Showing papers in "Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity in 2020"

Physical training as the basis of professional activities of patrol policemen

Abstract: Background: ‪Physical training is an integral part of policemen’s professional training. The aim of the study is to verify experimentally the effectiveness of the authors’ methodology of training future patrol policemen targeted at increasing their general physical fitness level during the primary professional training course. Material and methods: ‪ The study involved the patrol policemen of the primary professional training course (N = 115) of the National Academy of Internal Affairs. The level of physical fitness was assessed by the following tests: 100-m race, pull-ups, push-ups, 1000-m race, shuttle run 4 х 9 m, sit-ups, standing long jump, sitting forward bend, and the plank. Results: ‪The obtained data show that the level of general physical fitness of experimental groups’ policemen is significantly better (p<0.05–0.001) than in control groups’ policemen at the end of the experiment in terms of the level of power, endurance, flexibility, speed and static endurance. Conclusions: ‪The excellent physical fitness level, which was formed during the primary professional training course, will contribute to maintaining a proper level of physical condition and health of policemen and their professional longevity, as well as improving their professional performance.

The Influence of functional training on biomotor skills in girl tennis players aged 10–12

Abstract: Background: ‪The purpose of this study is to examine whether functional training has an impact on biomotor skills of 10–12-year-old girls. Material and methods: ‪The study involved 20 girls (10 controls and 10 subjects) – who had been playing tennis for at least 2 years. A routine tennis training program was applied to the control group of tennis players participating in the study: 4 days a week, 90 minutes a day for 8 weeks. A 2+2 training program (2 days routine and 2 days functional training) was applied to the experimental group of tennis players for 8 weeks, 4 days a week, 90 minutes a day. At the end of the training program, biomotor tests were conducted. Results: ‪There was not any significant differences when the pre-test and post-test values of the control group of tennis players who performed traditional tennis training were compared with their biomotor skills and Wingate anaerobic power (p> .05). When the pre-test and post-test values of the experimental group of tennis players with 8-week functional tennis training were compared with their biomotor skills and Wingate anaerobic power, a significant difference was found in all variables (p <0.01). Conclusions: ‪The obtained data shows that the \"functional training\" programs implemented together with \"routine tennis training\" can positively improve the biomotor characteristics of 10–12 year-old girl tennis players.

Macronutrients and water – do they matter in the context of cognitive performance in athletes?

Abstract: ‪Proper nutrition is a key factor in physical performance, but there are also indications of an impact of dietary components on the brain function. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the impact of macronutrients and water on cognitive performance. Assumptions of the Mediterranean diet correlate with better global cognition, episodic memory, lower risk of cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative diseases. In turn, a high-fat and high-sugar diet shows the opposite effect. Omega-3 fatty acids could be used as a preventive tool for cognitive decline, but there is still insufficient evidence if supplementation improves cognitive functions. The proper intake of protein may be important in cognitive performance. Tyrosine seems to be potentially effective in inhibition of fatigue under extreme conditions, and the influence of BCAA on cognitive performance is still unclear. An appropriate glucose level is a critical factor for brain functions. Carbohydrate supplementation before and during exercise is associated with enhanced brain activation and decreased exercise perception, as well as improved cognitive functions. Dehydration worsens cognitive performance, especially for tasks requiring attention, executive functions and coordination. Based on the review of available studies, it should be assumed that proper nutrition might play a relevant role in athletes’ cognitive performance.

Predictors of mobility limitation in older adults: A structural equation modeling analysis

