Showing papers by "Wichita State University published in 1973"

Textural Features for Image Classification

Abstract: Texture is one of the important characteristics used in identifying objects or regions of interest in an image, whether the image be a photomicrograph, an aerial photograph, or a satellite image. This paper describes some easily computable textural features based on gray-tone spatial dependancies, and illustrates their application in category-identification tasks of three different kinds of image data: photomicrographs of five kinds of sandstones, 1:20 000 panchromatic aerial photographs of eight land-use categories, and Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) multispecial imagery containing seven land-use categories. We use two kinds of decision rules: one for which the decision regions are convex polyhedra (a piecewise linear decision rule), and one for which the decision regions are rectangular parallelpipeds (a min-max decision rule). In each experiment the data set was divided into two parts, a training set and a test set. Test set identification accuracy is 89 percent for the photomicrographs, 82 percent for the aerial photographic imagery, and 83 percent for the satellite imagery. These results indicate that the easily computable textural features probably have a general applicability for a wide variety of image-classification applications.

Balanced Arrays and Orthogonal Arrays

Abstract: We point out the relation between the theory of balanced arrays and various combinatorial areas of design of experiment. Recalling some combinatorial theorems from Srivastava [1971], we apply these to prove a class of new and simple but rather stringent results on the existence of balanced arrays. Applications to the special case of orthogonal arrays are also considered.

Optimal balanced 2 7 fractional factorial designs of resolution V , with N ≦42

Abstract: In this paper, we present a class of fractional factorial designs of the 27 series, which are of resolutionV. Such designs allow the estimation of the general mean, the main effects and the two factors interactions (29 parameters in all for the 27 factorial) assuming that the higher order effects are negligible. For every value ofN (the number of runs) such that 29≦N≦42, we give a resolutionV design that is optimal (with respect to the trace criterion) within the subclass of balanced designs. Also, for convenience of analysis, we present for each design, the covariance matrix of the estimates of the various parameters. As a by product, we establish many interesting combinatorial theorems concerning balanced arrays of strength four (which are generalizations of orthogonal arrays of strength four, and also of balanced incomplete block designs with block sizes not necessarily equal).

A Fluorescence Study of Hematoporphyrin

Abstract: The fluorescence characteristics of hematoporphyrin have been studied at 26°C as a function of concentration and pH. The pk values are 4.7 and 8.2 as determined in water and water-ethanol mixtures. The fluorescence spectrum consists of a peak at 625 nm and a second, less intense band at 675 nm. These emission bands are assigned to the Qy (0 → 0) and Qx (0 → 0) states. The four absorption bands in the visible region are assigned to π → π* transitions as follows; 502 nm, (1 ← 0); 536 nm, Qy (0 ← 0); 557 nm, Qx (1 ← 0); and 605 nm, Qx (0 ← 0). Corresponding excitation wavelengths include 505, 540, 570, and 620 nm. Polarized fluorescence is used to establish molecular association as a function of concentration. The polarization factor is used to verify the change from D2h to D4h symmetry as a function of pH.

Multiple Choice Versus True-False: A Comparison of Reliabilities and Concurrent Validities.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the reliabilities of true-false (TF) and multiple choice (MC) tests and to determine the concurrent validities of both. Two methods, judgmental and discrimination, were devised for objectively converting MC items to TF form. The TF items generated by the two methods from 70-item MC natural science and social studies tests were incorporated in eight final forms which were differentiated by subject matter, conversion method, and item form order. A sample of 1018 nonurban high school students each responded to one of the eight forms. Examinees tried three TF items for every pair of MC items attempted. The TF tests were significantly less reliable than the MC tests but did tend to measure the same thing as the corresponding MC tests.

Brand Evaluation and Brand Choice: A Longitudinal Study:

Abstract: An analysis is presented showing the association between a summated brand evaluation index and brands purchased over time. The summated index was no more predictive than simpler measures such as “b...

Optimal balanced 27 fractional factorial designs of resolution V, 49 ≤ N ≤55

Abstract: In this paper, we present a class of fractional factorial designs of the 27 series, which are of resolutionV. Such designs allow the estimation of the general mean, the main effects and the two factors interactions (29 parameters in all for the 27 factorial) assuming that the higher order effects are negligible. For every value ofN (the number of runs) such that 29≦N≦42, we give a resolutionV design that is optimal (with respect to the trace criterion) within the subclass of balanced designs. Also, for convenience of analysis, we present for each design, the covariance matrix of the estimates of the various parameters. As a by product, we establish many interesting combinatorial theorems concerning balanced arrays of strength four (which are generalizations of orthogonal arrays of strength four, and also of balanced incomplete block designs with block sizes not necessarily equal).

Dimensions of lesbian sexual experience.

