Showing papers in "British Biotechnology Journal in 2016"
43 citations
TL;DR: Bouyahya et al. as mentioned in this paper evaluated the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of extracts from the leaves of the strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L) growing in Morocco.
Abstract: Aims: This study was designed to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of methanolic, ethanolic, ethyl acetate and n-hexanic extract from the leaves of Strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) growing in Morocco. Study Design: Determination of total phenol and flavonoids content, in vitro antioxidant activity and antibacterial study of extracts. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biology (Faculty of Sciences), between July 2015 and November 2015. Original Research Article Bouyahya et al.; BBJ, 14(3): 1-10, 2016; Article no.BBJ.26488 2 Methodology: The extracts were prepared using solid-liquid extraction. The total phenolic content was assessed by the Folin-Ciocalteau assay, total flavonoid content was assessed by aluminium chloride (AlCl3) colorimetric assay. The antibacterial activity of extracts was tested against five reference strains, Escherichia coli K12 MBLA, Staphylococus aureus CECT 976, Listeria monocytogenes serovar 4b CECT 4032 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa IH using the agar well diffusion method and the micro-dilution assays. The antioxidant activity was assessed by measuring the ability of the extracts to scavenge the 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Results: The total phenol content of strawberry tree five extracts ranged between 94.51±0.08 and 141.72±0.56 mg GAE/g extract, and the flavonoid content ranged between 17.48±1.02 and 31.61±0.59 mg QE/g extract. All of the extracts presented antioxidant capacity assessed by DPPH scavenging method, but at different levels depending on the concentration and the extraction solvent are found. In addition, all extracts exhibited an antibacterial activity at different levels against strains reported as the causal agents of food borne diseases. Conclusion: Results suggest the potential use of tested A. unedo extracts as bio-preservatives in the functional food industry.
43 citations
20 citations
TL;DR: The phytochemical profiles, toxicity and anti-nutrient properties of two indigenous vegetables, Cleome gynandra and Solanum nigrum, are assessed and some phytochemicals are present in high levels and might act as anti nutritional factors interfering with absorption of food.
Abstract: Aim: This study assesses the phytochemical profiles, toxicity and anti-nutrient properties of two indigenous vegetables, Cleome gynandra and Solanum nigrum. Methodology: Aerial parts of S. nigrum and C. gynandra collected from wild populations were extracted in water and methanol solvents using the cold maceration procedure. Chemical tests to identify different phytochemicals and antinutrients were carried out using specified reagents. Toxicity of the plant extracts was tested using the Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality bioassay procedure. Results: Phytochemical tests indicated presence of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, phenols and tannins in both S. nigrum and C. gynandra. Anthraquinones were only found in C. gynandra, whereas terpenoids and coumarin glycosides were found only in Original Research Article Sango et al.; BBJ, 13(3): 1-11, 2016; Article no.BBJ.25164 2 S. nigrum. The anti-nutrient levels in the vegetables were high; tannins (3.580 and 1.820 mg/ 100 g), oxalates (21.560 and 24.97±0.156 g/100 g), saponins (71 and 42%), alkaloids (15.160 and 3.44%) and phytates (0.099±0.046 and 0.250±0.013%) in S. nigrum and C. gynandra respectively. The Brine Shrimp LC50 values obtained were 0.67 and 1.84 mg/ml for methanol and water extracts of S. nigrum and 1.09 and 4.9 mg/ml for C. gynandra, respectively. Conclusion: The vegetables, C. gynandra and S. nigrum are rich sources of diverse phytochemicals. However, some phytochemicals are present in high levels and might act as anti nutritional factors interfering with absorption of food. C. gynandra is safe for consumption but S. nigrum contains some toxic phytochemicals and should not be taken regularly.
15 citations
TL;DR: All the parameters studied fell within the normal range reported for clinically healthy rabbits; an indication that MOLM had a beneficial effect on health status of rabbits.
