Showing papers in "Archives of Animal Nutrition in 1996"
TL;DR: Freshwater fish can desaturate endogenously-synthesized fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids via a delta 9 desaturase but lack the necessary enzymes for complete de novo synthesis of polyuns saturated fatty acids which must therefore be obtained preformed from the diet.
Abstract: Fatty acids in fish can arise from two sources: synthesis de novo from non‐lipid carbon sources within the animal, or directly from dietary lipid. Acetyl‐CoA derived mainly from protein can be converted to saturated fatty acids via the combined action of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase. The actual rate of fatty acid synthesis de novo is inversely related to the level of lipid in the diet. Freshwater fish can de‐saturate endogenously‐synthesized fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids via a A9 desaturase but lack the necessary enzymes for complete de novo synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids which must therefore be obtained preformed from the diet. Most freshwater fish species can desaturate and elongate 18:2(n‐6) and 18:3(n‐3) to their C20 and C22 homologues but the pathways involved remain ill‐defined. Cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes can convert C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids to a variety of eicosanoid products. The dietary ratio of (n‐3) to (n‐6) polyunsaturated fatty ac...
311 citations
TL;DR: The paper summarizes the major morphological signs of nutritional lipid pathologies which have been reported in farmed fish, including nutritional pathologies arising from dietary essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiencies, nutritionalPathologies resulting from dietary fatty acid toxicities and imbalances, and nutritional pathology resulting from the dietary intake of oxidized lipids.
Abstract: The paper summarizes the major morphological signs of nutritional lipid pathologies which have been reported in farmed fish, including nutritional pathologies arising from dietary essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiencies, nutritional pathologies resulting from dietary fatty acid toxicities and imbalances, and nutritional pathologies resulting from the dietary intake of oxidized lipids.
75 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of glycerol supplementation on weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and N-balance was proved, and it was shown that a supplementation of 5 to 10% seems to be beneficial.
Abstract: In a first trial glycerol was tested as a feed ingredient for broiler chickens. The influence of glycerol supplementation on weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and N-balance was proved. 90 Broiler chickens (Lohmann Meat) were fed ad libitum in 6 groups with nearly isoenergetic diets based on corn and soybean meal with 23% crude protein and 0; 5; 10; 15; 20 or 25% pure glycerol in the DM. During a feeding period of 31 days animals had have a very good intake of all experimental diets. The highest weight gains were observed in the groups with 5 and 10% glycerol (34.9 and 35.3 g/animal.d, resp.). However, this effect was not significant compared to the control group (34.3 g/animal.d), but was significant superior to the gain of groups with 20 and 25% glycerol in the diet (30.2 and 26.6 g/animal.d, resp.). The feed conversion ratio was unchanged up to 10% glycerol (1.65 kg/kg gain) and rose to 2.08 kg/kg gain with 25% glycerol. Up to 20% glycerol the N-balance (1.6 to 1.8 g N/animal.d) was positively correlated with the glycerol content in the diet (r = 0.98). The estimation of the plasma glycerol level 2 hours after feeding indicated a remarkable increase already with a 5% supplementation of glycerol from 0.65 (control) to 4.36 mmol/l. Further supplementation caused on average 11 to 54 mmol glycerol/l varying considerably between the individual animals. In general 25% glycerol in the diet caused the lowest performance and pathological changes in the crop epithelium, liver and kidneys. From the point of view of weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio as well as N-balance a supplementation of 5 to 10% glycerol seems to be beneficial.
63 citations
TL;DR: Ca-salt of linoleic acid was protected to a greater extent than Ca-linolenate and maintenance of pH values above 6.3 will be necessary for efficient protection of Ca-salts of PUFA's against hydrogenation.
Abstract: The influence of different pH values on the protection of Ca‐salts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) against ruminai biohydrogenation was investigated. Ca‐salts were prepared from soya bean oil fatty acids (SOH) and incubated in vitro with rumen fluid at different pH values. Biohydrogenation of Ca‐salts of the PUFA's and their corresponding free fatty acids in SOH was compared. Two series of incubations were carried out, a first series with pH varying between 6.9 and 5.5, while in the second series, a narrower pH range was studied (6.8–6.3). The experiments showed that between pH 6.9 and 6.3, Ca‐salts of PUFA's are partly protected against biohydrogenation. Ca‐salt of linoleic acid was protected to a greater extent than Ca‐linolenate. Biohydrogenation of the salts is most probably due to dissociation of the solubilized Ca‐salts. For efficient protection of Ca‐salts of PUFA's against hydrogenation, maintenance of pH values above 6.3 will be necessary.
