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Showing papers in "Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering in 1970"


Journal ArticleDOI
John R. Grace1
TL;DR: The apparent shear viscosities of a number of fluidized systems have been estimated using an empirical approach based on the shape of spherical-cap bubbles rising in real liquids as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The apparent shear viscosities of a number of fluidized systems have been estimated using an empirical approach based on the shape of spherical-cap bubbles rising in real liquids. Values range between 4 and 13 poise, and agreement with direct experimental results is very good. On a determine les viscosites apparentes de cisaillement d'un certain nombre de systemes fluidises en utilisant une methode empirique basee sur la forme que possedent des bulles a calotte spherique qui s'elevent dans des liquides reels. On a trouve que les valeurs des viscosites variaient entre 4 et 13 poises, ce qui concordait tres bien avec les resultats d'experiences directes.

103 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of coiled wire turbulence promoters on forced convection heat transfer and frictional power loss for water flowing in a vertical tube is reported. But, the authors did not consider the use of turbulence promoters for cases where pumping power is not the dominating factor and reduction in weight and size of the equipment is more important.
Abstract: An experimental study of forced convection heat transfer and frictional power loss for water flowing in a vertical tube is reported in this paper. The study investigates the effect of coiled wire turbulence promoters of various pitch to diameter ratio (1.00–5.50) upon the Nusselt Prandtl modulus Nu/Pr1/3 and Fanning friction factor Cf for three different wire diameters, 0.052-in., 0.063-in. and 0.072-in. Analysis of the computed results indicates that heat transfer increases by as much as 280%, though at the cost of much larger increase in frictional power loss. Consequently, coiled wire turbulence promoters can be used with advantage for cases where pumping power is not the dominating factor and reduction in weight and size of the equipment is more important. The present results and those of three previous investigations of heat transfer in tubes with coiled wire turbulence promoters were satisfactorily correlated by the expression which was found to be independent of the tube diameter, wire diameter, pitch to diameter ratio and the test fluid. On expose dans le travail actuel une etude experimentale du transfert de la chaleur par convection forcee et de la perte d'energie par frottement dans le cas de l'eau qui coule dans un tube vertical. L'etude embrasse l'effet d'agents de turbulence faits en fil enroule (et dont le rapport entre la pente par rapport a l'axe et le diametre varie entre 1.00 et 5.50) sur le module de Nusselt et Prandtl Nu/Pr1/3 et le coefficient de frottement de Fanning Cf, dans le cas de trois diametres differents de fil, a savoir 0.052′, 0.063′ et 0.072′. L'analyse des resultats calcules indique que le transfert de la chaleur augmente jusqu'a 280%, mais cela se fait au prix d'un accroissement bien plus considerable de la perte en energie due au frottement. Il s'en suit qu'on peut utiliser avantageusement les agents de turbulence en fils enroules dans les cas ou l'energie requise pour le pompage n'est pas le facteur primordial, mais ou la reduction en poids et en dimensions de l'outil-lage est plus importante. On a etabli une correlation satisfaisante entre les resultats actuels et ceux de trois etudes precedentes de transfert de la chaleur dans des tubes en presence d'agents de turbulence formes de fils enroules, au moyen de l'expression: On a trouve que la dite expression ne dependait pas du diametre du tube, du diametre du fil, du rapport entre l'inclinaison par rapport a l'axe et le diametre, et du fluide d'essai.

71 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors made a study of the flow mechanisms of two immiscible liquids with a small density difference introduced at a horizontal-pipe inlet in initial concentric flow.
Abstract: A study was made of the flow mechanisms of two immiscible liquids with a small density difference introduced at a horizontal-pipe inlet in initial concentric flow. Extent of the annular flow, its break-up mechanisms and the subsequent flow patterns encountered were investigated with the aid of high-speed photography. Annular-flow break-up was found to occur by one of two mechanisms: collapse of the core-liquid by varicose Rayleigh-type waves or rupture of the top-wall liquid-film, attenuated by the ascent of the lighter core-liquid. Flow patterns observed after break-up involve fine dispersions, slugs or stratified layers. Charts mapping flow-pattern zones show conditions under which annular-flow holds over a considerable extent.

69 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a modification of the theory proposed by Ostergaard to explain the contraction observed when gas is introduced into a liquid fluidized bed was proposed, and the results were in substantial agreement with the calculations based on expansion behavior and bubble properties.
Abstract: The expansion characteristics of gas-liquid fluidized beds have been measured for beds of glass ballotini and sand with particle sizes ranging from 120 to 775 microns. This data has been used in conjunction with recent measurements of bubble properties to predict the proportion of wake associated with bubbles rising through the bed using a modification of the theory proposed by Ostergaard to explain the contraction observed when gas is introduced into a liquid fluidized bed. Three-pase fluidization has also been observed by photography in a two-dimensional bed and the results are in substantial agreement with the calculations based on expansion behavior and bubble properties. The bubble wakes in a three phase system consist not only of a stable portion carried with the bubbles but also of vortices shed by the bubbles. A simplified model has been used to demonstrate that these vortices may contribute significantly to the observed contraction. On a mesure les proprietes d'expansion de lits fluidises avec gaz et liquide dans le cas de lits formes de petites spheres de verre et de sable dont les dimensions granulo-metriques variaient entre 120 et 775 microns. On a utilise les resultats, en rapport avec des mesures recentes des proprietes des bulles, pour predire le degre de perturbation qui se produit lorsque les bulles s'elevent dans le lit; on a employe a cette fin une modification de la theorie proposee par Ostergaard pour expliquer la contraction qu'on observe lorsqu'on introduit un gaz un lit fluidise avec un liquide. On a aussi observe par photographie une fluidisation a trois phases dans un lit a deux dimensions et les resultats concordent effectivement avec les calculs bases sur le comportement a l'expansion et les proprietes des bulles. Les perturbations causees par les bulles dans un systeme a trois phases consistent non seulement et une portion stable entraǐnee avec les bulles, mais aussi en tourbillons produits par celles-ci. On a utilise un modele simplifie pour demontrer que les dits tourbillons peuvent contribuer d'une maniere appreciable a la contraction observee.

