Showing papers by "World Health Organization published in 1974"
TL;DR: The study proved that such a collaboration was feasible, that it was possible to develop research procedures for international use, and that similar types of schizophrenia could be found in each of the countries involved.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS The results are described of a transcultural psychiatric study of schizophrenia undertaken by WHO in nine countries. The study proved that such a collaboration was feasible, that it was possible to develop research procedures for international use, and that similar types of schizophrenia could be found in each of the countries involved. One thousand two hundred and two patients were studied and over 2 million items of information obtained.
554 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated human immunity acquired after cholera or provided by choline vaccines and found that immunity, either naturally acquired or vaccine-induced, appeared to be directed against the vibrio rather than against the toxin.
Abstract: Human immunity acquired after cholera or provided by cholera vaccines was evaluated. Previous diarrhea caused by infection with Vibrio cholerae induced complete protection against diarrhea after a second challenge with the homologous organism four to 12 months later; vibrios were recovered from only one of 21 patients challenged with the homologous organism. Four of six other men challenged again after the same interval with a heterologous serotype developed mild diarrhea. A whole-cell Inaba vaccine, given either parenterally or orally, produced significant protection against excretion of the organisms and lowered the incidence and severity of diarrhea; the vaccine was more effective when administered parenterally. A partially purified toxoid vaccine also provided some protection. An individual's immunity either to infection or to diarrhea was not correlated with his serum titer of vibriocidal antibody or his serum titer of antitoxin. Immunity, either naturally acquired or vaccine-induced, appeared to be directed against the vibrio rather than against the toxin. At present, cholera vaccines are less effective than previous infection in prevention of subsequent illness.
162 citations
TL;DR: The clinical outcome in fifty-seven infants with Escherichia coli meningitis was analysed with respect to the presence or absence of K1 capsular polysaccharide antigen, and the amount and length of time K1 antigen was present in serum and cerebrospinal fluid were directly related to clinical outcome.
153 citations
TL;DR: The authors conclude (section 9) that causation of disease by psychosocial stimuli is unproven but at a high level of suspicion and evaluation of such health actions in terms of efficiency, safety and cost should be mandatory to establish scientific principles.
148 citations
TL;DR: Cap formation in vitro of viable Leishmania enriettii with antibodies from infected or immune guinea pigs and a fluorescein-labeled antiguinea pig Ig conjugate induced aggregation of surface antigens to form a "cap" may represent the first stage of the interaction between host antibodies and the surface membrane of protozoal parasites.
Abstract: Incubation in vitro of viable Leishmania enriettii with antibodies from infected or immune guinea pigs and a fluorescein-labeled antiguinea pig Ig conjugate induced aggregation of surface antigens to form a "cap" over the anterior pole of the amastigote and over both the anterior and posterior poles of the promastigote form of the parasite. Cap formation occurred only with optimum quantities of guinea pig antibodies and was inhibited by low temperature and the metabolic inhibitors, sodium azide and iodoacetamide. The aggregated antigens were rapidly lost from the surface of the parasite but reappeared after 3 h of incubation at 23°C. This phenomenon of ligand-induced membrane antigen movement is apparently similar to that described in mammalian cells, and may represent the first stage of the interaction between host antibodies and the surface membrane of protozoal parasites.
67 citations
TL;DR: A framework for further study is developed which focuses upon modernization as the key predictor of use of health services in developing countries as well as the applicability of analyses of determinants of utilization in developed countries to the situation of developing countries such as Tunisia.
42 citations
TL;DR: The genes controlling synthesis of the Escherichia coli acidic polysaccharide capsular antigens K10 and K54 were transferred by conjugation to E. coli strains of other serotypes and the genes concerned with these K antigen determinants showed genetic linkage with the serA locus, demonstrating the probable existence of another chromosomal locus involved in the production of such acidic poly Saccharide K antigen.
Abstract: The genes controlling synthesis of the Escherichia coli acidic polysaccharide capsular antigens K10 and K54 were transferred by conjugation to E. coli strains of other serotypes. The genes concerned with these K antigen determinants showed genetic linkage with the serA locus. We propose to name the K antigen-controlling gene kpsA. The genetic determinants of the two K antigens could also be transferred to enteropathogenic serotypes, even though such strains have never been found in nature with special acidic polysaccharide K antigens. A noncapsulated derivative, K−, of the K10 strain can transfer the genetic determinant of the K antigen, demonstrating the probable existence of another chromosomal locus involved in the production of such acidic polysaccharide K antigens.
