Showing papers in "Annual Review of Psychology in 2002"
TL;DR: The authors end the chapter with a discussion of how to integrate theories of self-regulation and expectancy-value models of motivation and suggest new directions for future research.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract This chapter reviews the recent research on motivation, beliefs, values, and goals, focusing on developmental and educational psychology. The authors divide the chapter into four major sections: theories focused on expectancies for success (self-efficacy theory and control theory), theories focused on task value (theories focused on intrinsic motivation, self-determination, flow, interest, and goals), theories that integrate expectancies and values (attribution theory, the expectancy-value models of Eccles et al., Feather, and Heckhausen, and self-worth theory), and theories integrating motivation and cognition (social cognitive theories of self-regulation and motivation, the work by Winne & Marx, Borkowski et al., Pintrich et al., and theories of motivation and volition). The authors end the chapter with a discussion of how to integrate theories of self-regulation and expectancy-value models of motivation and suggest new directions for future research.
5,444 citations
TL;DR: A variety of mechanisms linking SES to child well-being have been proposed, with most involving differences in access to material and social resources or reactions to stress-inducing conditions by both the children themselves and their parents.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract Socioeconomic status (SES) is one of the most widely studied constructs in the social sciences. Several ways of measuring SES have been proposed, but most include some quantification of family income, parental education, and occupational status. Research shows that SES is associated with a wide array of health, cognitive, and socioemotional outcomes in children, with effects beginning prior to birth and continuing into adulthood. A variety of mechanisms linking SES to child well-being have been proposed, with most involving differences in access to material and social resources or reactions to stress-inducing conditions by both the children themselves and their parents. For children, SES impacts well-being at multiple levels, including both family and neighborhood. Its effects are moderated by children's own characteristics, family characteristics, and external support systems.
4,627 citations
TL;DR: Episodic memory is a neurocognitive (brain/mind) system, uniquely different from other memory systems, that enables human beings to remember past experiences as discussed by the authors, which is a true, even if as yet generally unappreciated, marvel of nature.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract Episodic memory is a neurocognitive (brain/mind) system, uniquely different from other memory systems, that enables human beings to remember past experiences. The notion of episodic memory was first proposed some 30 years ago. At that time it was defined in terms of materials and tasks. It was subsequently refined and elaborated in terms of ideas such as self, subjective time, and autonoetic consciousness. This chapter provides a brief history of the concept of episodic memory, describes how it has changed (indeed greatly changed) since its inception, considers criticisms of it, and then discusses supporting evidence provided by (a) neuropsychological studies of patterns of memory impairment caused by brain damage, and (b) functional neuroimaging studies of patterns of brain activity of normal subjects engaged in various memory tasks. I also suggest that episodic memory is a true, even if as yet generally unappreciated, marvel of nature.
3,618 citations
TL;DR: Even though recent interest in affect in the workplace has been intense, many theoretical and methodological opportunities and challenges remain.
Abstract: The study of affect in the workplace began and peaked in the 1930s, with the decades that followed up to the 1990s not being particularly fertile. Whereas job satisfaction generally continues to be loosely but not carefully thought of and measured as an affective state, critical work in the 1990s has raised serious questions about the affective status of job satisfaction in terms of its causes as well as its definition and measurement. Recent research has focused on the production of moods and emotions at work, with an emphasis, at least conceptually, on stressful events, leaders, work groups, physical settings, and rewards/punishment. Other recent research has addressed the consequences of workers' feelings, in particular, a variety of performance outcomes (e.g., helping behaviors and creativity). Even though recent interest in affect in the workplace has been intense, many theoretical and methodological opportunities and challenges remain.
1,703 citations
TL;DR: This chapter develops a taxonomy of situations to reflect the different concerns and motives that come into play as a result of threats to personal and group identity and degree of commitment to the group.