Abstract: Background: ‪In this study, the factors related to the functional limitation were studied simultaneously using structural equation modeling. Material and methods: ‪ 1201 people aged 50 years and older were selected for this study using a stratified random sampling method from health centers of Bukan city in the northwest of Iran, in 2017. Trained interviewers collected information on demographic characteristics, socio-economic status, physical activity, history of falling/ fear of falling, visual and hearing condition, associated illnesses, social support, cognition, depression, assessed functional limitation and mobility of study participants. The structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. Results: ‪ The participants’ mean age was 59.2 ±7.97 yrs, of whom 61% were women. The result showed that the proposed conceptual model fitted well CFI (0.97), RMSEA (0.04), SRMR (0.06). Age (β = -0.45, p < 0.001), gender (β = -4.55, p = 0.004), and economic status (β = -3.57, p < 0.001), physical activity (β = -10.35, p = 0.025) and socio-psychological activity (β = -1.59, p < 0.001) negatively, and the variables of educational level (β = 2.34, p = 0.016), marital status (β = 5.43, p = 0.003), cognitive function (β = 0.66, p = 0.001), living environment (ground floor*: β = 16.62, p < 0.001), duplex: (β = 5.19, p = 0.055), positively predicted the mobility limitation. Conclusions: ‪In this study, a range of socio-demographic factors, cognitive function, and living environment were identified as significant predictors of mobility limitation. ‪* There are two or three storey building in many cities of Iran, that the first floor, known as "pilot" or "ground floor", has access to a backyard but it is smaller and cheaper compared to the second or third floor. Older people usually prefer to live there because of no stairs and little garden in the backyard. Szczesna-Kaczmarek A Blood K+ concentration balance after prolonged submaximal exercise... Balt J Health Phys Act 2014; 1(1): 233-244 21 www.balticsportscience.com introduction Ageing is associated with gradual, progressive and spontaneous erosive changes in most organs and physiological functions [1]. As people age, they will gradually lose some of their physiological and psychosocial functions, which degrade their functional status and increase their vulnerability and dependence [2, 3]. In Iran, the ageing population is increasing as well; it is predicted that by the year 2030, about 25–30% of the Iranian population will be made up by the elderly [4]. It is estimated that the elderly population in the United States, which is more than 40%, will be doubled by 2030. Probably, doubling the number of elderly people can affect reducing of people’s health and the challenges of aging, such as the functional limitation [5]. In more than 40% of people aged 65 years and older, limitation of mobility has been reported [6]. Mobility is the ability of an individual to move (independently, or using auxiliary devices or vehicles) in her/his environment (from home to the neighborhood or living environment) [7]. The mobility function is the foundation of an active life that allows older adults to have a dynamic and active life [1]. Functional limitation is associated with various types of risk factors including overweight/obesity, and depression; it results in isolation and pain [8]. The importance of health assessment has been proven as an independent predicting factor of morality in elderly people. Poor health condition significantly leads to an increase in the limitation of mobility and the death rate [2, 7, 9, 10]. A study found that 5–10% of the elderly’s death is due to low/lack of mobility [11]. A socio-economic status (personal characteristics, attitude and understanding) and independence in daily life activities can improve the health of older adults [12]. Physical activity and independence are important health predictors which can reduce the risk of disability and mortality [13, 14]. Improvement in the mental status and the cognition status is associated with regular physical activity [9]. Despite these benefits, physical activity among older adults is less than 150 min per week. National and international organizations have focused on increasing physical activity of older adults [15–17]. As people age, the amount of physical activities decreases, which results in reducing cognitive perception. On the other hand, physical activity improves the perceptual-cognitive status of older persons through two mechanisms: reducing the rate of depression and social stimuli (social activities) [18, 19]. Since no theory model based study has been applied to explain the limitation of mobility in Iranian older adults, the present research aimed to investigate the mobility limitation with a range of different factors, such as demographic characteristics, living environment status, economic status, physical activity, psychosocial support, cognitive-conceptual status, and anthropometric indices, using structural equation modeling. In this research, the proposed conceptual model was derived from the comprehensive theory framework by Weber et al. [10]; upon which Meyer et al. [5] developed a model for identifying various forms of mobility function, which determines different levels of relationship between variables. Meyer et al.’s model provides a comprehensive approach to identifying, preventing, and reducing mobility disorders. The variables related to a mobility function in this model are the perceptual-cognitive status, physical health, psychological support, environmental status, and economic factors. The effects of factors such as gender, culture, and individuals’ biography have been studied as well [5]. Jafari A, Aminisani N, Shamshirgaran SM, Rastgoo L, Gilani N. Predictors of mobility limitation in older adults Balt J Health Phys Act. 2020;12(1):20-31

Exercise − A unique endogenous regulator of irisin, BDNF, leptin and cortisol against depression

Abstract: Depression is the most prevalent stress-related disorder affecting the population world-wide with potential for an eminent increase after the 2020 pandemic. The mechanisms through which metabolism is involved in depression and stress disorders have been extensively investigated. However, their assessment using exogenous measures is a current limitation. Exercise, as is well reported in animal studies, exerts a critical regulatory influence on the main factors known to participate in these mechanisms. This overview describes the role of cortisol, leptin, irisin and BDNF in the exercise physiology and the known mechanism through which these factors act in anti-depressant mechanisms. Furthermore, the exercise is proposed as a clinical recommendation due to its effective and affordable character in treating depression for the sustainability of public health.

