) research aircraft as a part of the Atmospheric Composition and Radiative forcing changes due to UN International Ship Emissions regulations (ACRUISE) Project.

Conclusion

Abstract: This chapter analyses the wealth of data presented in the Handbook to address questions concerning the conceptualisation and development of the radical left outlined in the Introduction. It classifies RLPs by party sub-type and presents comparable data on RLP electoral performance, organisations and their participation in power from 2000 to 2019. The chapter identifies significant diversity within the radical left and in particular the extent to which RLPs entered mainstream politics. The chapter views the radical left in comparative perspective to detail and explain its considerable variation. It questions the processes of convergence sometimes associated with the radical left as well as theories developed to understand it in the early 2000s. The conclusion discusses the challenges facing the contemporary radical left and highlights several obstacles to its electoral success and renewal. The chapter ends by outlining a comparative research agenda in these areas and the need for greater dialogue between research on RLPs and the wider discipline.

On the Speed of Interplanetary Shocks Propagating through the Magnetosheath

Abstract: Interplanetary shocks are some of the main drivers of geomagnetic storms. Before they can impact the geomagnetic environment, they propagate through the magnetosheath where their properties and geometry can be modified. What is the velocity of interplanetary shocks propagating through the magnetosheath? Previous numerical simulations and observations have given a wide range of apparently contradictory answers to this question, but they seem to all agree that interplanetary shocks generally slow down as they enter the magnetosheath: the interplanetary shocks&#8217; velocity in the magnetosheath have been reported to be between 0.25 and 0.93 times their velocity in the solar wind. In this work, we offer two competing simple models to predict the propagation velocity of shocks through the magnetosheath. These models are applied to a list of shocks detected by currently operational spacecraft (e.g. Wind, MMS) as well as to results obtained from a hybrid PIC simulation. We show that our models both reconcile previous results and imply that interplanetary shocks could - in certain space weather-relevant situations - travel faster in the magnetosheath than they did in the solar wind.&#160;

Who Put the ‘a’ in ‘Thomas a Becket’? The History of a Name from the Angevins to the Victorians

Abstract: This article examines the history of Becket’s name from his birth to c. 1800, through detailed corpus analysis, with a particular focus on the varying popularity of the ‘Becket’ and ‘a Becket’ forms from the 16th to 18th centuries. The analysis goes beyond positivist attempts to decide on the ‘correct’ name to look instead at naming conventions in the context of their use. There is some evidence to suggest that, until his ordination at least, Thomas was known by the family surname ‘Beket’ during his lifetime, and this name for him occurs in some medieval chronicle traditions. Yet for the most part he was ‘St Thomas of Canterbury’, and the ‘Becket’ surname was revived by Protestants at the Reformation as a slur to emphasise his unworthiness. The form ‘a Becket’ was invented by the satirist Thomas Nashe in the 1590s to turn the archbishop into a figure of fun, and by the 1700s may have been the predominant form in popular, verbal, use, largely thanks to its more appealing rhythmic form. By the 1760s the ‘a Becket’ form had also become the academically accepted ‘correct’ form. This in turn gave rise to debate, continuing to this day, about the correct nomenclature and to a host of theories about the etymology of both ‘types’.Banner image: The earliest known portrayal of Thomas Becket's murder in Canterbury Cathedral, unknown author, c.1200.&nbsp;Original in the British Library: Harley MS 5102, f. 32; image from Wikimedia Commons.

A scoping review of the outcome reporting following surgery for chronic osteomyelitis of the lower limb

Abstract: Aims Chronic osteomyelitis (COM) of the lower limb in adults can be surgically managed by either limb reconstruction or amputation. This scoping review aims to map the outcomes used in studies surgically managing COM in order to aid future development of a core outcome set. Methods A total of 11 databases were searched. A subset of studies published between 1 October 2020 and 1 January 2011 from a larger review mapping research on limb reconstruction and limb amputation for the management of lower limb COM were eligible. All outcomes were extracted and recorded verbatim. Outcomes were grouped and categorized as per the revised Williamson and Clarke taxonomy. Results A total of 3,303 records were screened, of which 99 studies were included. Most studies were case series (77/99; 78%) and assessed one method of reconstruction (68/99; 69%). A total of 511 outcomes were reported, which were grouped into 58 distinct outcomes. Overall, 143/511 of all outcomes (28%) were provided with a clear, in-text definition, and 231 outcomes (45%) had details reported of how and when they were measured. The most commonly reported outcome was ‘recurrence of osteomyelitis’ (62; 12%). The single-most patient-reported outcome measure was ‘pain’. Conclusion This study has highlighted significant inconsistencies in the defining, reporting, and measuring of outcomes across studies investigating surgical management for chronic osteomyelitis of the lower limb in adults. Future studies should clearly report complete details of how outcomes are defined and measured, including timing. The development of a standardized core outcome set would be of significant benefit in order to allow evidence synthesis and comparison across studies. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(3):146–157.