53 citations
TL;DR: Evidence for induction of reductive acetogenesis was sought from incubations in vitro, carried out with rumen contents obtained before, during and after introduction of cecal contents into the rumen, and no such evidence was obtained.
Abstract: A rumen fistulated wether was used for continuous infusion of a 2‐bromoethanesulfonic acid (BES) solution (2 g/d in 50 ml of water). The infusion was started after introduction of a pulse dose of BES (2 g) into the rumen. Immediately after introduction of the pulse dose, methane concentration in rumen gases was lowered from about 40 to less than 1%, with concomittant decreases and increases in the molar proportions of acetic and propionic acids respectively in the rumen volatile fatty acids. After 4 days of infusion however, and despite repeated pulse dosage of BES, methanogenesis adapted to BES and methane concentration in rumen gases reached 20%. Addition of BES to incubations of rumen contents with hay resulted in ‘considerable inhibition of methanogenesis. Extra addition of methanol in such incubations increased both acetate and methane production, whereas addition of formate had no effect. In a second experiment using a second rumen fistulated whether, a 4 day control period was followed by 10 days o...
44 citations
TL;DR: Fatty acid composition of carp reflected that of the diets and showed that carp larvae are capable of elongating and desaturating linolenic acid and linoleic acid in longer chain fatty acids.
Abstract: Two trials were conducted with duplicate groups of (first feeding) carp larvae fed artificial dry diets based on casein and dextrin over 21 or 25 days. One control diet based on yeast was also tested. Survival, growth and fatty acid profiles of larvae were studied. In trial 1, (n-3) fatty acid requirement was estimated using diets supplemented or not with methyl linolenate or cod liver oil. After 21 days, the best survival and growth were observed in larvae fed the unsupplemented diet [(n-3) fatty acid level: 0.05%]. Survival and growth were not improved by higher levels of (n-3) fatty acids. In trial 2, (n-6) fatty acid requirement was estimated using diets with graded levels of methyl linolenate or peanut oil. After 25 days, the best survival and growth were obtained with diets supplemented with 0.25% methyl linolenate (total (n-6) fatty acid level: 1%) or with 1.25% peanut oil (total (n-6) fatty acid level: 0.89%). Survival and growth were not improved by higher levels of (n-6) fatty acids. Fatty acid composition of carp reflected that of the diets and also showed that carp larvae are capable of elongating and desaturating linolenic acid and linoleic acid in longer chain fatty acids.
40 citations
TL;DR: Fibre supplementation, except Cr, significantly increased Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu excretion in faeces and decreased their apparent absorption in both trials and significant correlations were found between crude, insoluble and total fibre intake and mineral excretion and apparent absorption.
Abstract: The 6 week experiment was performed on growing Wistar male rats. In the third and the sixth weeks digestibility trials were performed. The following high fibre preparations were supplemented to the control diet (C): high methoxylated citrus pectin (Cr); apple pomace (A), potato fiber "Povex" (P) and sugar beet pulp (B). Fibre supplementation, except Cr, significantly increased Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu excretion in faeces and decreased their apparent absorption in both trials. Significant correlations (P < or = 0.001) were found between crude, insoluble and total fibre intake and mineral excretion and apparent absorption. Apparent absorption of minerals increased from the third to the sixth week in group C and in group Cr, except Fe, while it decreased in groups P and B or showed tendency to decrease. In the sixth week the following differences (P < or = 0.05) in apparent absorption were observed between diets, in descending order: [equation: see text]
37 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that the increase in OXF was not caused by an increase in SCFA but by a direct influence of beta-agonist on mobilization and oxidation of body fat.