Abstract: Sixty-five female homosexuals, ranging in age from 18 to 55, completed a research questionnaire exploring their sexual relationships. Twenty-eight percent of the sample had become aware of their homosexual orientation between ages 6 and 10. First homosexual fantasies occurred between the ages of 11 and 15 for another 42%. More than two-thirds engaged in their first homosexual contact before the age of 20. These initial homosexual contacts were not exploitative. Rather, the respondents had been willing, cooperative partners. At the time of initial experience, there were as many who were seducers as there were those who were seduced. Forty percent achieved orgasm at the time of their first homosexual experience. Physical experience with another female preceded their entry into the homosexual community by several years. Nearly nine out of ten dated males during their homosexual careers, and more than half the respondents had had sexual experience with a male. A large number of female sexual partners was not the pattern of the respondents; four out of five had had physical intimacies with fewer than eight women.

The significance of variability

Abstract: The negative attitude psychologists hold toward behavioral variability is contrasted against the more positive attitude biologists hold toward genetic variability. It is argued that variability is a necessary prerequisite to adaptation, whether genetic or behavioral, and that the sources of variability are intrinsic to the organism. One can also find constraints upon variability present in biological systems and it is proposed that too much variability is maladaptive and that variability is stabilized at some ideal level by a system of checks and balances. It is suggested that both sources of variability and constraints thereon could more profitably be investigated directly rather than continuing with the philosophy that variability constitutes noise to be eliminated.

The relationship of marihuana usage to personality and motivational factors.

Abstract: Summary The 16 Personality Factors Questionnaire (16 PF), Motivation Analysis Test (MAT), and a marihuana usage questionnaire were administered anonymously to 104 undergraduate students. Raw scores were converted to sten scores to eliminate sex and age differences. Product-moment correlations were computed on data from the questionnaires. An iterative principal axis solution was applied to the correlation matrix followed by Kaiser Varimax orthogonal rotation and graphical oblique rotations. The most significant finding was that marihuana users were not a homogeneous group in terms of personality and motivational structure. Four identifiable personality and motivational patterns were found to be related to such use: (a) an antisocial norm group; (b) a frustrated upper-middle class group; (c) a hostile rebel group; (d) a follower group. None of these indicate pathological patterns.

New airfoil sections for general aviation aircraft

Abstract: A program has been undertaken to develop new airfoil sections suitable for general aviation aircraft, utilizing theoretical and experimental advanced technology developed in recent years primarily for subsonic jet transport and military aircraft. The airfoil development program is one component of the Advanced Technology Light Twin program sponsored by NASA Langley Research Center. Two-dimensional tests of a new airfoil have demonstrated high cruising performance over a fairly wide C sub 1 range, and a C sub 1 max value of 3.69 with Fowler flap and no leading-edge devices. Experimental and theoretical development of additional configurations is under way.

Computational Methods for Studying Acoustic Propagation in Nonuniform Waveguides

Abstract: A variational technique is used to model sound transmission through a nonuniform duct segment consisting of an axial variation in wall admittance or cross sectional area. The method involves the Ritz minimization of functionals which have the governing equations as stationary conditions. The variational method is verified by application to segments of variables-separable geometry for which eigenfunction expansion techniques offer an alternative solution procedure, and by comparison with the results of stepped duct approximations to the nonuniformity. Quantitative data are presented which indicate the boundary condition matching to be a suitable measure of the accuracy of the transmitted field.

Replication report: No spontaneous alternation in gerbils

Abstract: Twelve male Mongolian gerbils were tested for spontaneous alternation in a T maze, a U maze, and a parallel-arm maze. Alternation rates did not exceed chance in any of the mazes. Albino rats, on the other hand, did alternate in the T and U mazes but not in the parallel-arm maze. It is suggested that the vestibular system of the gerbil may be associated with their failure to display spontaneous alternation.