Emitter and tourist destination in Romania

Abstract: Background: The need to identify, analyze and establish relationships between destinations and tourist emission, as terminus points between which the tourist circulation takes place, arises from the structural and functional complexity of tourism, on the one hand, and from its unprecedented expansion, on the other hand. Material and methods: Within the present study, which concerned Romania as a tourist destination, a number of specific, determinative indicators for the emission areas and the tourist destinations were identified and analyzed. Results: The obtained results focused on the analysis of: capacity, hierarchy, spatial distribution and establishment of relations between tourist emission / reception centers. They pointed out that Bucharest is the most important center of emission and tourist destination, followed by big urban centers of Constanța, Brasov, Mangalia, Cluj, Sibiu, Iași, etc., with some oscillations in what supposes their capacity of emission respectively tourist reception. Conclusions: The spatial distribution of the tourist emission-reception centers at the level of Romania is a discontinuous, individualized nuclei of utmost importance (the mountain area, the Black Sea coast and the Bucharest area) and the poor areas in infrastructure and tourist objectives, which determines a low flow of tourists.

Changes of temporospatial orientation in persons with intellectual disabilities who participate in modern dance workshops

Abstract: Background: ‪The aim of the study was to identify whether participation in a short series of modern dance (hip-hop) workshops could improve the level of temporospatial orientation in persons with moderate intellectual disabilities. Material and methods: ‪The group consisted of 10 persons aged 14−23 (M = 19.5, SD = 2.87). A quasi-experiment was prepared in a one-group plan which consisted of a series of nine modern dance workshops lasting 60 minutes each and held twice a week. The following test layout / testing regime was used: pretest–posttest to check the temporospatial orientation level of dance workshop partic-ipants before and after the workshop. A “ball run” spatial orientation test was used in the study. The test was adapted to the cognitive abilities of the subjects. Results: Student’s t-test for dependent samples showed that the mean level of temporospatial orienta-tion in persons with moderate intellectual disabilities before their participation in nine hip-hop dance workshops (M = 32.32; SD = 3.98) is significantly higher than the mean level of tem-porospatial orientation (M = 29.74; SD = 5.45) after completion of workshops, t(9) = 2.61; p < 0.05. Conclusions: ‪Modern dance (hip-hop) classes improve temporospatial orientation in persons with moderate intellectual disabilities

The relative age effect in FIFA U-17 World Cup: The role of the playing position and the continent

Abstract: Background: ‪The aim of this study was to examine the relative age effect of the countries which attended the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup and to research the relative age effect in terms of continents and the players’ position. Material and methods: ‪504 male football players from 24 countries which participated in the U-17 World Cup in India in 2017 were included in the study. Football players’ dates of birth were grouped into periods of three months in quarter years (Q): Q1 – January-March, Q2 – April-June, Q3 – July-September, Q4 – October-December. To study the sub-group differences of the relative age effect, meaningful chi-square (χ2) values were followed by calculating the odds ratio and %95 confidence intervals. To determine the effect size, Cramer’s V was used. Results: ‪The relative age effect was based on quarter years’ distributions. Significant differences were found among age quartiles for all teams in FIFA U-17 World Cup. However, when the variables analysed were according to the continents, the relative age effect disappeared in Africa, Asia and Oceania. Conclusions: ‪In the comparison of the players’ continents, a relative age effect was observed in Europe, North America, and South America. When the players’ positions are compared, a relative age effect was found in defenders, midfielders and forward players.

How are the physical activity and anxiety levels of the university students affected during the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic?

Abstract: Background: The Covid-19 pandemic has influenced all people's lives The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of physical activity and anxiety of university students during the pandemic, and then determine some associated factors with anxiety of these young adults Material and methods: A web-based questionnaire was sent to the participants International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were used to collect data about the levels of their physical activity and anxiety Results: 247 participants (females = 151, males = 96) of the Faculty of Health Sciences whose mean ages were 21 46 +/- 2 1 years old completed the study questions in 24 hours The participants performed light physical activity according to the IPAQ-SF and had mild anxiety according to the BAI Their gender, smoking status, and opinions on online education were found to be effective on the anxiety level (p < 0 05) Conclusions: This paper indicated some important factors for the young adults who tried to continue their education in a very different way for a few weeks Since this is not online education like past, both health professionals and university managements should consider the harms and risks of this new educational style on physical and psychological health of students before the upcoming semesters

Investigation of the relationship between smart phone addiction and physical activity in university students