Abstract: Oxidation of protein (OXP), carbohydrate (OXCHO) and fat (OXF) was investigated with 12 growing bulls treated with s‐agonist (L‐644, 969) during two 6 weeks trials (Section A and B) at a mean live weight of 195 and 335 kg. Heat production and nutrient oxidation was calculated from gas exchange, with CO2reduced for CO2 from fermention processes, and nitrogen excretion in urine. The s‐agonist had no effect on the level of rumen fermentation as indicated by the same methane production for control and treated animals. Heat Production (HE, RQx) increased by the treatment of s‐agonist corresponding to the increment in the protein retention. OXP/HE,RQx was reduced to about 10% in treated animals, indicating that in order to supply amino acids for an increased protein deposition oxidation of protein is decreased. OXF/HE,RQx were markedly higher in treated animals, but as indicated by the same CH4 production the level of the short chain fatty acids (SCFA) production was the same. Therefore, it was concluded that t...
37 citations
TL;DR: Irrespective of the adaptation diet, the rate of incorporated 14C into the birds' body was found to be higher after administration of 14C- DL-methionine than after 1-14C-DL-MHA-Ca, while no significant differences between the groups were recorded for the 15C-incorporation of the liver.
Abstract: The metabolization of DL-methionine and a hydroxy analogue form, DL-MHA-Ca, was studied by means of 14C-labelled substances. For this purpose 60 male day-old chicks were administered 1-14C-labelled substances DL-methionine and DL-MHA-Ca into the birds' crop. In 20 birds the 14CO2 activity excretion with the expired air was measured for a period of 24 hours post administration by means of radiorespirometry. The birds were killed 24, 48 and 72 hours post administration and the 14C-activity determined in the following fractions: excrements, gastrointestinal contents, digestive tract, blood, kidney, liver and gallbladder, lung, heart, spleen, leg and breast muscles and the residual fraction. Over the experimental period as a whole 17.0% of the administered dose was recovered in the excrements of the 1-14C-DL-MHA-Ca labelled birds and 4.4% in the 1-14C-DL-methionine treated birds. The maximum 14CO2 excretion in the expired air was reached after 1.5 hours, irrespective of whether 1-14C-DL-methionine or 1-14C-DL-MHA-Ca had been administered. Within 24 hours post administration, 15.8% of 1-14C-DL-methionine were excreted as 14CO2 via the lungs, as against 11.4% following application of 1-14C-DL-MHA-Ca. While no significant differences between the groups were recorded for the 14C-incorporation of the liver, the kidneys generally contained a higher 14C-activity after the administration of 1-14C-DL-methionine than after 1-14C-DL-MHA-Ca. The relative incorporated 14C-activity was distributed in the following proportions: 25% in the leg and breast muscles, about 25% in the remaining organs and about 50% in the residual fraction. The 14C-activity found in the protein of the leg and breast muscles was separated by thin layer chromatography and recovered exclusively in methionine. The 14C-activity in the lipids of the leg and breast muscles accounted for only a very small proportion of the total incorporated 14C-activity. Irrespective of the adaptation diet, the rate of incorporation of 14C into the birds' body was found to be higher after administration of 14C-DL-methionine than after 1-14C-DL-MHA-Ca.
34 citations
TL;DR: It is indicated that grass carp fed diet without EFA show deficiency symptoms like vertebral column curvature (VCC), indicating lordosis, and the interaction between EFA and vitamin E (VE), and the metabolism of linoleic acid (LA) using the isotope technique.
Abstract: Till date, many workers have demonstrated the nutritive value of dietary lipids and the qualitative and quantitative requirements for essential fatty acid (EFA) in many cultivable fish. From the data accrued, a categorization can be made for the EFA requirement as follows: Type I (require n-6 fatty acids), Type II (require both n-6 and n-3 fatty acids) and Type III (require n-3 fatty acids). Common carp Cyprinus carpio and grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella are codified as Type II fish based on their EFA needs. The requirement of both fish for dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acids is found to be 1% and 0.5-1%, respectively. Our recent experiment clearly indicated that grass carp fed diet without EFA show deficiency symptoms like vertebral column curvature (VCC), indicating lordosis. The manifestation is similar to SEKOKE DISEASE which is characterised by apparent muscular dystrophy. However, grass carp fed an EFA-deficient diet did not exhibit the apparent muscular dystrophy. Recently, we have also investigated the interaction between EFA and vitamin E (VE), and the metabolism of linoleic acid (LA) using the isotope technique. These results are to be reviewed.
