Showing papers in "Economic Geography in 2010"
TL;DR: The authors examines the specific mechanisms that have allowed global financial markets to penetrate deeply into the activities of U.S. cities and follows the case of Chicago from 1996 through 2007 as the city government subsidized development projects with borrowed money using a once-obscure instrument called Tax Increment Financing (TIF).
Abstract: This article examines the specific mechanisms that have allowed global financial markets to penetrate deeply into the activities of U.S. cities. A flood of yield-seeking capital poured into municipal debt instruments in the late 1990s, but not all cities or instruments were equally successful in attracting it. Capital gravitated toward those local governments that could readily convert the income streams of public assets into new financial instruments and that could minimize the risk of nonpayment due to the actions of nonfinancial claimants. This article follows the case of Chicago from 1996 through 2007 as the city government subsidized development projects with borrowed money using a once-obscure instrument called Tax Increment Financing (TIF). TIF allows municipalities to bundle and sell off the rights to future property tax revenues from designated parts of the city. The City of Chicago improved the appearance of these speculative instruments by segmenting and sequencing TIF debt instruments in ways that made them look less idiosyncratic and by exerting strong political control over the processes of development and property tax assessment. In doing so, Chicago not only attracted billions of dollars in global capital but also contributed to a dangerous oversupply of commercial real estate.
331 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze the relationship between private collective standards and the governance of agrifood markets, using the EUREPGAP/GLOBALGAP standard as a vantage point.
Abstract: Over the past decade, private food safety and quality standards have become focal points in the supply chain management of large retailers, reshaping governance patterns in global agrifood chains. In this article, I analyze the relationship between private collective standards and the governance of agrifood markets, using the EUREPGAP/GLOBALGAP standard as a vantage point. I discuss the impact of this standard on the organization of supply chains of fresh vegetables in the Kenyan horticulture industry, focusing on the supply chain relationships and practices among exporters and smallholder farmers. In so doing, I seek to highlight the often-contested nature of the implementation of standards in social fields that are marked by different and distributed principles of evaluating quality, production processes, and legitimate actions in the marketplace. I also reconstruct the challenges and opportunities that exporters and farmers are facing with regard to the implementation of and compliance with standards. Finally, I elaborate on the scope for action that producers and policymakers have under these structures to retain sectoral competitiveness in a global economy of qualities.
195 citations
TL;DR: It was found that adjusting for vehicle ownership and crime tended to increase measured disparities in access to supermarkets by neighborhood race/ethnicity and income, while adjusting for public transit and traffic safety tended to narrow these disparities.
Abstract: Public health researchers have begun to map the neighborhood “food environment” and examine its association with the risk of overweight and obesity. Some argue that “food deserts”—areas with little or no provision of fresh produce and other healthy food—may contribute to disparities in obesity, diabetes, and related health problems. While research on neighborhood food environments has taken advantage of more technically sophisticated ways to assess distance and density, in general, it has not considered how individual or neighborhood conditions might modify physical distance and thereby affect patterns of spatial accessibility. This study carried out a series of sensitivity analyses to illustrate the effects on the measurement of disparities in food environments of adjusting for cross-neighborhood variation in vehicle ownership rates, public transit access, and impediments to pedestrian travel, such as crime and poor traffic safety. The analysis used geographic information systems data for New York City supermarkets, fruit and vegetable markets, and farmers' markets and employed both kernel density and distance measures. We found that adjusting for vehicle ownership and crime tended to increase measured disparities in access to supermarkets by neighborhood race/ethnicity and income, while adjusting for public transit and traffic safety tended to narrow these disparities. Further, considering fruit and vegetable markets and farmers' markets, as well as supermarkets, increased the density of healthy food outlets, especially in neighborhoods with high concentrations of Hispanics, Asians, and foreign-born residents and in high-poverty neighborhoods.
169 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined the relationship between openness and within-country regional inequality across 28 countries over the period 1975-2005, paying special attention to whether increases in global trade affect the developed and developing world differently.
Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between openness and within-country regional inequality across 28 countries over the period 1975-2005, paying special attention to whether increases in global trade affect the developed and developing world differently. Using a combination of static and dynamic panel data analysis, we find that while increases in trade per se do not lead to greater territorial polarization, in combination with certain country-specific conditions, trade has a positive and significant association with regional inequality. In particular, states with higher inter-regional differences in sector endowments, a lower share of government expenditure, and a combination of high internal transaction costs with a higher degree of coincidence between the regional income distribution and regional foreign market access positions have experienced the greatest rise in territorial inequality when exposed to greater trade flows. This means that changes in trade regimes have had a more polarizing effect in low and middle-income countries, whose structural features tend to potentiate the trade effect and whose levels of internal spatial inequality are, on average, significantly higher than in high-income countries.
99 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore changes in a specific network in the optics cluster in the German region of Berlin-Brandenburg to show that development of clusters can be driven by elements of both emergence and planning.
Abstract: Much research on regional business clusters refers to path dependence as a central feature in the evolution of cluster structures. In many cases, however, little is known about the agentic processes and mechanisms that underlie path dependence. In this article, we explore changes in a specific network in the optics cluster in the German region of Berlin-Brandenburg to show that development of clusters can be driven by elements of both emergence and planning. In particular, we argue that current actors actively and purposively draw upon rules and resources that were shaped not only in the long and discontinuous history of the cluster but also in the recent process of network development that involves careful planning and well-structured planning tools. Using central concepts from structuration theory, we show how agency is implicated in the coordination of the network and how agency turns coordination into a self-reinforcing mechanism. The findings suggest that purposive planning involves a fundamental ambivalence in the processes and outcomes of path dependence, at the level of both the cluster and its constituent networks.
97 citations
TL;DR: The effect of improvements in chain grocer access on BMI varies depending on community characteristics, and an econometric model is used that allows the effect of access to differ for a person depending on whether he or she lives in a low-income community or peer group.
Abstract: Recent empirical work in the obesity literature has highlighted the role of the built environment and its potential influence in the increasing prevalence of obesity in adults and children. One feature of the built environment that has gained increasing attention is the role of access to chain grocers and their impact on body mass index (BMI). The assessment of the impacts of spatial access to chain grocers on BMI is complicated by two empirical regularities in the data. There is evidence that health outcomes such as BMI are clustered in space and that there is spatial dependence across individuals. In this article, we use an econometric model that takes into account the spatial dependence, and we allow the effect of access to differ for a person depending on whether he or she lives in a low-income community or peer group. We categorize this community using the characteristics of the people who immediately surround the individual rather than using census tracts. Using georeferenced survey data on adults in Marion County, Indiana, we find that the effect of improvements in chain grocer access on BMI varies depending on community characteristics.
72 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the geography of optical science inventions using a new methodology that can be applied to study other emerging industries, relying on companies that self-identify as working on optics on the basis of their voluntary membership in the Optics Society of America.
Abstract: Optical science is the study of light and the ways in which light interacts with matter. Although its origins coincide with the earliest scientific inquiry, modern optics is an enabling technology that is applied to a variety of intermediate markets—telecommunication equipment, medical devices, scientific instruments, semiconductors, imaging and reproduction, defense and security, and retail logistics. One difficulty in studying emerging technology is the limitation of current industrial categories and patent classes. This article examines the geography of optical science inventions using a new methodology that can be applied to study other emerging industries. We rely on companies that self-identify as working on optics on the basis of their voluntary membership in the Optics Society of America. We investigate the inventive activity of these companies from 2004 to 2007 and identify a set of International Patent Classes that defines the emergent technology space in optical science. Using this defi...
55 citations
TL;DR: The World Development Report 2009 as mentioned in this paper discusses a crucial development challenge, that of understanding spatially uneven development, and lays out a series of policy responses to spatial unevenness. But it does not address the impact of unevenness on economic development.