50 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
Arun S. Mujumdar1, Bin Huang1, D. Wolf1, Martin E. Weber1, W. J. M. Douglas1 
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the turbulence characteristics of the high speed stream issuing from a turbine type impeller in a fully baffled tank using a constant-temperature hotwire anemometer with air as the fluid within the tank.
Abstract: tirred tanks are widely used in the chemical indusS try for effecting mixing, but their design has so far been empirical. A theoretical treatment of the flow within a stirred tank is rendered intractable by the inherent randomness and three-dimensionality of the flow and non-linearity of the governing equations of motion. Experimental studies of the large- and small-scale turbulence characteristics in stirred vessels may be expected to lead to formulation of realistic models of the flow. These models can then be used to predict such quantities of engineering interest as the mixing efficiency, pumping capacity, power requirements, etc. It was the objective of this work to measure the turbulence characteristics of the high speed stream issuing from a turbine type impeller in a fully baffled tank. Turbulence parameters were measured using a constant-temperature hot-wire anemometer with air as the fluid within the tank. The hot-wire technique was chosen because of the ease of operation and extremely good frequency response. Use of mr as working fluid Cooper‘” recently showed that the temporal mean velocity distribution in the impeller stream is the same with air and water as the fluid in the tank. We have assumed that the small-scale turbulence characteristics would also be similar at equal Reynolds numbers irrespective of the fluid in the tank. There exists sufficient confirmation in the literature for air and water flows in circular pipes and circular jets, and also grid-generated turbulent flows in wind and water tunnels. Chuang and Cermak“’ have compared their measurements of turbulent intensities, shear stress and energy spectra in the pipe flow of distilled water for a Reynolds number of 5 x lo4 with those of Sandborn‘J) and Laufer“) who studied the flow of air in a pipe at the same Reynolds number. The agreement between the air and water data is remarkable

42 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of amplitude, frequency, flow-rates, distance between trays, fractional free area and hole size on longitudinal mixing in reciprocating and pulsed sieve-plate columns has been investigated for single-phase flow.
Abstract: Longitudinal mixing in reciprocating and pulsed sieve-plate columns has been investigated for single-phase flow and is described by a model in which both back-mixing between stages and axial mixing within stages is considered. The model proposed expresses the effect of the amplitude, frequency, flow-rates, distance between trays, their fractional free area and hole size on longitudinal mixing. The relations proposed have been verified by experiments, and the values of the constants in the correlation have been determined. On a etudie, dans le cas d'un ecoulement a phase simple, le melange fait en direction longitudinale dans des colonnes pourvues d'une plaque criblee soumise a un mouvement alternatif et des colonnes pulsees; on le decrit au moyen d'un modele ou il se fait a la fois un retro-melange entre les stades et un melange axial durant les stades. Le modele propose indique l'influence sur le melange en direction horizontales de l'amplitude, de la frequence et des debits ainsi que de la distance entre les plateaux, leur surface libre fractionnee et les dimensions de leurs ouvertures. On a verifie experimentalement les relations proposees et trouve les valeurs des constantes dans la correlation.

35 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of surfactant impurities and neighbor particles on the transfer mechanism of momentum and terminal velocities of spherical bubbles, drops, or solid particle assemblages at low Reynolds numbers are analyzed and formulated.
Abstract: Dynamically interacting effects of surfactant impurities and neighbor particles on the transfer mechanism of momentum and terminal velocities of spherical bubbles, drops, or solid particle assemblages at low Reynolds numbers are analysed and formulated. The steady-state equations of viscous fluid motion and continuity (one set for each phase) have been solved simultaneously with a conservation equation for diffusing surfactant impurities. By employing a cell model with zero vorticity at its outer boundary, and modified interfacial conditions the terminal relative velocity of an ensemble of fluid particles is evaluated and compared with some available experimental data. The analysis of solid-fluid mixture is shown to become a special case of the analysis of fluid-fluid mixtures where adventitious surfactant impurities stop internal circulation thereby causing drop and bubble assemblages to behave as suspension of solid particles. On analyse et decrit les effets des reactions mutuelles et dynamiques des impuretes d'agents tensio-actifs et des particules avoisinantes sur le mecanisme de transfert de la force vive et les velocites finales de bulles, gouttes on agglomerations de particules solides, lorsque les nombres de Reynolds sont faibles. On a resolu, en měme temps qu'une equation de conservation relativement a la diffusion des impuretes d'agents tensio-actifs, les equations de regime permanent du mouvement d'un fluide visqueux et de sa continuite (une serie d'equations pour chaque phase). On evalue la velocite finale et relative d'un ensemble de particules fluides et la compare avec certains resultats experimentaux disponibles; on a utilise dans ce but un modele de cellule dont le tourbillonnement est nul a sa limite exterieure et modifie les conditions interfaciales. On montre que l'analyse d'un melange de solide et de fluide devient un cas special de l'analyse des melanges de deux fluides dans lesquels la presence fortuite d'impuretes d'agents tensio-actifs, interrompt la circulation interne; les agglomerations de bulles et de gouttes se comportent alors comme une suspension de particules solides. On montre que les effets negatifs des agents tensio-actifs sur les velocites relatives des agglomerations de particules augmentent avec la concentration de celles-ci.