Abstract: Background: The purpose of this research was to determine the university students’ characteristics regarding smartphone usage and physical activity and to investigate the relationship between smart phone addiction and the physical activity levels. Methods: A total of 288 (female=159 and male=129) students were involved in this observational study. Smartphone usage characteristics of the participants were recorded. The short form of the Smartphone Addiction Scale was used to assess their smartphone addiction, and the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to assess their physical activity levels. Results: It was found that 37.7% of the females and 27.9% of the males were at risk of smartphone addiction. There was no difference between the males and females in terms of smartphone addiction (p>0.05). There was no difference in the physical activity levels of the participants regardless of smartphone addiction (p>0.05). A weak negative correlation was found between smartphone addiction and moderate physical activity score (r=-0.126, p=0.047). Conclusion: According to this study, the university students showed inadequate levels of physical activity and were at risk of smartphone addiction. Considering the negative correlation between smartphone addiction and moderate physical activity, access to physical activity facilities in universities should be facilitated, and awareness on this issue should be increased.

The effects of Watsu therapy on autonomic cardiovascular modulation and flexibility of children with cerebral palsy

Abstract: Background: ‪We aimed to compare and examine the effect of aquatic interventions, Watsu® vs Immersion, on the autonomic nervous system and the range of motion in children with cerebral palsy, due to common belief that use of Watsu is beneficial for the special needs. Material and methods: ‪Twenty-three children (age 7.5±2.8) were randomized to receive Watsu® therapy and Immersion interventions in the cross-over, age-stratified study. Each therapy session lasted 30 minutes twice a week for a total of 10 weeks in two non-consecutive periods. Short-term heart rate variability parameters by using a Polar H7 heart rate sensor with a signal processing software and the passive range of motion by using a universal goniometer was measured at baseline and post-treatment. Results: ‪Watsu® therapy significantly improved the heart rate variability parameter (pNN50, t = 2.312, p = 0.031) and lower flexibility (t = 6.012, p = 0.000) in comparison to immersion. Conclusions: ‪In comparison to immersion, Watsu® therapy was shown to be safe and effective for the autonomic modulation and flexibility of children with cerebral palsy. Therefore, it is recommended as a complementary tool for physical therapy on land.

Establishing transboundary tourist space in the Baltic Sea region

Abstract: Background: The Baltic Sea region has been an area of intense political, economic and cultural contacts since the early Middle Ages. However, it severely suffered both during the Second World War and in its aftermath through to 1989. Since the mid-1990s, initiatives, programs and organisations promoting cooperation in this region have been put in place, and, in line with the expansion of the European Union, there have been far more opportunities (both organisational and financial) for cross-border cooperation, including in a transboundary context. Material and methods: The main sources of data for quantitative analysis have been official reports of Interreg Programme projects in the Baltic Sea region, as given effect to in the period between 2007 and 2013. In turn, qualitative analysis has drawn on descriptions of selected projects, mainly in reports and on relevant websites. Results: This article acquaints the reader with issues underpinning cross-border cooperation in the transboundary context of the Baltic Sea region, focusing on key aspects relating to the establishment of transboundary tourist space. Several examples of EU co-financed cross-border cooperation in tourism are also presented in greater detail. Conclusions: The process of establishing transboundary tourist space across the Baltic Sea is seen to depend greatly on co-financing by the European Union. Such EU-backed projects serving the development of cross-border tourism in the transboundary context of the Baltic Sea region can be assigned to four groups entailing: (1) the integration of transport, (2) tourism management, (3) the generation of tourist products, and (4) the development of a regional identity. However, it is typical of these projects for cooperation in the development of tourist attractions and products to be led by entities from the more developed part of the region, which therefore receive more funding than partners’ beneficiaries from the Baltic’s less-developed part. Preliminary analysis thus suggests that EU projects may not necessarily help to even out differences, i.e. reduce disparities, between the “Old” and “New” EU, even if they may be significant in helping to combine potential.