33 citations
TL;DR: By using fish oil as lipid source it is possible to produce carp meat with high concentrations of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids which are beneficial for human health.
Abstract: Although carp is in a position to utilize carbohydrates efficiently, lipids are an important energy source in carp diets In general fat-enriched high-energy diets result in rapid growth and favourable feed conversion Many authors emphasize the protein-sparing effect of lipid supplementation in carp diets For efficient protein-utilization an optimal protein/energy ratio in feed is necessary Good results may be obtained with diets containing 30-50% high-quality protein, > 14 MJ digestible energy/kg and a lipid level of at least 15% Low protein-high energy diets bring about low nitrogen excretion which is important for maintenance water quality Lipid-supplemented diets lead to increased lipid content in the carp Fingerling carp with high fat deposits exhibit an improved overwintering ability By using fish oil as lipid source it is possible to produce carp meat with high concentrations of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids which are beneficial for human health
TL;DR: It was concluded that supplementary feeding in carp rearing ponds is frequently excessive in the Hungarian carp culture practice, inducing slight EFA-deficiency and enhancing de novo fatty acid synthesis.
Abstract: The paper summarises experimental data demonstrating effects of various dietary factors exerting changes in the fatty acid composition and fatty acid metabolism of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Among the dietary factors (1) supplementary feeding in fish ponds, (2) absence of essential fatty acids (EFA) in the diet, (3) starvation, and (4) ration level were studied. It was concluded that supplementary feeding in carp rearing ponds is frequently excessive in the Hungarian carp culture practice, inducing slight EFA-deficiency and enhancing de novo fatty acid synthesis. This latter caused enlarged fat depots with high oleic acid contents in the fish organs and tissues. EFA-deficient diets enhanced the synthesis of oleic acid except when high rate of de novo fatty acid synthesis was suppressed by dietary fatty acids. Feeding EFA-deficient diets caused gradual decrease in the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and gradual increase in that of Mead's acid: 20:3(n-9), an indicator of the EFA-deficiency. At prolonged starvation, polyunsaturated fatty acids of the structural lipids were somehow protected and mainly oleic acid was utilised for energy production. At high ration levels, excessive exogenous polyunsaturates were decomposed, and probably converted to oleic acid or energy. Starvation subsequent to the feeding the fish at various ration levels, reflected adaptive changes in the fatty acid metabolism: Below and above the ration level required for the most efficient feed utilisation for growth, decomposition processes of the fatty acid metabolism were accelerated.
TL;DR: The results suggest that in case of compound feeds for dairy the cellulase technique and the gas test are suitable in vitro techniques.
Abstract: In this study three different laboratory procedures were compared as predictors of net energy content of raw materials and compound feeds for ruminants Laboratory measurements included an enzymatic technique (pepsin‐cellulase method) and a rumen fluid technique (Hohenheim gas test) An estimate based on crude nutrients only was also tested A total of 98 feed samples with known in vivo digestibility were available By multivariate regression analysis equations for the prediction of the net energy content were calculated The results suggest that in case of compound feeds for dairy the cellulase technique and the gas test are suitable in vitro techniques With both procedures the relationships between energy contents estimated in vitro and energy contents measured in vivo showed residual errors of less than 4 percent However for the evaluation of raw materials the gas test was superior Compared to the cellulase technique the risk of extreme under‐ or overestimations is apparently reduced and this was fo
TL;DR: The combined technique of cooking-extrusion of a basal diet followed by coating of a lipid emulsion proved to be a valid technique to prepare diets for studying quantitative fatty acid requirements of weaning and first ongrowing stages of marine fish.
Abstract: The stability of the coated lipid fraction of a standard weaning diet was verified by comparing growth and fatty acid incorporation for European sea bass fed diets with an identical formulation but prepared either by extrusion/coating or extrusion only. For each type of experimental diet, a (n-3) HUFA level of 1 and 2.5% of the dry diet was evaluated. European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L. were weaned and consequently reared for 23 days on the experimental diets in a recirculation system. A commercial weaning diet served as a control. Final individual dry weight of sea bass larvae weaned and ongrown for a total period of 30 days on the various diets did not differ significantly. The (n-3) HUFA content of the fish tissue was a reflection of the dietary (n-3) HUFA requirements of European sea bass during and immediately after weaning did not exceed 1% of the dry diet. The combined technique of cooking-extrusion of a basal diet followed by coating of a lipid emulsion proved to be a valid technique to prepare diets for studying quantitative fatty acid requirements of weaning and first ongrowing stages of marine fish. A standard diet with open formulation is proposed.