Abstract: The World Development Report 2009 discusses a crucial development challenge—that of understanding spatially uneven development. The report lays out a series of policy responses to spatial unevennes...
54 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a theoretically informed study of one of the most dynamic retail TNCs (Tesco plc)'morphing' its organisational structures and competencies during a high risk, but potentially transformational, market entry into western USA.
Abstract: One important element of recent conceptualizations of the distinctive nature and challenges of retail transnational corporations (TNCs) is a focus on the mutual transformation of both the markets entered by the retail TNCs and, reciprocally, of the organizational structures of the firms themselves. There are important similarities between this view of ongoing transnational-operation-induced organisational transformation of the retail TNCs and processes which strategic and organisational management scholars describe as 'continuous morphing'. In this paper we provide a theoretically informed study of one of the most dynamic of the retail TNCs (Tesco plc) 'morphing' its organisational structures and competencies during a high risk, but potentially transformational, market entry into western USA. The paper positions the study within the rapidly emerging literature on transnational retail and the global economy, interprets the innovative dimensions of Tesco's US market entry - particularly its attempts to achieve 'territorial' and 'network embeddedness' - through the conceptual lens recently provided by economic geographers, and assesses ongoing transformational impacts of the entry on the firm. It attempts to add value to the literature on retail FDI by exploring a range of issues beyond those typically addressed in the recent dominantly emerging-market focused studies and, additionally, offers insight into opportunities for innovation in the market entry strategies of retail TNCs.
52 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the ways that power relations work through the diverse economies of Puno and the way that residents act to transform these relations and find that the economy is usefully understood as a site of struggle in which residents work to redefine themselves and the economy.
Abstract: Conceptualizations of the economy as diverse and multiple have garnered increased attention in economic geography in recent years. Against the debilitating mantra of TINA (there is no alternative), these conceptualizations use an ontology of proliferation to insist that many viable and vital alternatives to capitalism do, in fact, exist. I aim to contribute to this project with a close reading of the diverse formal and informal economic practices associated with the village of Puno in the Philippines. In doing so, I respond to calls for work that begins in the majority world and that focuses on the broader political project associated with diverse economies. Research in this area has frequently been critiqued for not paying sufficient attention to the unstable yet persistent exclusions that may endure in, and may even be enhanced by, alternative economies. With this article, I aim to investigate the ways that power relations work through the diverse economies of Puno and the ways that residents act to transform these relations. In doing so, I draw on the experiences of three residents of Puno and their involvement in three social movement organizations. I find that the economy is usefully understood as a site of struggle in which residents work to redefine themselves and the economy. The diverse spaces of their economic lives are neither strictly alternative nor mainstream, inherently oppressive nor radical. Rather, the people of Puno are engaged in willfully cultivating spaces-beyond-capitalism through which they transform the very meaning of economic practice.
48 citations
TL;DR: The reaction of economic geographers to the World Bank's World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography has so far been a corporatist turf-protecting exercise as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The reaction of economic geographers to the World Bank’s World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography has so far been a corporatist turf-protecting exercise. The report has been dismissed as the work of economists who completely ignore a rich tradition of work by “proper” economic geographers. However, this negative response has prevented geographers from engaging constructively with the World Bank’s analysis and proposals. In this article, I argue that, while the report presents an accurate diagnosis of recent development trends and should be praised for its flexibility in providing numerous policy alternatives, geographers can significantly contribute by promoting a discussion around two key issues in the report: its treatment of institutions and its recommendation of spatially blind policies.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the experiences of everyday household financial practices in two postsocialist cities (Krakow and Bratislava) in an attempt to understand how households, particularly poor households, negotiate the remaking of financial practices as the wider landscapes of banking and access to financial services are remade.