Abstract: In this chapter, we examine the self and identity by considering the different conditions under which these are affected by the groups to which people belong. From a social identity perspective we argue that group commitment, on the one hand, and features of the social context, on the other hand, are crucial determinants of central identity concerns. We develop a taxonomy of situations to reflect the different concerns and motives that come into play as a result of threats to personal and group identity and degree of commitment to the group. We specify for each cell in this taxonomy how these issues of self and social identity impinge upon a broad variety of responses at the perceptual, affective, and behavioral level.
1,409 citations
TL;DR: The recent research evidence pertaining to the development of these disorders, including sociocultural factors, family factors, negative affect, low self-esteem, and body dissatisfaction, are reviewed.
Abstract: Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa have emerged as the predominant eating disorders. We review the recent research evidence pertaining to the development of these disorders, including sociocultural factors (e.g., media and peer influences), family factors (e.g., enmeshment and criticism), negative affect, low self-esteem, and body dissatisfaction. Also reviewed are cognitive and biological aspects of eating disorders. Some contributory factors appear to be necessary for the appearance of eating disorders, but none is sufficient. Eating disorders may represent a way of coping with problems of identity and personal control.
1,141 citations
TL;DR: A model of the ways in which affect can become disordered in depression is constructed and proposals for the specific types of processing abnormalities that result from dysfunctions in different parts of this circuitry are offered.
Abstract: Depression is a disorder of the representation and regulation of mood and emotion. The circuitry underlying the representation and regulation of normal emotion and mood is reviewed, including studies at the animal level, human lesion studies, and human brain imaging studies. This corpus of data is used to construct a model of the ways in which affect can become disordered in depression. Research on the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, hippocampus, and amygdala is reviewed and abnormalities in the structure and function of these different regions in depression is considered. The review concludes with proposals for the specific types of processing abnormalities that result from dysfunctions in different parts of this circuitry and offers suggestions for the major themes upon which future research in this area should be focused.
1,107 citations
TL;DR: A large body of literature suggests that the Big Five personality factors emerge in various cultures, but caution is required in arguing for such universality, because most studies have not included emic (culture-specific) traits and have not studied samples that are extremely different in culture from Western samples.
Abstract: Ecologies shape cultures; cultures influence the development of personalities. There are both universal and culture-specific aspects of variation in personality. Some culture-specific aspects correspond to cultural syndromes such as complexity, tightness, individualism, and collectivism. A large body of literature suggests that the Big Five personality factors emerge in various cultures. However, caution is required in arguing for such universality, because most studies have not included emic (culture-specific) traits and have not studied samples that are extremely different in culture from Western samples.
1,075 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that distress-related immune dysregulation may be one core mechanism behind a large and diverse set of health risks associated with negative emotions, and resources such as close personal relationships that diminish negative emotions enhance health in part through their positive impact on immune and endocrine regulation.
Abstract: Negative emotions can intensify a variety of health threats. We provide a broad framework relating negative emotions to a range of diseases whose onset and course may be influenced by the immune system; inflammation has been linked to a spectrum of conditions associated with aging, including cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, arthritis, type 2 diabetes, certain cancers, Alzheimer's disease, frailty and functional decline, and periodontal disease. Production of proinflammatory cytokines that influence these and other conditions can be directly stimulated by negative emotions and stressful experiences. Additionally, negative emotions also contribute to prolonged infection and delayed wound healing, processes that fuel sustained proinflammatory cytokine production. Accordingly, we argue that distress-related immune dysregulation may be one core mechanism behind a large and diverse set of health risks associated with negative emotions. Resources such as close personal relationships that diminish negative emotions enhance health in part through their positive impact on immune and endocrine regulation.
1,053 citations
TL;DR: This work advocates an approach to clinical neuropsychology that is informed by recent findings from cognitive neuroscience, and reviews both standard and newer techniques for assessment of frontal lobe functions, including control operations involved in language, memory, attention, emotions, self-regulation, and social functioning.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract Clinical neuropsychologists have adopted numerous (and sometimes conflicting) approaches to the assessment of brain-behavior relationships. We review the historical development of these approaches and we advocate an approach to clinical neuropsychology that is informed by recent findings from cognitive neuroscience. Clinical assessment of executive and emotional processes associated with the frontal lobes of the human brain has yet to incorporate the numerous experimental neuroscience findings on this topic. We review both standard and newer techniques for assessment of frontal lobe functions, including control operations involved in language, memory, attention, emotions, self-regulation, and social functioning. Clinical and experimental research has converged to indicate the fractionation of frontal subprocesses and the initial mapping of these subprocesses to discrete frontal regions. One anatomical distinction consistent in the literature is that between dorsal and ventral functions, which c...