Assessment of physical fitness among non-athlete adolescents: Effect of familiarization sessions

Abstract: Background: ‪The validity and reliability of fitness tests are described in the literature; however, the effects of familiarization sessions on motor performance have not yet been studied. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of four familiarization sessions on physical fitness performance among adolescents. Material and methods: ‪Twenty adolescents performed sprint, agility, flexibility, explosive strength, muscular endurance, and balance tests on four separate days with an interval of 72h. Results: ‪Considering the first and the fourth sessions, there were significant differences in mean values for push-up, curl-up, and Flamingo tests (p<0.05). Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) varied from 0.65 to 0.97, except for the Flamingo test (0.22). The magnitude based inference revealed a likely beneficial effect of familiarization on agility (87.8%), push-ups (91.2%), curl-ups (94.4%), and a very likely effect on the Flamingo test (97.0%). When comparing the second and the third sessions with the first one, values of ICC were similar or higher, while a likely beneficial effect of familiarization was found in the second session for the Flamingo test (78.8%), and in the third session for curl-ups (91.3%), push-ups (77.1%), and the Flamingo test (94.8%)

Well-being and mental health − diet, supplements, exercise or sleep? A review of reports from the last five years

Abstract: Background: ‪In the 2020s we are faced with a problem of an ageing society. Not only do we see it and struggle to provide care for the elderly, but we also focus on constantly maintaining a good form related to our well-being as well as physical, mental and social functioning. Material and methods: ‪The publications used in this review were sourced from the PubMed database and from Google Scholar. The paper uses articles published in English which are not older than 5 years. Results: ‪ Analysis of the latest literature has shown that there is evidence that modifiable factors have a positive effect on our well-being and health. Conclusions: ‪The best effect can be achieved by combining positive actions in the field of diet, supplementation, moderate but systematic physical activity, and adding the right amount of sleep per day.

Somatotypes of athletes with physical disabilities and the type of activity they undertake

Abstract: Background: The issue of scientific measurement of somatotypes of athletes with physical disabilities and the type of physical activity undertaken by them is poorly documented in the literature. The aim of the study is to determine what type of body composition is characteristic of athletes with physical disabilities, engaging in various types of physical activity, such as swimming, sitting volleyball and weight lifting. Material and methods: Sixty men, aged 20-30, were qualified for the study. Each study participant had a motor dysfunction and was in intellectual norm. For the research protocol, Sheldon’s typology in Heath and Carter modification was used. Results: The group of men with physical disabilities practicing swimming regularly had the advantage of endomorphic and mesomorphic components. A similar distribution of components in the somatotype was demonstrated by men playing sitting volleyball. Men lifting weights clearly showed the dominance of the mesomorphic component and, to a small extent, the share of the ectomorphic and endomorphic components. Conclusions: A properly calculated somatotype allows disabled athletes to learn about body composition components and to train and develop more effectively in a particular physical activity.

Expanding transboundary tourist space – The growing significance of the Augustów Canal

Abstract: Background: The Belarusian-Polish borderland has great tourism potential but in the same time suffers from many restrictions, especially geopolitical ones. An overall facilitation of foreigners’ trips into Belarus has facilitated the development of cross-border tourism and local resources could be used by tourists. One of the most important tourist attractions is the Augustów Canal. This article seeks to discuss changes made to one border crossing between Poland and Belarus whose location may be considered exceptional, given that it is on the Augustów Canal. Material and methods: Analysis of historical, legal and statistical materials; cartographic analysis and fieldwork. Results: Eased restrictions on crossing the border (i.e. 5 years of gradual, stepwise introduction of visafree regimes and zones by the Belarusian authorities) have combined with the emergence of new possibilities to travel along the Canal by bicycle or on foot to increase numbers of foreign tourists (including Poles) who take advantage of the visa-free opportunities. Conclusions: Opportunities for the development of tourism (especially of a transboundary nature) are influenced by the simultaneous “internationalisation” and “touristification” of border crossings in Belarus’s western borderland area, which serve as a tourist destination of global significance (the Augustów Canal) and/or traffic at the individual-visitor level. The factor of overriding importance encouraging steady enlargement of tourist space and its utilisation either side of the border is the so-called “Brześć-Grodno Space”, as a visa-free continuous corridor for tourism established in the period since November 2019. This allows for visits into western Belarus, in particular in a south-north direction. The Augustów (Augustovsky) Canal and its Rudawka-Lesnaya border crossing are expected to play a particular part in this process.

Effect of dynamic and static strength training on hormonal activity in elite boxers.

Abstract: Background The aim of this study was to determine hormonal responses to acute and chronic exposure to static and dynamic strength training programs using resistance bands in boxers. Material and methods 19 male national boxers participated in the study. Boxers were instructed to perform strength exercises with resistance bands for 3 days a week for 8 weeks involving either dynamic (n=10) or static (n=9) resistance exercises. Blood samples were taken before exercise, immediately after the initial exercise session, and 8 weeks later following the last exercise session. Cortisol, growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone adrenaline and noradrenaline levels were measured. Statistical analyses involved non-parametric analysis with an alpha level of .05. Results Dynamic strength exercises were effective stimuli to growth hormone, adrenaline and noradrenaline, while static strength exercises provoked cortisol, growth hormone, adrenaline and noradrenaline responses both initially after exercise and after 8 weeks of chronic training. Neither dynamic nor static strength exercises were effective in prompting adrenocorticotropic changes after an exercise session or after 8 weeks of training. Conclusions We showed that dynamic and static strength exercise protocols using resistance bands both could provoke acute and chronic hormonal responses in boxers similar to more traditional modes of such exercise.