Reward, punishment and reversal on a mirror-tracing task

Abstract: Szzmmary.-In an attempt to "equate" punishment and reward, a siruation was devised where the informational content, intensity and method of delivery were the same. On a mirror-tracing task both punishment and reward affected Ss' performance. The initial effect of punishment was more pronounced than the initial effect of reward. When Ss were told to reverse the direction of tracing, degradation of performance was less for the punished group than for the reward group. The similarities and differences between reward and punishment have been investigated and speculated upon for a very long time (Campbell & Church, 1969; Postman, 1947, 1962). Over-all evidence regarding the relative effectiveness of the two procedures has been somewhat contradictory (Boe & Church, 1968). One problem with trying to compare the relative effectiveness of reward and punishment is that of "equating" the two as nearly as possible. Equating, however, can be done on a number of factors. One such factor is the informational content of reward and punishment. That is, reward may be considered more effective than punishment because it specifies a correct response or behavior while punishment, .per se, only indicates that one (usually of many) response or behavior is incorrect. On the surface it seems that reward given for performing better than criterion and punishment given for a task performed poorer than criterion would seem to equate the informational content of the two procedures. Another factor is the intensity of reward and punishment. The first requirement for this kind of equating is that the reward and punishment procedure be mediated the same, like the winning or losing of money or some other desirable commodity. Finally, it would seem necessary to deliver rewards and punishments in a similar manner. The intent of this study, therefore, was to set up a procedure which seemed to meet the above requirements and compare the relative effects of reward and punishment. METHOD A task which meets the above requirements is a mirror-tracing task. A metal mirror-tracing apparatus of standard design (McGeoch, 1942) was used. The device requires that S trace a pattern, usually with a pen or stylus, while viewing a pattern through a mirror. The pattern developed for this experiment is shown in Fig. 1. The figure was printed on common bond paper and held in place in the apparatus with clips. S traced a pencil line between the two borders of the pattern. The width between borders was slightly less than onefourth of an inch. Ss were 30 males, between the ages of 17 and 25 yr. from a general psychology course. All Ss were volunteers who understood the nature of

Formulations Regarding an Experimental Analysis of Covert Impulse and Depression Responses as Mediators of Consummatory S—R Sequences

Abstract: The present paper analyzes the possible role of covert impulse and emotional responses in mediating consummatory stimulus-response sequences. The hypothesis forwarded is that this mediational role can develop under certain conditions in which consummatory stimulus-response sequences are blocked by inhibiting setting factors.

Halophilic Bacteria Susceptibility to Peracetic Acid Vapor and Ethylene Oxide

Abstract: Extremely to slightly halophilic bacteria were tested for susceptibility to two sterilizing agents, peracetic acid (PAA) and ethylene oxide (ETO). PAA susceptibility was explored by two methods: an agar plate (constant pH of 7.2) and a filter strip (constant incubation period of 37 days); 100% susceptibility was obtained by both methods. The dosage (0.5 ml/min) was applied to a filter pad in a petri dish cover. Glove box experiments with ETO (input 1.5 lb. [ca. 680.4 g]/24 hr, the only constant) yielded 100% susceptibility for all halophiles tested. These experiments demonstrated the efficacy of two lethal agents for extreme halophiles, PAA and ETO. Variation in pH did not affect susceptibility.

Photoreactivating enzyme activity of primitive and advanced species of hansenvla

Abstract: Wickerham ( 1969) has proposed that evolution within the yeast genus Wrinsenul(i has progressed along five major and one subsidiary pathways. Sarachek and Ireland ( 197 I ) noted that the photoreactivable (PR) sectors of species of Hrrnsennlu [i.e., proportions of lethal ultraviolet (UV) induced cellular damage subject to repair by photoreactivating enzyme (PR enzyme)] correlate well with the purported placement of species along those pathways: only very primitive species are unable to photoreactivate, advanced species have PR sectors of 0.3 or higher and all species belonging to line 5 of Wickerham’s phylogenetic scheme have a distinctive PR sector of 0.1. These relationships can be explained in three alternative ways: First, the genus Htrnsenirl~r may have arisen from nonphotoreactivating progenitors and the gene for PR enzyme acquired introgressively by species of intermediate evolutionary development through interspecific matings with members of closely related genera. Second, the gene for PR enzyme could be present in all species of Hnnsenrrl~r, the primitive and advanced species differing in other genetic determinants which influence enzyme synthesis or activity. Third, all species of Hcinsenirl~i might possess roughly equivalent levels of functional PR enzyme but differ in either (i) aspects of nuclear organization that affect accessibility of the enzyme to UV-damaged DNA or (ii) proportion of non-photoreactivable damages contributing to cellular inactivation. The first two alternatives, but not the third, imply that phylogenetically determined differences among species in the PR sectors of intact cells should be reflected in corresponding differences in PR enzyme activities detectable in cell-free homogenates. The present study tests for such correlations in several species of H n n s ~ n i r l t r whose in vivo PR sectors have magnitudes representative of the range encountered within the genus.

Photoreactivable sectors and the systematics of the genusPichia

Abstract: Es wird der Beweis erbracht, dass photoreaktivierungsfahige Sektoren von Zellen einen zusatzlichen Affinitatsparameter zwischer Hefen der GattungenHansenula undPichia bilden und vielleicht wertvolle Daten fur die endgultige Erschliessung der intragenerischen Phylogenie derPichia liefern.

A stereotaxic implant technique for the weanling rat

Abstract: A modified technique for permanently implanted electrodes in the weanling rat is presented. As a reliable and durable technique, long-term stimulation of the juvenile rat is made possible.