33 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a model has been developed for the preparation of mass transfer by forced convection inside drops for mass transfer with and without simultaneous first-order chemical reaction, and the model is believed to be generally applicable as evidenced by a comparison with existing analytical models.
Abstract: A model has been developed for the preparation of mass transfer by forced convection inside drops for mass transfer with and without simultaneous first-order chemical reaction. Solutions of the forced convection equation have been obtained using finite difference methods for Reynolds number and viscosity ratio ranges of 0 ≤ Re ≤ 90 and 0 ≤ μ1/μo ≤ ∞, respectively. The effect of circulation rate inside the drop on the mass transfer rate has also been studied. The model is believed to be generally applicable as evidenced by a comparison with existing analytical models. Thus the results for physical mass transfer approached the Kronig and Brink solution when the viscosity ratio tended towards zero in the Stokes' flow regime. However, as the viscosity ratio increased, the results approached the Newman solution. The model also agreed with those of Johns and Beckmann for physical mass transfer. Similarly, the results for mass transfer with first-order chemical reaction agreed with Dankwerts' generalization of the Kronig and Brink and the Newman models. On a mis au point un modele pour predire le transfert de masse par convection forcee a l'interieur de gouttes de liquifies, en presence ou en absence d'une reaction chimique simultanee de premier ordre. On a obtenu des solutions de l'equation de convection forcee en utilisant des methodes finies de difference pour des nombres de Reynolds et des rapports de viscosite respectifs de 0 ≤ Re ≤ 90 et 0 ≤ μ1/μo ≤ ∞. On a aussi etudie l'effet produit par la vitesse de circulation a l'interieur des gouttes sur la vitesse du transfert de masse. On croit que le modele a des applications generates comme l'atteste une comparaison avec les modeles analytiques actuels. Aussi, les resultats dans le cas du transfert physique de masse se sont approches de la solution de Kronig et Brink, lorsque le rapport des viscosites tendait vers zero dans le regime d'ecoulement de Stokes; cependant, lorsque le dit rapport augmentait, les resultats se sont averes voisins de ceux de la solution de Newman. Le modele concorde avec ceux de Johns et Beckmann, en ce qui a trait au transfert physique de masse; de meme, les resultats de transfert de masse dans une reaction chimique de premier ordre s'accordent avec la generalisation Dankwert de Kronig et Brink et les donnees des modeles de Newman.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, le valeur theorique de l'epaisseur du film a ete calculee en utilisant le modele rheologique d'Oswald-de Waele and en supposant aucun glissement apparent a la paroi.
Abstract: Leg epaisseurs des films liquides de douze solutions polymeriques s'ecoulant par gravite en regime laminaire, stable, sur un plan incline ont ete mesurees en fonction de plusieurs debits volumetriques du fluide. La valeur theorique de l'epaisseur du film a ete calculee en utilisant le modele rheologique d'Oswald-de Waele et en supposant aucun glissement apparent a la paroi. L'etude des resultats obtenus en comparant les valeurs experimentales et theoriques de l'epaisseur du film porte sur plus de 250 essais et montre en definitive que le modele d'Oswald-de Waele permet de predire l'epaisseur du film liquide avec une erreur relative moyenne inferieure a 4.0%. Cependant des calculs de l'epaisseur du film bases sur un comportement newtonient avec viscosite evaluee a la paroi demontrent clairement que l'epaisseur est peu influencee par la variation de la viscosite au travers du film liquide. Ainsi l'ecoulement par gravite sur un plan incline ne permet pas une verification rigoureuse du comportement rheologique des fluides non-Newtoniens.