38 citations
TL;DR: The authors conducted a neuropsychiatric epidemiological survey of a randomized one per cent sample of the 64 386 households of the city of Shiraz, Iran, finding psychiatric disorders of a relevant degree was significantly higher among the poor than among the middle class and well-to-do population.
Abstract: The authors conducted a neuropsychiatric epidemiological survey of a randomized one per cent sample of the 64 386 households of the city of Shiraz, Iran. Children below six years were excluded. There remained 2 961 persons who, with few exceptions, could be screened in a first phase by short psychological tests and a psychiatric questionnaire. In a second phase those judged to be suspect of psychqpathology were examined by usual open psychiatric method. From administrative reasons and limitation of time we could carry out this second phase only in two areas of the city, a poor and a relatively well-to-do one, which comprised together 941 subjects. Thirteen dropped out for various reasons. Among the remaining 928 we found. 154 = 16. 6% with psychiatric disorders of a relevant degree. Total prevalence was not significantly different from that in rural areas of Iran. It was significantly higher among the poor than among the middle class and well-to-do population.
37 citations
TL;DR: Despite diagnostic imprecision and terminological confusion, the concept of personality disorder remains indispensable to clinical psychiatric practice and in relation to the International Classification of Diseases the problems were examined at a seminar.
Abstract: Despite diagnostic imprecision and terminological confusion, the concept of personality disorder remains indispensable to clinical psychiatric practice. In relation to the International Classification of Diseases the problems were examined at a seminar which formed part of the World Health Organization's programme on Psychiatric Diagnosis, Classification, and Statistics. The conclusions of the seminar are presented in this paper.
30 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a design chart and a simple design procedure have been developed for applying the critical shear stress approach for the hydraulic design of self-cleaning circular sewers, and a numerical example is included to illustrate the application of the chart and the procedure.
Abstract: A design chart and a simple design procedure have been developed for applying the critical shear stress approach for the hydraulic design of self-cleaning circular sewers. Studies indicate that the possible region of deposition is limited to the lower relatively flat part of the sewer and the average boundary shear stress can be used safely as the basis of design for partially full flow. Suitable critical shear stresses for design uses are suggested. The conventional minimum velocity approach tends to either overdesign smaller sewers or underdesign larger sewers. A numerical example is included to illustrate the application of the chart and the procedure.
30 citations
TL;DR: This study compared a group of rural residents to a similar tribal group that had migrated to an urban area and also sought to measure each urban individual's adaptation to urban life, which was related to certain physiological measurements.
TL;DR: Infection of enucleated TC-7 monkey cells with rabies virus resulted in the synthesis of virus-directed RNA and the production of rabies antigens but not of infectious virus.
Abstract: Infection of enucleated TC-7 monkey cells with rabies virus resulted in the synthesis of virus-directed RNA and the production of rabies antigens but not of infectious virus. The yield of infectious vesicular stomatitis virus from enucleated TC-7 cells, on the other hand, was almost as high as that from intact cells. Inhibition of the mitochondrial functions of enucleated cells by treatment with ethidium bromide did not influence the development of rabies antigens or the production of infectious vesicular stomatitis virus.
TL;DR: Partial acid hydrolysates of the purified vesicular stomatitis, rabies, Lagos bat, Mokola, or spring viremia of carp virions and of purified intracellular nucleocapsids of these viruses have been analyzed by paper electrophoresis for the presence of phosphorylated amino acids.
Abstract: Partial acid hydrolysates of the [(32)P]phosphate- or [(3)H]serine-labeled proteins of purified vesicular stomatitis, rabies, Lagos bat, Mokola, or spring viremia of carp virions and of purified intracellular nucleocapsids of these viruses have been analyzed by paper electrophoresis for the presence of phosphorylated amino acids. Both phosphoserine and phosphothreonine, with the former predominant, were present in virion and nucleocapsid preparations that contained phosphoproteins. An exception was the fish rhabdovirus, which contained only phosphoserine. When vesicular stomatitis or rabies virus proteins were phosphorylated in a cell-free system by the virion-associated protein kinase and analyzed for the presence of phosphorylated amino acid residues, phosphoserine was again found to be more abundant than phosphothreonine. After in vitro protein phosphorylation, another phospho-compound, possibly a third phosphoamino acid, was detected in the partial acid hydrolysates of these viruses.