TL;DR: The role of latent variables in multiple regression, probit and logistic regression, factor analysis, latent curve models, item response theory, latent class analysis, and structural equation models is reviewed.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract The paper discusses the use of latent variables in psychology and social science research. Local independence, expected value true scores, and nondeterministic functions of observed variables are three types of definitions for latent variables. These definitions are reviewed and an alternative “sample realizations” definition is presented. Another section briefly describes identification, latent variable indeterminancy, and other properties common to models with latent variables. The paper then reviews the role of latent variables in multiple regression, probit and logistic regression, factor analysis, latent curve models, item response theory, latent class analysis, and structural equation models. Though these application areas are diverse, the paper highlights the similarities as well as the differences in the manner in which the latent variables are defined and used. It concludes with an evaluation of the different definitions of latent variables and their properties.
TL;DR: In this article, an integrated psychobiological inhibition model of insomnia is developed that accounts for the research data, and it is proposed that sleep homeostatic and circadian factors are compromised by impairment of the automaticity and plasticity associated with good sleep.
Abstract: This paper critically reviews the evidence base for previously reported conceptual models of the development and persistence of insomnia. Although a number of perspectives have some empirical support, no one approach emerges as preeminent. Importantly, the efficacy of any particular psychological intervention cannot be taken as confirmation of presumed, underlying mechanisms. An integrated psychobiological inhibition model of insomnia is developed that accounts for the research data. The model views insomnia as arising from inhibition of de-arousal processes associated with normal sleep. It is proposed that sleep homeostatic and circadian factors are compromised by impairment of the automaticity and plasticity associated with good sleep, and that cognitive/affective processes activate the clinical complaint of insomnia. Common pathways for the action of cognitive-behavioral interventions are identified, and a research agenda is set for further conceptual and clinical study.
TL;DR: It is suggested that, taken as a whole, evidence for a psychological and social impact on CAD morbidity and mortality is convincing, and continued progress in this area requires multidisciplinary research integrating expertise in cardiology and the behavioral sciences, and more effective efforts to communicate research findings to a biomedical audience.
Abstract: An extensive research literature in the behavioral sciences and medicine suggests that psychological and social factors may play a direct role in organic coronary artery disease (CAD) pathology. However, many in the medical and scientific community regard this evidence with skepticism. This chapter critically examines research on the impact of psychological and psychosocial factors on the development and outcome of coronary heart disease, with particular emphasis on studies employing verifiable outcomes of CAD morbidity or mortality. Five key variables identified as possible psychosocial risk factors for CAD are addressed: acute and chronic stress, hostility, depression, social support, and socioeconomic status. Evidence regarding the efficacy of psychosocial interventions is also presented. It is suggested that, taken as a whole, evidence for a psychological and social impact on CAD morbidity and mortality is convincing. However, continued progress in this area requires multidisciplinary research integrating expertise in cardiology and the behavioral sciences, and more effective efforts to communicate research findings to a biomedical audience.
TL;DR: In this chapter, the recent research is reviewed and the empirical and conceptual problems that plague traditional conceptions of short-term memory are identified.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract Psychologists often assume that short-term storage is synonymous with activation, a mnemonic property that keeps information in an immediately accessible form. Permanent knowledge is act...
TL;DR: In this article, the conceptual and methodological issues involved in the study of gene-environment correlations (rGE) and interactions (GxE) are discussed in historical context, and quantitative genetic findings are considered with respect to rGE and GxE in relation to emotional and behavioral disturbance.