Different forms of swimmers’ final weeks pre-competition preparation

Abstract: The pre-competition training phase is a period that precedes the main competition. Combined training phases of overload training (OT) and taper (TP) create the most popular pattern of final form preparation among the swimmers despite the methodology difficulties faced by coaches. In the IPC, the duration and training load were strictly set. The main purpose of training in the IPC is to cause a substantial supercompensation effect by the high volume and capacity of the training. However, high volume and intensity fluctuations typical of the IPC may cause performance regression due to overtraining and exhaustion. The main aim of the taper phase (TP) is to provide recovery and develop peak racing capability for a particular event. This process relies on gradual reduction of training overload (mainly volume) in order to achieve the peak racing ability, after the planned, already achieved high level of swimming performance and efficiency. The duration of the TP and the form of load reduction are crucial factors affecting improvements in the swimmer’s competition times. The TP strategy was identified as the safest and the most beneficial one. This paper aims at providing characterization of training procedures used in IPC and TP, together with a presentation of the physiological mechanism exploited here and a possible performance improvement.

The results of judo fights during the 2018–2019 World Championships

Abstract: Background: ‪The aim of the study was to analyze female and male competitors’ results of judo fights during the 2018–2019 World Championships in the light of the new regulations of sports fights. Material and methods: ‪The research material involved the recording and analysis of athletes’ fights during the 2018 World Judo Championships in Baku (Azerbaijan) and the 2019 World Judo Championships in Tokyo (Japan). In total, 1,659 fights were analyzed, including 997 bouts in the group of men and 662 bouts in the group of women. The collected material allowed analyzing the ways of resolving bouts by competitors in extreme weight categories, bouts completed in the regular time and in the extra time, and fights fought in qualifying rounds and in the medal zone (medal fights). Results: There were no clear differences in the ways of resolving the bouts fought in the groups of women and men. In the group of heavy-weight categories, a certain predominance of attacks completed by ippon was found, while in the group light-weight categories by waza ari. Also fights that were completed in the regular time were most often resolved by direct ippon and two waza ari = ippon, while the fights completed in the extra time were definitely more often completed by waza ari or disqualification – hansoku make. During the elimination fights, competitors more often than during medal fights resolved bouts by disqualification, while competitors fighting for medals more often won through waza ari than the competitors fighting in the qualifying rounds. Conclusions: ‪The most important differences were observed in the results of fights completed in the regular time and in the extra time of fighting. The groups of athletes of light- and heavy-weight categories differed in the number of points obtained by ippon and waza ari. In the elimination and medal fights, the number of obtained waza ari was the most differentiating factor. During direct fights for medals, competitors resolved bouts the least often by hansoku make.

The impact of circuit resistance training on serum glucose, insulin resistance and health related physical fitness in elderly men with type 2 diabetes

Abstract: Background: ‪Obesity and decreased physical activity are the most important factors in the development of type 2 diabetes, which in recent decades has led to an increase in the number of people with this disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of circuit resistance training (CRT) on serum glucose, insulin resistance and health related physical fitness in elderly men with type 2 diabetes. Material and methods: ‪ Twenty-two patients with type 2 diabetes (60.99 ±2.93 years) volunteered to participate in this study. They were divided randomly into two groups: training (n = 11) and control (n = 11). Participants in the training group performed a progressive CRT program for ten weeks. In addition, anthropometry variables, muscular strength and endurance were evaluated before and after ten weeks’ CRT. Also, 10 ml of the blood sample was taken from participants to measure fasting serum glucose, fasting serum insulin and insulin resistance. Results: ‪After ten weeks of CRT, the body composition and glucose dropped significantly (P < 0.05) in the training group. Also, muscular endurance, upper and lower body strength in the post-test were significantly higher than the pre-test in the training group (P < 0.05) Conclusions: ‪CRT led to a significant improvement in insulin resistance, fasting serum glucose, BMI, endurance and strength of elderly men with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, this type of resistance training can be useful for improvement in physical and physiological variables of elderly men with type 2 diabetes.