TL;DR: An important aspect of the study is to examine differences in prevalence, and determine differences in correlates of disability according to the definition used.
15 Dec 1974
TL;DR: The results are summarized as follows: There are two peaks in the biting activities of Ae.
Abstract: Studies on the biting activities and seasonal prevalence on Aedes (-Yegonryia) Polyitesiensis and Ae. (Einlaya) samoanus, two main vectors of subperiodic bancroftian filariasis in Western Samoa, were carried out by human bait collection method. The results are summarized as follows: There are two peaks in the biting activities of .'le. Polynesiensis. The afterneon density is higher than the morning one, and the outdoor biting density is higher than the indoor one. A considerable number of this species also bites man at night, particularly on bright moonlit nights. fle. sainoantts has the highest peak of biting activity during the third quarter of the night. No difference was observed between the outdoor and indoor biting density of any mosquito species collected at night. There is no clear relationship between biting activities, temperature and relative humidity. The seasonal prevalence of these two mosquito species correlates mainly with the rainfall. ..... ..... ........--.... . .t. INTRODUCTION In VLJ'estern Samoa, only the sub-periodic form of I・VLtcheneria bancrof)tJ occurs. The average microfilaria rate was 19% before the mass drug administration started in late 1965. The knewn vectors are .'ledes (Sicegonryia) Polynesiensis, iae. (.S.) iipolansis and Ae. (Finlc(ya) s'amoanus (Ramalingam, 1968). Ae. (F.) tutuilae is a suspected vector. Ae. Polynesiensis and Ae. sctinoanus are considered the important vectors because of their high density and infection rates. There is little published on the bionomics of these vectors. This paper reports the results of extensive studies on the biting activities and seasonal prevalence of Ae. polynesiensis and Ae. s'aittoantts. BITING ACTIVITIES A・flathocls of' mosquito collection For the collection ef day-biting mosquitos, * ik 7k K: -en as wHO Scientist, [h)kgl\7.i v'-lg three stations were selected : (a) a Samoan-type house in the coastal village of Solosolo on Upolu Island ; (b) a bush area under coconut trees in Tuanaimato village, a suburb of Apia town ;
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: In recent years, considerable attention has been devoted to measuring the genetic distance between populations, and several indices of distance have been proposed and used.
Abstract: In recent years, considerable attention has been devoted to measuring the genetic distance between populations, and several indices of distance have been proposed and used.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The males who subsequently participated in the screening examination were more likely than non-participants to have been previously involved with the local medical system and utilizers of various health services, and availability and general willingness to participate in voluntary activities other than the screenings examination also characterized the screening participants more than was true of the non- participation.
TL;DR: The paper discusses the development of resistance in anopheline, culicine and Aedes aegypti mosquitos, as well as the Culex vectors of Japanese encephalitis, and lice, fleas, blackflies, triatoma, houseflies, ticks and cockroaches, and its impact on the control of the diseases they transmit.
Abstract: It is now thirty years since the first of the organochlorine insecticides, DDT, was introduced to control insect vectors of human diseases, and twenty-eight years since the development of resistance to DDT was suspected in the housefly, Musca domestica, and the common house mosquito, Culex pipiens. During that period resistance has developed to some insecticide group or other in one hundred and eight species of arthropods of public health importance. Although the past six years have seen only six species added to that list, these recent years have been characterized by some dramatic developments. Not only resistant populations have spread over even wider geographical areas but some species become, in the same area, simultaneously resistant to almost all available insecticides while many other species are only susceptible to compounds that many developing countries cannot afford to purchase for their public health programmes.
TL;DR: The difficulties of providing family planning care on a world-wide scale have led to considerable emphasis on research in human reproduction, but how much of this research should, and can, be carried out in developing countries raises many issues in research administration.
Abstract: The difficulties of providing family planning care on a world-wide scale have led to considerable emphasis on research in human reproduction. How much of this research should, and can, be carried out in developing countries raises many issues in research administration.
TL;DR: Though the problem areas of medical education in Africa have been defined and steps have been taken to attack them, notably by preparing teaching staff as agents of change and by opening teacher-training centres, progress cannot be otherwise than slow.