TL;DR: Compared to findings for rats fed semisynthetic diets enriched with high CdCl2 levels, phytase supplementation to the P- and Ca-reduced pig diet with a low Cd concentration significantly enhanced liver and kidney cadmium accumulation.
Abstract: 2×6 pigs continuously housed in metabolic cages from 25–100 kg weight were fed N‐reduced diets based on barley, maize and soybean meal. Diet I (control) contained in FM (fresh matter) 0.56%, 0.48% and 0.46% P (feeding phases A: 25–50 kg, B: 50–75 kg, C: 75–100 kg weight) and 0.76%, 0.71% and 0.68% Ca. Diet II was low in P (0.46%, 0.40%, 0.32%) and Ca (0.69%, 0.62%, 0.52%) and 800 U Aspergillus‐phytase per kg were added. Analyzed cadmium concentrations in diet I were 23.4, 19.9 and 13.7 μg/kg FM and 20.6, 14.9 and 12.7 μg/kg FM in diet II respectively. At 100 kg weight in both treatment groups low cadmium concentrations in liver (11.8 vs. 17.3 μg Cd/kg FM) and kidneys (59.6 vs. 102 (μg Cd/kg FM) were found. Contrary to findings for rats fed semisynthetic diets enriched with high CdCl2 levels, phytase supplementation to the P‐ and Ca‐reduced pig diet with a low Cd concentration significantly enhanced liver and kidney cadmium accumulation. Differences in dietary Cd levels, the binding form of Cd in the diets...
TL;DR: Clinical-chemical parameters related to protein metabolism were not affected by either enzyme supplements or lupins, and Lipids in low-density lipoproteins were not Affected.
Abstract: A bi‐factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of enzyme supplements (200 mg RoxazymeR G per kg feed) and white lupins (35%, freshly harvested or stored) on concentrations of lipids in serum and lipoproteins as well as in chest and leg meat. Enzyme supplements had not any effect on concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids in serum and lipoproteins and on concentrations of triglycerides and cholesterol in meat. In contrast, feeding the rations with 35% lupins lowered concentrations of triglycerides and phospholipids in serum as well as concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids in high‐density lipoproteins. However, freshly harvested and stored lupins partially had different effects on those parameters. Lipids in low‐density lipoproteins were not affected by lupins. Feeding the rations with 35% lupins increased triglyceride concentrations in thigh muscle whereas triglyceride concentration in chest muscle as well as cholesterol concentration...
TL;DR: RS cannot be recommended for feeding white hens and only a maximum of 5% RSM should be administered.
Abstract: In an experiment with 405 Hisex white hens rations with 5–20 % low glucosinolate rapeseed (RS) or rape‐seed meal (RSM) of 00 quality were used. Feed intake, egg production, individual egg weight and live weight gain were reduced in hens fed 5–20% RS and 10–20% RSM. There was a positive correlation between the RS proportion in the ration and the thyroid weight as well as the iodine content of the thyroid. The relation between the iodine content related to one gram of thyroid and the RS proportion was not significant. There were not any significant differences between the RSM groups and the iodine content of the thyroid. The T3 and T4 concentrations in the blood plasma was independent of the RS‐ or RSM‐proportion in the diet. The outward egg quality was not influenced by feeding. The Haugh units were lower when RS or RSM were offered. The fatty acid pattern of the yolk was changed by RS or RSM feeding, particularly the proportion of oleic acid increased. We concluded from the results, RS cannot be recommend...
TL;DR: Protein and energy utilization and quantitative retention of protein, fat and energy was investigated with 12 Red Danish bulls during two subsequent 6 weeks trials and there was a shift in energy retention from fat to protein.