Abstract: The conceptual and methodological issues involved in the study of gene-environment correlations (rGE) and interactions (GxE) are discussed in historical context. Quantitative genetic findings are considered with respect to rGE and GxE in relation to emotional and behavioral disturbance. Key conceptual and substantive implications are outlined in relation to both genetic and environmental risk mediation, with a brief note on evolutionary considerations.
TL;DR: This review selects drug dependence as a paradigmatic addiction, and concentrates on the extensive literature with genetic animal models, both traditional studies with inbred strains and selected lines and studies exploiting the new molecularly based technologies of the genomics era are discussed.
Abstract: Even the most extreme environmentalists along the nature-nurture continuum in psychology now acknowledge that genes often contribute to individual differences in behavior. Behavioral traits are complex, reflecting the aggregate effects of many genes. These genetic effects are interactive, inter se and with the environments in which they are expressed. Human studies of addictive behaviors have clearly implicated both environmental and genetic influences. This review selects drug dependence as a paradigmatic addiction, and further, concentrates on the extensive literature with genetic animal models. Both traditional studies with inbred strains and selected lines and studies exploiting the new molecularly based technologies of the genomics era are discussed. Future directions for further contribution of animal models studies to our understanding of the brain dysregulations characteristic of addictions are identified.
TL;DR: The neuropsychological assets and deficits of several types of pediatric neurological disease, disorder, and dysfunction are described and it is concluded that children with some of these diseases exhibit the NLD phenotype, whereas others do not.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract The neuropsychological assets and deficits of several types of pediatric neurological disease, disorder, and dysfunction are described. These are examined from the perspective of the syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities (NLD) and the “white matter model” designed to explain its complex manifestations. It is concluded that children with some of these diseases exhibit the NLD phenotype, whereas others do not. For the most part, the diseases in which the NLD phenotype is particularly evident are those wherein it has been demonstrated that perturbations of white matter (long myelinated fibers) are particularly prominent.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the relations among shyness, assertiveness and dimensions of the five-factor model and found a complex pattern of relations between the fivefactor personality model and shyness and assertiveness.
Abstract: Five-factor model (Costa & McCrae, 1992) represents comprehensive framework for organizing individual differences into five broad dimensions: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. Lower-level personality traits are expected to be correlated with these dimensions. The purpose of this study was to explore the relations among shyness, assertiveness and dimensions of the five-factor model. A sample of 336 high-school students (124 male and 212 female adolescents) completed the self-report version of the NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI ; Costa & McCrae, 1992), as well as the Shyness and Assertiveness questionnaire (USA-97 ; Zarevski & Vukosav, 1999). Results revealed a complex pattern of relations between the five-factor personality model and shyness and assertiveness. The predictive power of the NEO-FFI dimensions was higher in the female sample than in the male sample for both shyness(R2females=0.37 : R2males=0.12) and assertiveness (R2females=0.36: R2 males=0.16).
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Some of the mathematical tools, which are used to analyse chaotic behaviour in various biological systems, is presented.
Abstract: Mathematical techniques based on chaos theory and the parameters they yield, may differentiate various stress effects, which may be reflected via specific chaotic dynamics of bilogical subsystems. In this paper, some of the mathematical tools, which are used to analyse chaotic behaviour in various biological systems, is presented.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of simple sound rhythms on cardiac parameters of listeners were found, with a tendency of a decrease in heartbeat frequency, which was more prominent during listening to more intensive and slower rhythms.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to find out effects of simple sound rhythms on cardiac parameters of listeners. The rhythms used differed in tempo and intensity, while changes in cardiac parameters (R-R intervals and their variability) were used to assess the effects on the subjects. Experimental design was 3 x 2 within group factorial experiment. Three different levels of tempo (60, 200 and 400 BPMs), and two intensity levels (40 and 80 dB) were used. Eleven subjects participated in the experiment, which consisted of six experimental situations, interpolated with silence situations. Complex effects of different situations were found on cardiac parameters. When sequential effects were eliminated by the use of linear regression, rhythm effects on cardiac parameters were obtained, with a tendency of a decrease in heartbeat frequency, which was more prominent during listening to more intensive and slower rhythms. Heartbeat variability tended to decrease during listening to any rhythm.