Journal ArticleDOI
C. M. Crowe1
TL;DR: In this paper, the optimal choice of temperature with time is sought so as to maximize the total amount of reaction in a fixed time in a tubular reactor with uniform temperature and decaying catalyst, where a single reaction is assumed to be irreversible with a rate expressible as a product of separate functions of temperature, activity and conversion.
Abstract: The optimal choice of temperature with time is sought so as to maximize the total amount of reaction in a fixed time in a tubular reactor with uniform temperature and decaying catalyst. The single reaction is assumed to be irreversible with a rate expressible as a product of separate functions of temperature, activity and conversion. The rate of decay of activity is also a product of separate functions of temperature and activity but independent of conversion. To each total reaction time, there is a unique optimal policy. The policies are derived for various cases, distinguished by the ratio of activation energies for reaction and decay. Any optimal policy must end on the upper temperature constraint except for certain special cases. The stationary sub-policy is shown to be one of constant conversion when the inlet conversion is constant. The stationary sub-policy for a variable inlet conversion is also derived. Numerical calculations are presented to illustrate the optimal policies and a comparison of the present results is made with those of previous workers. On recherche le meilleur choix de la temperature en rapport avec le temps, de maniere a maximer la quantite totale de reaction dans un temps fixe dans un reacteur tubulaire ou la temperature est uniforme et le catalyseur est en voie de degradation. On suppose que la reaction simple est irreversible et que sa vitesse peut s'exprimer comme un produit des fonctions distinctes de temperature, activite et transformation. Le taux de diminution de l'activite est aussi un produit des fonctions distinctes de temperature et d'activite, mais il est independant de la transformation. Pour chaque temps total de reaction, il n'existe qu'une condition optimale. On calcule les conditions optimales pour divers cas, lesquelles dependent du rapport entre les energies d'activation pour la reaction et le decroissement d'activite. Excepte dans certains cas speciaux, toute condition optimale doit s'arrěter a la limite superieure de temperature. On indique que la condition subordonnee et stationnaire est une transformation constante, lorsque la transformation a l'entree l'est aussi. On calcule la condition subordonnee et stationnaire dans le cas d'une transformation variable a l'entree. On presente des calculs numeriques pour illustrer les conditions optimales, et comparer les resultats actuels avec ceux deja publies par d'autres auteurs.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared existing relations describing mass transfer within oscillating droplets with experimental data in which resistance to transfer is predominantly inside the droplet, and developed new relations to estimate oscillated droplet extraction efficiencies.
Abstract: All existing relations describing mass transfer within oscillating droplets were critically compared with experimental data in which resistance to transfer is predominantly inside the droplet Several new relations are also developed to estimate oscillating droplet extraction efficiencies, one of which is recommended in view of its theoretical appeal, accuracy, and ease of application The most accurate relation currently available is an empirical expression developed by Skelland and Wellek