Abstract: Protein and energy utilization and quantitative retention of protein, fat and energy was investigated with 12 Red Danish bulls during two subsequent 6 weeks trials (Sections A and B) at a mean live weight of 195 and 335 kg respectively. Treatments were control (Group 1) and beta-agonist (L-644,969) treated animals (Group 2 and 3). Beta-agonist supplementation was 5 and 10 mg/d in Group 2 and 3 respectively in Section A and 10 and 20 mg/d in Section B. Measurements were performed by means of nitrogen and carbon balances and with use of indirect calorimetry. In each section the mean intake of dry matter, metabolizable energy and digestible protein was of the same magnitude for all groups. The beta-agonist had no significant effect on protein digestibility and metabolizability of energy, but daily live weight gain was significantly higher in the treated bulls. The utilization of digested protein was strongly influenced by treatment, with the highest values for Group 2 in both sections. The protein retention increased with 25% in Group 2, with the highest increment of 113 g/d in Section B. The fat retention decreased in treated animals, most pronounced in Group 3, where the reduction was about 50% with a mean decrease of 145 g/d in Section B. The total energy retention was not different between control animals and Group 2 in both sections, but there was a shift in energy retention from fat to protein. The higher levels of beta-agonist used in Group 3 generated the same increase in protein retention, but fat retention was markedly lower and consequently the total energy retention was reduced.
TL;DR: 3×12 dairy cows (German Simmental × Red Holstein Friesian) were used to investigate the influence of different amounts of fodder beets on feed intake, milk yield and milk composition.
Abstract: In a feeding experiment 3×12 dairy cows (German Simmental × Red Holstein Friesian) were used to investigate the influence of different amounts of fodder beets on feed intake, milk yield and milk composition. The fodder beets (variety Kyros) were fed in exchange for concentrate. The amounts of fodder beets were either 22 kg cow‐1 d‐1 or 44 kg cow‐1 d‐1 or zero (control group). All groups received 4 kg hay cow‐1d‐1, grass silage ad libitum, and concentrate corresponding to the milk yield. In order to balance the rations the concentrate was either rich in protein or rich in energy. Feeding 22 kg or 44 kg fodder beets increased forage intake (including fodder beets) significantly. However, the total feed intake diminished on average from 18.3 kg DM cow‐1 d‐1 (control group) to 17.2 kg DM cow‐1 d‐1 (fodder beet groups). In each treatment the intake of hay was 3.3 kg DM cow‐1 d‐1. However, the intake of grass silage offered ad libitum was significantly suppressed by the fodder beets. Considering the different a...
TL;DR: Two experiments, each following a two-factorial design, were carried out using 12 and 13 male kids initially weighing about 10 kg and found that lowering dietary P concentration to 2.5 g/kg dry matter significantly reduced growth rates without affecting empty body concentrations of ash, Ca, P or Mg.
Abstract: Two experiments, each following a two‐factorial design (2 × 2), were carried out using 12 and 13 male kids initially weighing about 10 kg. Concentrations per kg dietary dry matter were 10 vs. 4 g Ca and 4.5 vs. 2.0 g P in experiment 1 as compared to 10 vs. 17 g Ca and 4.2 vs. 2.5 g P in experiment 2, respectively. In experiment 1, low Ca intake significantly reduced empty body concentrations of ash, Ca and P with no negative effect on performance traits, wheras low P intake negatively affected feed intake, growth rate and feed conversion ratio, and reduced empty body concentrations of ash, Ca, P and Mg. Low intake of either one or both of these elements increased lipid concentrations of femora, pelvis and vertebrae. In these three bones, the respective ratios Ca/P, Ca/Mg and P/Mg were decreased by low Ca intake and, to greater extents, increased by low P intake. Low intake of both elements caused less pronounced changes than low intake of P alone. In experiment 2, lowering dietary P concentration to 2.5 g...
TL;DR: Lowering of the rumen pH in acidotic conditions may not be a factor which promotes P.E.M. syndrome because it has no deleterious effect on microbial production of thiamin.
Abstract: Polioencephalomalacia (P.E.M.) in ruminants is often associated with high concentrate diets and rumen acidosis; this syndrome is classically related to a disturbance of the rumen metabolism of thia...
TL;DR: The RP-values were compared with data from the literature with other races and the function seems well established to describe maximum protein retention in non-hormone treated or specific selected pigs.