Abstract: Aims: To determine the influence of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) on haematological and serum biochemical indices of growing rabbits fed diets containing varying levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal. Study Design: Completely randomized design. Place and Duration of Study: At the Rabbit unit of the Teaching and Research farm of Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu, Ivo L.G.A., State, Nigeria, between May, 2015 and July 2015. Methodology: 48 growing rabbits were used for this study. Four diets were formulated such that diets T1, T2, T3 and T4 contain MOLM at 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively. The diets were offered to the growing rabbits, which were randomly divided into 4 groups of 12 rabbits each, with 4 animals constituting a replicate in a completely randomized design pattern. Each animal received the experimental diet for 49 days. Blood samples were drawn from each animal on the last day of Original Research Article Jiwuba et al.; BBJ, 15(2): 1-7, 2016; Article no.BBJ.28095 2 the trial and evaluated for haematological and serum biochemical indices, data obtained were analysed statistically. Results: Results showed that packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin Mean cell haemoglobin concentration and white blood cell differed (P<0.05) significantly, while red blood cell, mean cell haemoglobin and mean cell volume were similar (P>0.05) among the groups PCV ranged between 35.01–36.59%. Haemoglobin was improved (p<0.05) by Moringa oleifera leaf meal at 30% inclusion level. White blood cell (WBC) count of weaner rabbits in treatment groups was significantly (p<0.05) higher and better than the control. All the serum biochemical indices were significantly (P<0.05) except creatinine. Cholesterol was lowest at 30% inclusion indicating the antidiabetic properties of the test ingredient. Conclusions: All the parameters studied fell within the normal range reported for clinically healthy rabbits; an indication that MOLM had a beneficial effect on health status of rabbits.
15 citations
TL;DR: This review tries to fill the gap by highlighting the various aspects of molecular biology of microbial pectate lyases especially the cloning and expression of pectates lyase genes from diverse sources attempted so far.
Abstract: Pectate lyase represents an important member of pectinase group of enzymes responsible for the pathogenesis and softening of plant tissues. It also has role in fruit juice clarification and in retting of natural fibers. The biochemical characterization of pectate lyases from diverse microbial sources and plants along with an insight to the protein structure has been dealt earlier but there is a lack of exclusive review on the molecular biology of pectate lyases. This review tries to fill the gap by highlighting the various aspects of molecular biology of microbial pectate lyases especially the cloning and expression of pectate lyase genes from diverse sources attempted so far. The topics covered in this review are a brief description about enzymes associated with degradation of pectin, its classification, applications, updated information about the biochemical characterization of microbial pectate lyases and cloning and expression of microbial pectate lyase genes.
15 citations
TL;DR: Early monitorization (within 24 h after slaughter) of selected biomarkers could be used in the meat industry as a tool for detection of situations of pre-slaughter stress related to animal mixing practices.
Abstract: Aims: The objective of this work was to apply the proteomic approach for identification of animalbased stress biomarkers during pig muscle maturation. Study Design: Pigs were subjected to management treatments that may promote stress, like Original Research Article Oliván et al.; BBJ, 11(1): 1-13, 2016; Article no.BBJ.22402 2 mixing unfamiliar animals on farm and/or during transport and lairage before slaughter. Three preslaughter treatments were applied: UF-UTL (Unmixed on Farm Unmixed during Transport and at Lairage), MF-UTL (Mixed in Farm Unmixed during Transport and at Lairage) and MF-MTL (Mixed in Farm Mixed during Transport and at Lairage). Methodology: Fifteen entire male pigs were used in this experiment. At slaughter, blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis. Meat quality traits (pH, electrical conductivity, drip loss, meat colour) were measured and muscle samples from the Longissimus thoracis were taken within the first 24 h post-mortem and used for analysis of total antioxidant activity (TAA) and sarcoplasmic protein profile study by SDS-PAGE. Results: Mixing treatments (MF-UTL and MF-MTL) provoked faster muscle pH post-mortem decline (P= .009), lower total antioxidant activity (P< .001) and changes in some key proteins, like the heat shock 70kDa protein-1B (P= .040), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase “GAPDH” (P= .047), lactate dehydrogenase-A “LDH-A” (P< .001) and adenylate kinase isoenzyme-1 “AK-1” (P< .001). Furthermore, serum molecules related to fat metabolism (LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides) and changes of muscle proteins involved in the adenine nucleotide metabolism (AK-1) and glycolysis regulation (piruvate kinase “PK” and GAPDH) allowed accurate prediction of muscle pH and discriminated correctly 87% of meat samples into “no-mixing” or “mixing” treatments. Conclusions: Early monitorization (within 24 h after slaughter) of selected biomarkers could be used in the meat industry as a tool for detection of situations of pre-slaughter stress related to animal mixing practices. However more research is needed in order to validate these results on a broader animal population.