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the design of a gas solubility apparatus utilizing the basic principle of the Morrison and Billet apparatus is described, and the solubilities at atmospheric pressure of ethane in the normal paraffin solvents, hexane, heptane, octane, dodecane and hexadecane, and also of the same gas in the two-component solvent solutions consisting of hexane and HexadecANE are reported.
Abstract: The design of a gas solubility apparatus utilizing the basic principle of the Morrison and Billet apparatus is described. The solubilities at atmospheric pressure of ethane in the normal paraffin solvents, hexane, heptane, octane, dodecane and hexadecane, and also of the same gas in the two-component solvent solutions consisting of hexane and hexadecane are reported. The solubilities of twelve gases were empirically correlated utilizing one constant for each gas. The empirical equations permit an estimate of the solubility in any normal paraffin solvent from hexane to hexadecane and for any temperature between 15°C and 40°C from a single solubility measurement. On decrit la conception d'un appareil pour la solubilite des gaz, lequel est base sur le principe fondamental de l'appareil de Morrison et Billet. On rapporte les resultats de solubilite de l'ethane a la pression atmospherique dans les solvants paraffiniques a chaǐne droite, a savoir l'hexane, l'heptane, l'octane, le dodecane et l'hexadecane, ainsi que dans deux solvants ensemble, l'hexane et l'hexadecane. On a etabli une correlation empirique entre les resultats de solubilite de 12 gaz en utilisant une constante pour chaque gaz. Les equations empiriques permettent d'evaluer la solubilite dans n'importe quel solvant paraffinique a chaǐne droite, en allant de l'hexane a l'hexadecane et pour n'importe quelle temperature comprise entre 15°C et 40°C, en n'utilisant qu'une seule mesure de solubilite.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, pure carbon dioxide was absorbed into distilled water and sodium hydroxide solution, in cocurrent two phase annular flow in helically coiled tubes in order to measure physical and chemical mass transfer coefficients and interfacial areas.
Abstract: Pure carbon dioxide was absorbed into distilled water and sodium hydroxide solution, in cocurrent two phase annular flow in helically coiled tubes in order to measure physical and chemical mass transfer coefficients and interfacial areas. (k*La) was correlated by the pressure drop in the test sections and interfacial areas were found to vary with the liquid phase energy dissipation. According to a new theory, (k*L) has been shown to be a function of the root mean square vorticity near the interface. The root mean square vorticity has been related to the pressure drop, gas density, liquid flow rate and liquid velocity. The physical mass transfer coefficients theoretically predicted are in good agreement with experimental results. On a fait absorber de l'anhydride carbonique pur par de l'eau distillee et une solution de soude caustique, dans un ecoulement annulaire et parallele a deux phases dans des tubes enroules en forme d'helice, afin de mesurer les coefficients de transfert de masse (physique et chimique) et les surfaces interfacilales. On a etabli la valeur de par la chute de pressiou dans les sections etudiees et trouve que les surfaces interfaciales variaient avec la perte d'energie de la phase liquide. On a montre dans une nouvelle theorie que etait fonction de la racine carree moyenne du tourbillonnement pres de l'interface, laquelle a une relation avec la chute de pression et la densite du gaz ainsi qu'avec le debit et la velocite du liquide. Les coefficients de transfert physique de masse qu'on a predits theoriquement concordent bien avec les resultats experimentaux.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the Wojciechowski catalyst decay theory is applied to a simplified mechanism of catalytic gas oil cracking and the resulting patterns of selectivity predicted for a static bed reactor are presented in detail.
Abstract: The catalyst decay theory of Wojciechowski is applied to a simplified mechanism of catalytic gas oil cracking. The resulting patterns of selectivity predicted for a static bed reactor are presented in detail and general conclusions are drawn. It is shown that selectivity in gas oil cracking is bounded by optimum and minimum performance envelopes which confine the range of possible product distributions. For the simple cases considered, moving and fluidized bed reactors show selectivity patterns which invariably fall on the optimum performance envelope. On applique la theorie de Wojciechowski relative a la degradation des catalyseurs a un mecanisme simplifie de craquage catalytique du gas-oil. On presente en detail les modeles resultants de selectivite qu'on prevoit dans le cas d'un reacteur a lit statique et tire des conclusions generales. On demontre que la selectivite dans le craquage du gas-oil est limitee par les regions des rendements optimal et minimal qui restreignent l'echelle des distributions possibles du produit. Dans les cas simples consideres, les modeles de selectivite des reacteurs a lits mobiles et fluidises sont invariablement confines dans la region du rendement optimal.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the Lurgi-Ruhrgas process is used to extract synthetic crude oil from oil sand, which is characterized by the circulation of fine-grained heat carriers.
Abstract: Synthetic crude oil can be produced from oil sand by application of the Lurgi-Ruhrgas process which is characterized by the circulation of fine-grained heat carriers. The process is described and information given on its commercial application to date, which relates to the cracking of hydrocarbons to olefins and the carbonization of fine-grained coal. Reference is made to distillation tests on approx. 45 tons of raw oil sand. The yield of oil in commercial plants is expected to be approx. 95% by weight. Studies and computations show that beneficiated oil sand used as feedstock has advantages over raw oil sand. It is suggested that in a commercial plant beneficiation and LR distillation should be combined. Based on the present state of Technology LR units for an output of about 8,000 - 12,000 bbl/day of crude oil could be built. The approximate capital and operating costs of such a unit are indicated. In closing, reference is made to further possible applications of the LR process. On peut obtenir une huile brute synthetique a partir du sable petrolifere en utilisant le procede de Lurgi et Ruhrgas caracterise par la circulation de matieres a grains fins qui transportent la chaleur. On decrit le dit procede et foumit des renseignements a jour sur ses applications commerciales, lesquelles ont trait au craquage, ou fractionnement, des hydrocarbures en olefines et a la carbonisation du charbon a grains fins. On fait mention d'essais de distillation faits sur environ 45 tonnes de sable contenant de l'huile brute. On s'attend a ce que le rendement en huile brute dans des usines commerciales soit approximativement 95% en poids. Des etudes et des calculs demontrent qu'un sable contenant une huile enrichie utilise comme stock d'alimentation possede des avantages sur un sable contenant de l'huile brute. On suggere que, dans une usine commerciale, l'enrichissement et la distillation par le procede de Lurgi et Ruhrgas soient combines. En se basant sur les connaissances actuelles de la technologie, on pourrait eriger des unites, ou blocs, basees sut le procede precite et obtenir un rendement d'environ 12,000 barils d'huile brute par jour; on indique la mise de fonds et les frais d'exploitation relatifs a la dite installation. On souligne enfin d'autres applications possibles du procede de Lurgi et Ruhrgas.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a modified Redlich-Kwong equation of state was used to evaluate the partial molal volumes of normal fluid mixtures in the liquid state by means of a modified version of the Redlich and Kwong equation.