Abstract: 1. Data from experiments with growing pigs of Danish Landrace (n = 782) including measurements of nitrogen and energy balances were scrutinized in order to select observations in which maximum protein retention (RP) were expected. 2. The criterions for selection were based on intake of metabolizable energy and oxidation of nutrients and a total of 152 measurements in the live weight (LW) range from 2 to 120 kg complied with the criterions. 3. The selected material were used in a quadratic function of RP on metabolic weight (kg0.75) to describe the curve for maximum RP. 4. The function obtained was: RP, g/d = 11.55 x kg0.75 - 0.185 x kg1.50 with a maximum of 180 g/d at 98 kg LW. 5. The RP-values were compared with data from the literature with other races and the function seems well established to describe maximum protein retention in non-hormone treated or specific selected pigs.
TL;DR: The present findings, especially regarding the liver, elucidate, that an adequate vitamin B6 supply during lactation can not compensate for a lack of vitamin B 6 during gestation and vice versa a high dose ofitamin B6 during gestation did not completely protect against a suboptimal vitamin B5 during lactations.
Abstract: The present investigation was designed to determine the vitamin B6 concentration in liver and carcass of rat dams fed various dietary vitamin B6 levels during gestation and lactation. Therefore, gravid female rats received 0.6, 3, 6, 18 or 180 mg vitamin B6 per kg diet. After parturition each group was divided into 2 groups of 8 dams each, which received then a diet with 3, respectively 6 mg/kg vitamin B6 during lactation. At the end of the experiment at day 14 of lactation weight gain and food consumption as well as liver and carcass weights did not differ within the groups. The present data clearly show that both in liver and carcass of lactating rats, there exists only a slight dose-response-relationship between the dietary vitamin B6 intake and the vitamin B6 concentration in body tissue. Moreover, liver reflects the various vitamin B6 supplies during gestation and lactation somewhat better than carcass. The distribution of the vitamins did not differ among the groups and was therefore independent of the vitamin B6 supply. The present findings, especially regarding the liver, elucidate, that an adequate vitamin B6 supply during lactation can not compensate for a lack of vitamin B6 during gestation and vice versa a high dose of vitamin B6 during gestation did not completely protect against a suboptimal vitamin B6 during lactation.
TL;DR: Crude protein degradability, protein digestible in the intestine (PDI) and net energy of lactation (NEL) content of whole crop spring barley were estimated by means of the in situ method using three steers fitted with rumen cannulas and fed near the maintenance level of nutrition.
Abstract: Crude protein degradability (CP deg), protein digestible in the intestine (PDI) and net energy of lactation (NEL) content of whole crop spring barley were estimated by means of the in situ method using three steers fitted with rumen cannulas and fed near the maintenance level of nutrition. Barley was cut in five consecutive vegetative stages (end of the earing, S1, end of the flowering, S2, middle of the milky stage of the grain, S3, beginning of the dough stage, S4, middle of the dough stage, S5, including S5 silage). CP deg, PDI and NEL were significantly (P 0.05).
TL;DR: In this article, different starch components were added to rations with maize silage measuring the influence of the supplements on the digestibility and energy content of maize silages in cattle and sheep.
Abstract: Different starch components were added to rations with maize silage measuring the influence of the supplements on the digestibility and energy content of maize silage in cattle (n = 36) and sheep (n = 36). The starch-rich components maize, wheat, barley, oat, cassava meal and potato starch were added to the total rations on average of 33%. All supplements were ground (sieve of 2.5 mm); additionally, wheat was added in extruded or crushed form. All rations including the control ration without starch components were supplemented with soybean meal to an average crude protein content of 12.4% DM. The mean starch content of the total rations was 42% DM. The supplementation of maize silage with the different starch components increased the digestibility of the organic matter of all rations on average only slightly from 77% to 78% in cattle, while the mean digestibility in sheep raised from 74% to 79% more pronounced. However, the influence of the different starch components on the digestibility was similar for both ruminants. The supplementation with the ground, crushed or extruded wheat, with barley and with oats impaired the digestibility of the crude fibre of the total ration and of the maize silage, respectively. Therefore, the digestibility of the organic matter of maize silage was reduced and the energy content decreased by about 6% in comparison to the control ration without starch supplementation. However, the supplementation with maize, cassava meal or potato starch had no negative effects on the digestibility and energy content of maize silage.