14 citations
13 citations
TL;DR: Mansour and Elshafei as mentioned in this paper presented a review on the history and role of microorganisms on the induction and prevention of corrosion, including corrosion inhibition mechanisms employing beneficial microorganisms with special reference to microbial biofilms to avoid the dramatic economic loss due to corrosion.
Abstract: Microbiologically-influenced corrosion (MIC) is defined as the deterioration of metals as a result of metabolic activities of microbes. The biological harmful activities modify local chemistry and render it more corrosive to the metal. The aerobic iron and manganese bacteria are mainly responsible about the accelerated pitting attacks of stainless steel, however the anaerobic sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) are responsible for most highly corrosion damages to offshore steel structures. Most MIC takes the form of pits that form below the colonies of living organic matter and mineral and the deposits of biological origin. Stainless and carbon steel tanks, pipelines, heat exchangers, fuel storage tanks are mainly affected by MIC. On the other hand, other beneficial microorganisms play a major role for protecting these surfaces from corrosion via different mechanisms including biofilms formation. The aim of this review is to present a spotlight on the history and the role of microorganisms on the induction and prevention of corrosion. This includes corrosion inhibition mechanisms employing beneficial microorganisms with special reference to microbial biofilms to avoid the dramatic economic loss due to corrosion. On the contrary, different types of harmful microorganisms included in corrosion are also discussed including iron and sulfur reducing bacteria. Review Article Mansour and Elshafei; BBJ, 14(3): 1-11, 2016; Article no.BBJ.27049 2
13 citations
TL;DR: Wani et al. as mentioned in this paper used 16S rRNA gene sequence to identify the strain of OZF6 resistant to chromium (VI) in industrial waste water of Abeokuta, Nigeria.
Abstract: Aim: In this study we wanted to determine bacteria for chromium (VI) removal under pH, chromium concentration, carbon source and immobilizing agents. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Crescent University, Abeokuta, Nigeria in the year 2015. Original Research Article Wani et al.; BBJ, 15(1): 1-10, 2016; Article no.BBJ.27341 2 Methodology: Isolation of bacteria was done from industrial waste water of Abeokuta, Nigeria which is often released into water bodies and thus contaminates water during 2015. Nutrient agar added with 100 μg/ml Cr (VI) was used to isolate resistant bacterial strains. Resistance of the strains for Cr (VI) was evaluated on nutrient agar media. Natural material [sodium aliginate (SA)] and synthetic material (PVA)] immobilized bacterial cells for Cr (VI) removal experiment was done by 1, 5–diphenyl carbazide method. Results: The strain OZF6 was characterized as Brevibacillus brevis using 16S rRNA gene sequence. All isolates (8 strains) were tolerant to chromium (VI). Among all strains, only Brevibacillus brevis OFZ6 reduced Chromium (VI). Brevibacillus brevis OZF6 reduced maximum Cr (VI) (72.5%) at pH 7. Brevibacillus brevis OFZ6 also reduced chromium (VI) significantly under various concentrations of chromium. Brevibacillus brevis OZF6 detoxified the metal 81% at 50 μg Cr/ ml, 75% at a concentration of 100 μg/ ml and 68% at 150 μg/ ml respectively. Among electron donors, maximum reduction was observed under influence of lactose. Among different matrices combinations for whole cell immobilization of OZF6, combination of 10% PVA, 10% sodium alginate (SA) proved to be best combination for Cr (VI) reduction. Conclusion: Due to above properties, bacteria will be utilized for Cr (VI) detoxification in contaminated industrial waste water and thus will protect environment from contamination. There needs a proper regulation and treatment of these effluents prior their release into water bodies or into soil and thus ultimately protect population from carcinogenesis and other ill hazards.