Abstract: Partial molal volumes of normal fluid mixtures in the liquid state were evaluated by means of a modified Redlich-Kwong equation of state. Molal volumes and vapor pressures of pure saturated liquids were used for evaluating the two parameters of the equation. These parameters were treated as temperature dependent. Partial molal volumes of six binary systems were satisfactorily predicted in this investigation. Satisfactory compressibility factors for pure liquids at high pressures were also obtained by the proposed method. On a evalue, au moyen d'une equation d'etat de Redlich et Kwong modifiee, les volumes molaires partiels de melanges normaux de fluides a l'etat liquide. On a utilise les volumes molaires et les pressions de vapeur de liquides purs et satures pour determiner les deux parametres de l'equation qu'on a consideres comme dependants de la temperature. Cette etude a permis de predire d'une maniere satisfaisante les volumes molaires partiels de six systemes binaires. On a aussi obtenue, par la methode proposee, des facteurs de compressibilite satisfaisants dans le cas de liquides purs soumis a de hautes pressions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed and tested new empirical correlations including the influence of the flow length on the growth of the value of the dispersion coefficient K as well as the influence the Reynolds' number and concentration boundary upon the final volume of the mixture Vm.
Abstract: In the case of two miscible liquids flowing successively in a single pipeline, a mixture of the two media is produced in the region of contact. Current theories for prediction of the volume of this mixture are not reliable. In this study the following matters are discussed: 1. The majority of previous results were reworked and presented in terms of a Taylor dispersion coefficient K and mixing width based on K (Table 1, 2); 2. This work proposes and tests new empirical correlations including the influence of the flow length on the growth of the value of the dispersion coefficient K as well as the influence of the Reynolds' number and concentration boundary upon the final volume of the mixture Vm (equations 6, 7, 9); 3. There are compared the predictions of various equations with our own experiments (Table 3) 4. It is pointed out that a Taylor type model is not completely satisfactory, since the dispersion coefficient K seems to increase with length of pipe and not stay constant. (Cmax ∼ L−0.5 to −0.6 instead of Cmax ∼ L−0.5). The difference of exponents is a function of Reynolds number.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a relationship of the Colburn j-factor type was derived for heat transfer in fluidized beds, which successfully accounts for the existence of the characteristic maximum heat transfer coefficient at a particular porosity.
Abstract: A relationship, of the Colburn j-factor type(9), is derived for heat transfer in fluidized beds. This correlation (10) successfully accounts for the existence of the characteristic maximum heat transfer coefficient at a particular porosity. The derived relationship also predicts the experimentally observed variation of h with change of particle size and density. These variations are mainly a function of the hydrodynamics of the system. On a mis au point une correlation du genre(9) de celle du facteur j de Colburn pour le transfert de la chaleur dang des lits fluidises; elle (10) explique d'une maniere satisfaisante l'existence du coefficient maximum et caracteristique de transmission de la chaleur pour une porosite particuliere. La dite correlation permet aussi de predire la variation de h, qu'on a observee experimentalement, avec les changements dans la grosseur des particules et leur densite; cette variation est fait surtout une fonction de l'hydrodynamique du systeme.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a new concept of a sequence of plots is used for the separation of flow regimes in two-phase flow and the empirical correlations themselves are based on extensive tabulations of flow-type data from the AGA-API Data Bank.
Abstract: A new concept of a sequence of plots is used for the separation of flow regimes in two-phase flow. The empirical correlations themselves are based on extensive tabulations of flow-type data from the AGA-API Data Bank. Provided these data and the tabulations are accurate, the accuracy of the proposed method is better than 5%. The accuracy for any separation can easily be obtained from the information given. The probability of being able to separate flow types by the various correlations was determined and used to select the best correlations. In actual use, there will be times when a complete separation cannot be made. However, one will know this and be able to say that the flow is one of two or, rarely, more types. On utilise un nouveau concept de serie de representations graphiques pour separer des regimes d'ecoulement en un ecoulement a deux phases. Les correlations empiriques elles -měmes sont basees sur une mise en tableaux etendue des resultats relatifs a l'ecoulement provenant de la Banque de Donnees AGA-API. En supposant que les dites donnees et les resultats sur tableaux sont exacts, la precision de la methode proposee excede 5%. On peut aussi determiner facilement la precision de n'importe quelle separation a partir des renseignements donnees. On a etabli la probabilite de pouvoir separer divers genres d'ecoulement, au moyen des differentes correlations et l'a utilisee pour choisir les meilleures correlations. En pratique, il y aura certains cas, ou l'on ne pourra effectuer une separation complete; on le saura, toutefois, et pourra dire que l'ecoulement consiste en un genre ou deux et měme davantage.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown that particles catalyzing highly exothermic reactions can have multiple steady states, which are characteristic of unstable behavior, and it is thus possible to monitor the calculation of concentration and temperature profiles in a fixed bed reactor to ascertain whether the conditions would represent multiple states and therefore non-feasible operating conditions.
Abstract: It is well known that particles catalyzing highly exothermic reactions can have multiple steady states, which are characteristic of unstable behavior. Previous work has shown that under practical conditions the pellets are essentially isothermal, all the temperature rise being across the surrounding fluid film. A technique has been developed for such cases which enables the regions of potential local instability, if present, to be defined for arbitrary operating conditions. It is thus possible to monitor the calculation of concentration and temperature profiles in a fixed bed reactor to ascertain whether the conditions would represent multiple states and therefore non-feasible operating conditions. C'est un fait bien connu que les particules qui catalysent des reactions fortement exothermiques peuvent avoir de multiples regimes permanents, lesquels caracterisent un comportement instable. On a demontre dans les travaux precedents qu'en pratique les pastilles sont essentiellement isothermiques et que l'elevation de temperature se fait sur la pellicule du fluide environnant. On a mis au point une methode relative a des cas de ce genre, laquelle permet de definir, pour des conditions arbitraires d'operation, les regions ou une instabilite locale peut se produire, le cas echeant. On peut ainsi contrǒler le calcul des profils de concentration et de temperature dans un lit fixe pour determiner si les conditions qui y existent representent des regimes multiples ou la marche des operations est impossible.