TL;DR: Correlation were established between the ingested feed and the body evolution both from the point of view of quantity and quality, determining the content of protein, fat, ash, water and energy.
Abstract: The change of the body composition, of the energy content, and of the energy and protein balances was studied in male and female broiler chicks from hatching to maturity (about 140 days). The animals received corn, soybean meal and fish meal based diets which ensured maximal growth. Correlation were established between the ingested feed and the body evolution both from the point of view of quantity and quality, determining the content of protein, fat, ash, water and energy. By experiments of digestibility and by comparative slaughterings the energy and protein requirements both for maintenance and for protein and fat synthesis were determined.
TL;DR: Four Jersey cows, fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas, were used to assess the specific effects of changes in ruminal pH that were induced by barley addition to a hay diet on ruminal fiber digestion.
Abstract: Four Jersey cows, fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas, were used to assess the specific effects of changes in ruminal pH that were induced by barley addition to a hay diet on ruminal fiber digestion. Cows received successively 100% unchopped cocksfoot hay (diet H), 65% hay and 35% pelleted ground barley (diet HB), and HB plus a continuous intraruminal infusion of bicarbonate salt solution (diet HBB). Cows were limit-fed once daily at 7 kg of DM day-1. The ruminal fractional passage rate of the liquid and hay was respectively estimated from a single administration of Cr-EDTA and Eu labeled on hay fiber. Duodenal fiber flow was estimated both by the double marker method (Yb-acetate/Cr-EDTA) and by multiplying the fractional passage rate of Eu-labeled hay by ruminal pool size. Barley supplement decreased ruminal NDF and ADF digestion compared with diet H, but passage rates of the solid and fluid fractions in the rumen were not affected. The depressive effect of barley supplement on in situ degradability of hay NDF and ADF decreased the degradation rates and increased the 72-h undegradable fraction. Compared with diet HB, ruminal NDF and ADF digestion was improved with buffer supplementation but was less than that of diet H, even though ruminal pH was similar to that of diet H. Passage rates of the fluid and particle fractions were depressed and unaffected, respectively, with buffer addition. Higher in situ degradability of hay with the buffer supplement resulted in an increase in the 72-h undegradable fraction, but the fractional degradation rate was unaffected.
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of the live weight of the experimental animals on the Ni absorption was investigated in vitro with everted sacs from rats and the results showed that Ni transfer was significantly reduced by 45% when body weight increased from 30 to 60 g.
Abstract: The influence of the live weight of the experimental animals on the Ni absorption was investigated in vitro with everted sacs from rats. Totally 75 male rats in the live weight range from 30 to 250 g were used. With increasing live weight the Ni uptake by the intestinal wall and the Ni transfer across the intestinal wall decreased significantly. Ni transfer was already significantly reduced by 45% when body weight increased from 30 to 60 g. For the animals with a live weight above 200 g Ni transfer reached only about 10% of the Ni transfer measured for the animals with 30 g live weight. The decline of the Ni uptake by the intestinal wall was only slightly in the live weight range from 30 to 150 g. Within the live weights higher than 190 g Ni uptake by the intestinal wall decreased significantly to about 25% compared to the animals with 30 g live weight.
TL;DR: The content of alpha-tocopherol in fish affected the stability during storage with the content of malondialdehyde used as a parameter for measuring the extent of fat oxidation.
Abstract: This paper examines the effect of different fatty acid composition, together with varying dietary vitamin E contents on fatty acid composition and tocopherol and tocotrienol contents of carp, and compares with other species of fish and the storage quality of the fish produced. Dietary fatty acid composition affected fatty acid patterns of tissues of carp significantly, but this was correlated with the fat content of the diet. Varying the vitamin E content results in no or only very slight variations in the fatty acid pattern of the tissues. The content of alpha-tocopherol in the tissues was affected significantly by dietary alpha-tocopheryl acetate content and by dietary fat source. There was a negative correlation between (n-3) fatty acids and the storage of alpha-tocopherol, while this was positively correlated with (n-6) fatty acids. The content of alpha-tocopherol in fish affected the stability during storage with the content of malondialdehyde used as a parameter for measuring the extent of fat oxidation. Other relationships, e.g. with sensory qualities and S-containing substances in the edible part of the fish, are discussed.