The impact of classified and unclassified techniques on the male medalists’ offensive activity at the 2004–2016 Olympic Games

Abstract: Background: ‪Judokas have thrown opponents using various techniques. The researchers’ interest in the classified technique remained relevant. No previous study has investigated the contribution of an unclassified technique to high-level judo. Aim: This work assessed the share of classified and unclassified techniques of Nage-waza on the volume of attack activity, technical repertoire, and effectiveness of medalists at Athens 2004, Beijing 2008, London 2012, and Rio de Janeiro 2016. Material and methods: ‪The analysis focused on 3,664 Nage-waza actions, including 2,146 classified actions and 1,518 unclassified actions, performed by 112 male medalists in 575 contests. Anderson-Darling test assessed the normality of the collected data. Multiple comparisons via t Student, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey post hoc test verified the medalists’ offensive activity. Cohen's estimator d and unbiased estimator ω2 tested the size effect of the analysis of variance. Results: ‪To achieve such performances, medalists attempted 19.2±10.0 classified attacks and 13.6±10.5 unclassified attacks. Their effectiveness involved 2.6±1.8 classified actions and 2.0±1.8 unclassified actions, using a repertoire of 7.4±3.0 classified techniques and 4.2±2.6 unclassified techniques. Conclusions: ‪Judicious combination of both techniques contributes to the medalists’ performance. Integrating unclassified ones as part of the training and preparedness of judokas was a prior inescapables.

Differences between all-around results in women’s artistic gymnastics and ways of minimizing them

Abstract: Background: ‪In the present study, the main goal was to establish whether the disciplines are equal and should the Code of Points (COP) women's artistic gymnastics be revised in terms of point standardization on apparatus. Material and methods: ‪ The sample included all-around senior female gymnasts who participated in the qualification (C-I) competitions at World Championships held in 2009-2019. Results: ‪ The biggest differences are even two points between the two apparatus vault and balance beam. Vault compared to other apparatus is different for 1.559 points. Presentation of correlations between each apparatus the evidence that nothing has changed significantly in recent years, whereas correlations of the difficulty values of elements are extremely high between the present COP. Conclusions: ‪With this analysis, we have found that the results achieved at the vault and other apparatus were significantly different in terms of success in all-around competition.

Accuracy of “S Health” pedometer application during walking and stair climbing

Abstract: Background: ‪The S Health application provides an estimate of the amount of physical activity by measuring the number of steps during activities. The purpose was to assess the accuracy of step-counting with different smartphones using the S Health step counting application at long and short walking distances, and stair climbing. Material and methods: ‪26 participants (aged 28.85 ± 4.85 years) conducted three tests: 20-step test, 60-step stair test, and 6-minute walk test. Three smartphone models of the latest generation and two models of an earlier one were assessed. The StepWatch pedometer was used as a criterion. Results: Only one phone of the latest generation produced the most consistent and accurate results as compared to the pedometer in the 60-step stair test and 6-minute walk test (r=0.840), while the correlation of the other four smartphones was weak, from r=0.257 to r=0.482. Generally, the accuracy increased with the increasing amount of steps in all devices and the mean absolute percentage error decreased. Errors ranged between 5.8 and 56.9% for the 20-step test, 1.9-22.4% for the 60-step stair test, and 1.1-17.8% for the 6-minute walk test. Conclusions: The results suggest that accuracy of smart-phones increase with increased number of steps and correspond to newer model.

The relationship between upper extremity strength and performance in elite amputee football players

Abstract: Background: ‪Despite having similar requirements to regular football, amputee football may also require different dynamics due to using crutches. This study investigated the relationship between upper extremity strength and performance in amputee players. Material and methods: ‪Twenty amputee players participated in this study. Running performance of amputee players was measured with sprint tests; aerobic performance with a shuttle run test; jumping performance with a one-leg hop test and upper extremity strength with a digital dynamometer. The relationship between the types of performance was evaluated by multiple regression analysis. Results: T‪he 10 (p = 0.009) and 20 meters sprint performance (p = 0.035) was associated with latissimus dorsi muscle and the 30 meters (p=0.030) with shoulder extension strength. In addition, 10 (p = 0.018), 20 (p = 0.020) and 30 meters sprint performance (p=0.036) was associated with one-leg hop performance. However, there were no related data with the max VO2 (p = 0.339), and the aerobic performance test duration (p = 0.348). Conclusions: ‪The results indicated that the sprinting performance of amputee players was not only related with lower extremity strength but also with upper extremity strength. It may be beneficial to include shoulder extension and particularly latissimus dorsi strengthening exercises in training programs of amputee football players to provide an increase in anaerobic performance.