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TL;DR: Theoretically, the consistency decay of a thixotropic fluid under sustained shear is similar in many respects to a first order -second order reversible chemical reaction and has been described in terms of an analogous kinetic model.
Abstract: The consistency decay of a thixotropic fluid under sustained shear is similar in many respects to a first order — second order reversible chemical reaction and has been described in terms of an analogous kinetic model. The data necessary for an experimental evaluation of the theoretical model were obtained through an analysis of the Theological behavior of Pembina Crude Oil. These data were then effectively correlated in terms of the theoretical expression. Le decroissement de la consistance d'un fluide thixotropique soumis a un cisaillement continu ressemble sous bien des rapports a une reaction chimique reversible du premier ordre au second ordre et on l'a decrit d'apres un modele cinetique analogue. On a obtenu les donnees necessaires pour l'evaluation experimentale du modele theorique en analysant le comportement rheologique de l'huile brute Pembina; on a ensuite obtenu une correlation satisfaisante pour ces donnees en fonction de l'expression theorique.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an analysis was made of the core-liquid trajectory in the horizontal-pipe flow of two annular immiscible liquids with a density difference, and the vertical drag force resisting buoyancy was based on approximating the peripheral wall-liquid drainage by local Couette flow integrated over the drainage passage.
Abstract: An analysis was made of the core-liquid trajectory in the horizontal-pipe flow of two annular immiscible liquids with a density difference. Evaluation of the vertical drag force resisting buoyancy was based on approximating the peripheral wall-liquid drainage by local Couette flow integrated over the drainage passage. Inertia-effect corrections to the Stokes solution were also taken into account from available information. Experimental wall-liquid thicknesses, measured from highspeed photographs, were in excellent agreement with predicted trajectories for the case of a non-wavy interface, as assumed in the model. With a wavy interface, upper-film thickness was considerably larger than predicted, suggesting that in spite of their disrupting tendency, the waves also contribute towards annular-flow stability. On a fait l'analyse de la trajectoire du liquide central dans le cas de l'ecoulement dans un tuyau horizontal de deux liquides annulaires non-miscibles et de densite differente. L'evaluation de la force verticale de trainee qui resiste a la poussee a ete basee sur le calcul approximatif du drainage du liquide sur la paroi peripherique, au moyen de l'ecoulement local de Couette integre sur le passage du drainage. On a aussi tenu compte des corrections pour l'effet d'inertie appliquees a la solution de Stokes, en utilisant les renseignements disponibles a cet effet. L'epaisseur du liquide sur les parois experimentales, qu'on a mesuree par photographie rapide, a tres bien concorde avec les trajectoires predites dans le cas d'une interface non-ondulee, comme le modele le suppose. Lorsque l'interface etait ondulee, l'epaisseur de la pellicule superieure s'est averee bien plus considerable qu'on ne l'avait predit, ce qui indiquerait qu'en depit de leur tendance disruptive, les vagues contribuent a la stabilite de l'ecoulement annulaire.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of data obtained from (1) unimolecular reactions such as cyclopropane and butene isomerization and cumene dealkylation over the mixed oxides silica-alumina, silicamagnesia, and zeolites and (2) bimolescular reaction such as ethylene hydrogenation over alumina.
Abstract: Pulsed microcatalytic reactors have found extensive application in the petroleum and chemical industries where rapid catalyst screening and evaluation are demanded. Automated, continuous-operation test units allow the accumulation of considerable amounts of data in a minimum of time. The technique is also useful in research where the small pulse size enables one to study “initial” interactions between surface and reactants. In this way, information about many kinetic parameters, such as intrinsic reaction rates, orders, poisoning effects, and catalyst deactivation, can be obtained. Both stable and radioactive isotopic tracers may be used economically in microcatalytic reactors to provide significant mechanistic information which cannot be obtained conveniently by other methods. For example, one can explore the chemical nature and number of active sites, as well as the fate of individual atoms and molecules as they interact with the catalyst. Although the technique may be applied to both “simple” and complex catalytic reaction systems, the discussion will be limited to a review of data obtained from (1) “unimolecular” reactions such as cyclopropane and butene isomerization and cumene dealkylation over the mixed oxides silica-alumina, silica-magnesia, and zeolites and (2) “bimolecular” reactions such as ethylene hydrogenation over alumina. Some of the limitations of microcatalytic reactors will also be given. Les reacteurs microcatalytiques et pulses ont nombre d'applications dans les industries petroliere et chimique ou l'on a besoin d'un classement et d'une evaluation rapides des catalyseurs. Les reacteurs d'essai automatiques et a fonctionnement continu permettent d'accumuler une foule de renseignements en un temps minimum; on peut aussi les utiliser dans le travail de recherche ou les faibles pulsations permettent d'etudier Taction initiate et reciproque entre la surface et les reactifs. Il s'en suit qu'on peut obtenir des renseignements sur un grand nombre de para-metres cinetiques tels que vitesses intrinseques et orders de reaction, effets d'empoisonnement et deactivation du catalyseur. On peut utiliser economiquement dans les reacteurs microcatalytiques des traceurs isotopiques stables et radioactifs pour obtenir des renseignements mecanistiques qu'on ne pourrait se procurer convenablement par d'autres methodes: par exemple, on peut explorer la nature chimique et le nombre des points actifs et decouvrir ce qu'il advient des atonies et molecules individuels lorsqu'ils reagissent sur le catalyseur. Bien qu'on puisse appliquer la methode precitee a des systemes de reaction catalytique a la fois “simples” et complexes, on limite la discussion a une revue des resultats obtenus (1) des reactions a “molecule unique”, telles qui l'isomerisation du cyclopropane et du butene et la dealcoylation sur des oxydes melanges (silice et alumine ou silice et magnesie) et les zeolites, et (2) des reactions a “deux molecules”, telles que l'hydrogenation de l'ethylene sur le l'alumine. On traite aussi de certaines limitations qui affectent les reacteurs microcatalytiques.