12 citations
TL;DR: Goat milk is a broaden source of probiotics in consort with other nutrients and the focal objective of this study was to insulate probiotic lactic acid bacteria and appraising their potentiality as probiotics.
Abstract: Probiotics, in point of fact, well-thought-out as the health effective microbial food supplements by fashioning mutuality environment to consumers intestinal gut in an advantageous manner. Goat milk is a broaden source of probiotics in consort with other nutrients. That’s why the focal objective of this study was to insulate probiotic lactic acid bacteria and appraising their potentiality as probiotics. In this study prospective colonies were isolated after pure culture of goat milk sample in MRS media and a series of tests including colonial and morphological observation, catalase test, gram-staining and sugar fermentation were carried out to characterize the bacteria. To scrutinize their probiotic properties, the study was furnished with NaCl, phenol & bile salt tolerance test, milk coagulation test as well as antimicrobial activity test where we witnessed that the isolates were
TL;DR: Coat protein genes encoded by Legume yellow mosaic viruses (LYMVs) were analysed to study molecular diversity and to devise effective PCR based assay to distinguish major Begomovirus species infecting soybean.
Abstract: Aim: Coat protein (CP) genes encoded by Legume yellow mosaic viruses (LYMVs) were analysed to study molecular diversity and to devise effective PCR based assay to distinguish major Begomovirus species ( Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus and Mungbean yellow mosaic virus ) infecting soybean Design of the Study: All the known coat protein gene sequences encoded by begomoviruses causing yellow mosaic disease (YMD) in legumes were obtained from GenBank. YMD infected soybean leaf samples were collected from different parts of India during Kharif 2012 and species of virus infections identified using CP gene based primers in a PCR assay.
TL;DR: The novel actinomycete, Streptomyces himastatinicus BSA-11 from Bhitarkanika has the ability to produce extracellular potent bioactive compounds which can be a potential source of many antimicrobials.
Abstract: The mangrove ecosystem of India is an extensively unexplored source for actinomycetes with the potential to produce secondary metabolites of biological importance. In this study, twenty two actinomycetes were isolated from different soil samples collected from the Bhitarkanika mangrove forest along Odisha coast, India. These isolates were identified as Streptomyces sp. based on their morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics as described in the International Streptomyces Project. Out of twenty two actinomycetes (designated as BSA-1 to BSA-22) isolates, only four isolates (BSA-5, BSA-10, BSA-11 and BSA-15) displayed significant antimicrobial Original Research Article Priyadarshini et al.; BBJ, 12(2): 1-13, 2016; Article no.BBJ.24102 2 properties in term of antagonistic activity against six human pathogenic bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus brevis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). All these isolates exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity in a range of 14.0-22.0 mm as inhibition zone against the above studied human pathogens with highest activity displayed by the isolate BSA-11. The isolate, Streptomyces sp. BSA-11 was further identified up to the species level by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The BLAST analysis confirmed that Streptomyces sp. BSA-11 was homologous to Streptomyces himastatinicus of order Actinomycetles and class Actinobacteria. The novel actinomycete, Streptomyces himastatinicus BSA-11 from Bhitarkanika has the ability to produce extracellular potent bioactive compounds which can be a potential source of many antimicrobials.
TL;DR: Data on behaviours at death suggests that this EO may be neurotoxic probably through the blocking of the cholinergic receptors through reversible inhibition of acetylinesterase, and a significant synergistic interaction of major constituents although lower than that of the crude EO.