The application of bone morphogenetic proteins in medicine, dentistry, sport and rehabilitation: A review of literature

Abstract: Bone tissue is a mineralized structure with a complicated metabolism and due to its mechanical functions its structure must be adapted to the bone function. The BMP protein group stimulates the formation of bone and cartilage and influences numerous non-osteogenic processes. As a result of their osteogenic effect, BMP proteins are used in numerous areas of medicine, including dentistry and orthopaedics, as well as sport and rehabilitation. The publications used in this paper were sourced from the PubMed and the Google Scholar databases. The index entries used to search the databases included BMP, bone morphogenetic proteins, medicine, dentistry and sport. BMP proteins have a wide range of applications, particularly in dentistry and sports medicine. The study demonstrates that autogenous material is the best for bone regeneration as a result of using resources of BMP proteins and bone-forming cells. Undeniably, the condition of the patient's body undergoing treatment with BMP is not without significance. According to the authors of the article, all applications and treatment options with the use of BMPs are yet to be known. Perhaps further development of medicine will make their discovery possible.

Athlete self-efficacy scale: Development and psychometric properties

Abstract: Background: ‪It is important that psychological structures have an impact on athlete performance, such as selfefficacy can be measured consistently. The aim of this study is to develop a measurement tool with psychometric properties that can measure the self-efficacy beliefs of athletes. Material and methods: ‪The participants of the study consisted of 325 athletes (age 21.6 ±4.2) who actively pursue sports in various sports branches in Turkey. In the validity and reliability analysis of the scale, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyzes were used. Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficient value of the total scale is .88. Results: ‪The validity and reliability analysis results of the scale revealed that the scale was generally in perfect fit. As a result, it can be said that the Athlete Self Efficacy Scale (ASES) is a valid and reliable measurement tool and can be used to determine the self-efficacy levels of adult athletes. Conclusions: ‪Validity and reliability studies of the Athlete Self Efficacy Scale should be repeated specific to the sport branch or in younger age groups. In addition, athlete's self-efficacy is a universal concept. In this respect, it is valid in other cultures and it is recommended to adapt the scale to other languages and cultures.

Meta-analyses of the effect of flossing on ankle range of motion and power jump performance

Abstract: Decreased ankle range of motion (ROM) leads to many disorders, ranging in severity from gait abnormalities to knee and pelvis injuries. Therefore, maintaining full ankle ROM is very important, especially for athletes, for whom ankle ROM may affect their results during competitions. Medical flossing is a technique used by physiotherapists to improve ROM. The aim of this review was to investigate the effect of medical flossing on ankle ROM according to the results in previous studies. ‪The search was conducted with the following key words individually and/or in combinations: range of motion, flossband, mobility bands, vascular occlusion, flossing bands, compression, voodoo floss, and tack floss. F‪rom the identified 5600 articles, only 4 studies were included in this systematic review. The results showed that the mean difference in ROM after treatment was 1.20 cm (Hedge’s g = 0.31, p < 0.01, I2= 89%). ‪There is evidence showing that the application of flossing can be beneficial to increase the ROM. Moreover, some of the studies confirmed a positive impact of flossing on jump performance; nonetheless, data to confirm this effect in this review are insufficient.

The relationship between physical activity levels and health-related quality of life in elderly individuals aged 65 years and above with a chronic disease

Abstract: Background: ‪Chronic diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide with increasing prevalence in the population aged 65 years and above. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between physical activity level and health-related quality of life in elderly individuals. Material and methods: ‪ The participants aged 65 years and older (46 males and 35 females) were divided into 3 groups according to their physical activity levels: low physical activity (< 150 minutes/week), moderate physical activity (150–300 minutes/week) and high physical activity level (> 300 minutes/week). Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was calculated using EQ-5D scale. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between physical activity level and HRQoL scores in elderly individuals. Results: ‪ A significant relationship and differences were found between high, moderate and low physical activity levels and HQQoL dimensions (P < 0.05). The moderate and high physical activity groups were found to be significantly higher in all dimensions compared to the low physical activity group according to HRQoL scores (P < 0.001). Conclusions: ‪It has been concluded that high and moderate physical activity levels have a great positive relationship with HRQoL in individuals aged 65 years and older with a chronic disease.