Journal ArticleDOI
R. L. Stokes1, E.B. Nauman1
TL;DR: Two noninteger extensions to the tanks-in-series model are discussed and methods for data reduction are presented and compared for a set of experimental measurements on a single stirred tank reactor.
Abstract: Many physical systems are modeled as a number, N, of stirred tank reactors in series. In fitting experimental data, it is necessary to consider the case where N is not an integer. Two noninteger extensions to the tanks-in-series model are discussed. Methods for data reduction are presented and compared for a set of experimental measurements on a single stirred tank reactor.

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TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the composition distribution in a copolymer depends on both the type of continuous reactor used in its production and the molecular and macroscopic mixing patterns within the reactor.
Abstract: The paper shows theoretically that the composition distribution in a copolymer depends on both the type of continuous reactor used in its production and the molecular and macroscopic mixing patterns within the reactor. Examples are given of the distributions to be expected from a plug flow reactor, a CSTR with either molecular or macroscopic scale mixing, a tubular reactor with backmixing and reactors with several regimes of mixing. The distribution curves are compared with those obtained by tracer injection. A short account is given of the experimental difficulties encountered in reproducing the composition distributions. On demontre theoriquement dans le travail que la repartition de la composition dans un copolymere depend a la fois du genre de reacteur continu qu'on utilise pour le produire et des modes de melange, a l'echelle moleculaire et macroscopique, qui existent a l'interieur du reacteur. On donne des exemples des repartitions auxquelleg on doit s'attendre dans le cas d'un reacteur a ecoulement en bloc, d'un reacteur cuve ou l'agitation est continue et le melange se fait a l'echelle moleculaire ou macroscopique, d'un reacteur tubulaire a contre-melange et d'autres reacteurs pourvus de differentes systemes de melange. On compare les courbes de distribution avec celles qu'on obtient par injection avec un traceur et souligne les difficultes experimentales qu'on rencontre en reproduisant les repartitions de composition.

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TL;DR: Quasilinearization as discussed by the authors uses an adaptation of the Newton-Raphson-Kantorovich procedure, which regards the non-linear boundary value problem as the limit of a sequence of linear problems.
Abstract: Given a set of observed data for a particular physical phenomenon, the problem of computing the “best fit” parameters for the mathematical model describing the phenomenon is a common problem in process or reaction mechanism identification. If the mathematical model comprises a set of non-linear ordinary differential equations, this leads to a non-linear boundary value problem. A very powerful way of attacking this class of problem uses an adaptation of the Newton-Raphson-Kantorovich procedure, called quasilinearization, which regards the non-linear problem as the limit of a sequence of linear problems. Starting from an initial trial solution, convergence if it does occur, occurs rapidly; further, convergence is assured if the initial guess is “close enough” to the true solution. The difficulty of making a good initial guess, a serious limitation of the method in the past, can in principle be overcome by the algorithm proposed. When a given vector may not be within the domain of convergence of the original problem, it must be within the domain of convergence of some other derived problem. The latter may then be perturbed towards the original problem in a finite number of steps. In the case of process identification, new data points are derived; these are subsequently adjusted until they coincide with the original data. The algorithm has been successfully applied to several examples from recent chemical engineering literature. Si l'on a en main une serie de resultats d'observation pour un phenomene physique particulier, un probleme courant est de calculer les parametres qui conviennent le mieux au modele mathematique qui serf a decrire le phenomene, lors de l'identification du mecanisme d'un procede ou d'une reaction. Si le modele mathematique comprend une serie d'equationg differentielles ordinaires et non-lineaires, il s'agit d'un probleme de valeur-limite non-lineaire et l'un des meilleurs moyens de l'attaquer est la quasi-linearisation, une adaptation du procede de Newton, Raphson et Kantorovich, ou l'on considere le probleme non-lineaire comme la limite d'une serie de probleme lineaires. Si l'on part d'une solution initiate d'essai, la convergence, si elle se produit, survient rapidement; en outre, la convergence est certaine, si l'estimation initiale est assez proche de la solution reelle. On peut surmonter par l'algorithme propose la difficulte eprouvee a faire une bonne estimation initiale, ce qui a limite serieusement l'emploi de la methode dans le passe. Lorsqu'un vecteur d'essai donne n'entre pas dans le domaine de convergence du probleme original, il doit entrer dans celui d'un autre probleme qui en derive; on peut alors ramener ce dernier au probleme original dans un nombre d'etapes defini. Dans le cas de l'identification d'un procede, on en deduit de nouveaux points de repere, qu'on ajuste subsequemment jusqu'a ce qu'ils coincident avec les resultats originaux. On a applique l'algorithme avec succes a plusieurs exemples provenant des travaux recents en genie chimique.

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TL;DR: In this article, an equation for the prediction of the axial dispersion coefficient is discussed in the light of recent experimental evidence, which is well understood when the dispersion is dominated by either molecular diffusion or by turbulent mixing.
Abstract: The axial dispersion which occurs when a binary gas mixture flows through a bed of inert, non-porous particles is well understood when the dispersion is dominated by either molecular diffusion or by turbulent mixing. In this paper consideration is given to the dispersion which occurs in the transition region between these two extremes of molecular diffusion and turbulent mixing. An equation for the prediction of the axial dispersion coefficient is discussed in the light of recent experimental evidence. On comprend bien la dispersion axiale qui se produit lorsqu'un melange binaire de gaz s'ecoule a travers un lit de particules inertes et non-poreuses, si la dispersion est dominee par une diffusion moleculaire ou un melange turbulent. On considere dans le travail actuel la dispersion qui se produit dans la zone de transition entre les deux extrěmes de diffusion moleculaire et melange turbulent. On discute une equation permettant de predire la dispersion axiale a la lumiere de certains resultats experimentaux recents.