Abstract: Over the past decades, the development of an alternative and eco-friendly pest control strategies has become a public concern for the sake of mankind. Plant essential oils are complex mixtures of volatile organic compounds, which play indispensable roles in the environment, for the plant itself, as well as for humans. Aims: The objectives of this study were (i) to identify and report the volatile organic compounds of Original Research Article Akami et al.; BBJ, 13(4): 1-16, 2016; Article no.BBJ.26087 2 Lippia adoensis (Hochst. Ex Walp.) (Lamiales: verbenaceae) essential oil (EO, herein after) and to compare the bioactivity of its four major compounds with the crude EO at relatively low dosages on some fitness parameters of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleptera: Bruchidae), (ii) to test the persistency of each compounds over time, and (iii) to evaluate the type of interaction of the major constituents of the EO (whether antagonistic, synergistic or additive) in order to project the biological interaction of the whole compounds. Study Design: Young leaves of L. adoensis were randomly collected in Mbe locality (NgaoundereCameroon) for EO extraction which was then analysed by the means of Gas Chromatography (GCFID) coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Bioassays consisted of three shelves treatments for adult mortality, eggs laying, larval development and progeny production. A complete randomized design (CRD) with five replications was set for each treatment. Places and Duration of Study: Laboratory of Biology of the Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere (Cameroon) and Pest Control laboratory of Professor Niu Changying HZAU, Wuhan (China) from February 2014 to January 2016. Methodology: Essential oil was extracted with a Clevencher-type apparatus, hydrodistilled and airdried. Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) and Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) were carried out to analyze the constituents. The toxicity of crude EO and its four major constituents was evaluated at 0.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 μL/g. Ten glass jars (volume 800mL) containing 50 g of cowpea seeds were prepared. After treatment, ten couples of C. maculatus aged 1-7days were randomly selected and separately introduced in each glass jar and kept at 22.72±1.06°C, 83.73±1.28% RH. Control ja rs were treated only with pure acetone. Each treatment was replicated five times. The exposure lasted for six days post treatment. Data on adult’s mortality, eggs laying, larvae and progeny production were assessed and monitored. Results: The GC–MS analysis allowed the identification of 43 volatile components representing 93.54% of total oil. The major components were Thymol (22.01%), Thymol-acetate (15.21%), paracymene (13.85%) and Triacetin (9.131%). The crude EO suppressed adults, completely inhibited eggs laying and adult emergence at 5 and 10 L/g after 24 h, respectively. Complete adults suppression was observed with thymol and the mixture at 20 L/g. Para-cymene and Triacetin caused complete adult mortality at 40 L/g but did not inhibited eggs laying and progeny production. EO and the mixture have been the most potent and persistent with a higher persistency throughout the experimentation. The synergism ratios (SR) were all higher than 1, thereby suggesting a significant (P = .05) synergistic interaction of major constituents although lower than that of the crude EO. Data on behaviours at death suggests that this EO may be neurotoxic probably through the blocking of the cholinergic receptors through reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Conclusion: The results obtained from this study revealed a significant (P = .05) insecticidal bioefficacy of EO extracted from young leaves of L. adoensis from Cameroon. This insecticidal properties are due to its richness in chemical constituents (43 in total) that sustained its persistency during the treatment. L. adoensis could therefore be a suitable topical agent to control C. maculatus infestations and could be of value for commercial formulations.
TL;DR: The study revealed that the activity of the samples against E. coli was unaffected by the solvent type and that ethanol could be preferred to water as the extracting solvent for activity against S. aureus, and Musa paradisiaca peels and leaves could serve as nutrient and antibacterial sources.
Abstract: The study was conducted between May and August, 2015. It determined and compared the proximate composition (measured in percentage, %) of the ground Musa paradisiaca peels and leaves, and the antibacterial activity (measured in millimeter, mm) of the aqueous and ethanol extracts (at concentration of 100 mg/ml) of the respective sample, using standard protocols. The peels percentage yield (91.59±1.26%) was higher (p<0.05) than that of the leaves (84.29±1.54%). Apart from the protein content (18.09±0.09%), the other proximate parameters viz: fat (9.60±0.16), crude fibre (39.17±0.83) and ash (22.24±0.23) in the ground leaves were higher (p<0.05) than the corresponding value in the peels. Higher carbohydrate (32.47±0.48) and moisture (12.78±0.58) were recorded in the peels than in the leaves. The anti-bacterial activity (mm) of the aqueous and ethanol extracts of the leaves against Staphylococcus aureus was 9.33±0.58 and 12.33±1.15, respectively while against Escherichia coli was 14.00±1.73 and 18.67±1.15, respectively. The ethanol extracts of the peels had higher (p<0.05) antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (14.33±1.53, 15.00±2.00) respectively than the respective value obtained for aqueous extracts. However, unlike the activity against S. aureus, there was no Original Research Article Egbuonu et al.; BBJ, 15(2): 1-9, 2016; Article no.BBJ.27151 2 difference in activity against E. coli based neither on the extracting solvents nor on the study samples. Thus, Musa paradisiaca peels and leaves could serve as nutrient and antibacterial sources. However, the peels compared to the leaves may serve as better source for carbohydrate but with poor storability while the leaves may serve as better source for the other determined nutrients and as antibacterial against the studied pathogens. The study further revealed that the activity of the samples against E. coli was unaffected by the solvent type and that ethanol could be preferred to water as the extracting solvent for activity against S. aureus. Further studies are required, hence recommended to harness the present findings and ultimately to reduce their solid waste contribution.
TL;DR: This poster presents a pharmacognosy study of the phytochemical properties of cannabis and its applications in medicine and health, as well as some examples of applications in agriculture and natural resources.
Abstract: Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran. Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran. Pediatric Infections Research Center, Mofid Children Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Iran. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol 98615-538, Iran. Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.
TL;DR: Hossain et al. as mentioned in this paper compared and investigated the suitable biodiesel properties produced from waste fish byproducts, palm and sunflower oil which were more economically viable than those obtained from waste palm oil and fish oil.
Abstract: Significant of the Study: Biomass is renewable, organic, plant and animal derived source of biomaterial that can be converted into different forms of biofuel, bioplastic, bio-solvent, and bioenergy using different biotechnological procedures. Biomass derived bio-fuel is biodegradable, nontoxic, sustainable and substitute for fossil fuel as well as capable to reduce greenhouse gas emission. It is renewable and outstanding energy resource for the creation of steam and electricity, transportation fuel, manufacturing industries. Biomass derived from animal and plants like, fruits, vegetable, crops, fish, chicken and other animal byproducts or waste biomass which can be used for bioenergy production like biofuel and nano-catalyst for biofuel. Original Research Article Hossain and AlEissa; BBJ, 10(4): 1-9, 2016; Article no.BBJ.22338 2 Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare and investigate the suitable biodiesel properties produced from waste fish byproducts, palm and sunflower oil which were more economically viable. Results: There was a total of 7, 5 and 4 types of fatty acid methyl esters presence in the fish, palm and sunflower biodiesel, respectively. The quality of biodiesel such as viscosity, total acid number, fuel consumption and emission rate was evaluated. The kinematic viscosity was maintained ASTM standard in case of all produced biodiesel. However, sunflower biodiesel was slightly viscous compared to palm and fish biodiesel. Metal elements such as phosphorus, magnesium, and calcium were present moderately in all biodiesel but it was limited range in fish oil. In the engine tests, the emissions of unburned hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide were lower in palm biodiesel than in sunflower and fish biodiesel. Fuel consumption was higher in palm biodiesel. Fish biodiesel had the lowest fuel consumption than that of palm and sunflower biodiesel. Conclusion: It can be concluded that waste palm oil and fish oil can be considered as a great potential source for commercial biodiesel.
TL;DR: Perrotta, Ramiro Martin as discussed by the authors, and Martínez-Caballero (2010) presented a paper on the Perrotta et al. as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Fil: Perrotta, Ramiro Martin. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia. Laboratorio de Biomembranas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas; Argentina