Abstract: In recent years, increasing attention has been paid within social and economic geography to questions of finance, particularly to the ways in which individuals and households domesticate developing financial institutions and products. However, there have been few analyses of these practices in the study of the postsocialist world, even though in many ways, postsocialist societies have been at the forefront of the extension of financial products and services and the ensuing remaking of economic practices. This article responds to this lacuna by exploring the experiences of everyday household financial practices in two postsocialist cities—Krakow and Bratislava—in an attempt to understand how households, particularly poor households, negotiate the remaking of financial practices as the wider landscapes of banking and access to financial services are remade. In the context of a wider project that also explores consumption, housing, care work, and other forms of labor, the article connects to ongoing ...
TL;DR: The World Bank's World Development Report 2009: Reshaping economic geography as mentioned in this paper contextualizes the report in intellectual and political terms, reflecting on the lost opportunities for, and potential limits of, engagement between the style of New Economic Geography espoused by the World Bank and the pluralist heterodoxy of economic geography.
Abstract: Introducing a roundtable discussion of the World Bank’s World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography, this article contextualizes the report in intellectual and political terms. It reflects on the lost opportunities for, and potential limits of, engagement between the style of New Economic Geography espoused by the World Bank and the pluralist heterodoxy of economic geography “proper,” before briefly previewing the commentaries from Gillian Hart, Victoria Lawson, and Andres RodrIguez-Pose and the response from World Bank economists Uwe Deichmann, Indermit Gill, and Chor Ching Goh.
TL;DR: In the past decade, hundreds of companies from emerging markets have listed their shares on American and European stock markets as mentioned in this paper, and they tend to be relatively large and come from capital-intensive, export-oriented, and high-growth sectors.
Abstract: In the past decade, hundreds of companies from emerging markets have listed their shares on American and European stock markets. Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC) are the main countries of origin of issuers, and stock exchanges in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Luxembourg are the main destinations involved in the process. We use a comprehensive data set for these home and host markets for the end of 2008 to explore the intensity of foreign listings, the subnational geography of cross-listed firms, and the destinations of foreign listings. Cross-listing firms tend to be relatively large and come from capital-intensive, export-oriented, and high-growth sectors. Trading links with and industrial specialization of the host markets affect the choice of destination markets. These patterns, however, are not universal across countries. There is a high concentration of cross-listed firms in the leading financial centers of the BRIC countries, particularly in Russia and Brazil. Firms outside of the leading centers rarely cross-list, and when they do, they enter second-tier host markets. While BRIC countries have a large potential for further foreign listings, the process remains politically sensitive. Our results highlight the shortcomings of the literature on cross-listing in economics and the significance of the cross-listing phenomenon to future research in financial geographies.
TL;DR: Examining the changing structure of human capital in U.S. metropolitan regions from 1980 to 2000 leads to three main conclusions: first, forms ofHuman capital in the United States are becoming more oriented to labor tasks that call for cognitive-cultural skills; second, cognitive- cultural skills are accumulating most intensively in large metropolitan areas; and third, physical or practical forms ofhuman capital are increasingly being relegated to smaller metropolitan areas.
Abstract: This article examines the changing structure of human capital in U.S. metropolitan regions from 1980 to 2000. Data are drawn from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles and from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Intensive empirical investigation leads to three main conclusions. First, forms of human capital in the United States are becoming more oriented to labor tasks that call for cognitive-cultural skills. Second, cognitive-cultural skills are accumulating most intensively in large metropolitan areas. Third, physical or practical forms of human capital are increasingly being relegated to smaller metropolitan areas. That said, important residues of human capital, focused on physical or practical tasks, remain a durable element of the economies of large metropolitan areas. I offer a brief theoretical explanation of these results.
TL;DR: The World Development Report 2009 focuses on the role of markets for land, labor, and tradable goods in reshaping economic geography, but it pays little or no attention to financial markets as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The World Development Report 2009 focuses on the role of markets for land, labor, and tradable goods in reshaping economic geography, but it pays little or no attention to financial markets. While analytically convenient, this abstraction from financial markets is deeply problematic. Especially since the late 1970s, the dynamics of finance capital have played a major role in redrawing the economic map of the world and will continue to do so. In addition, this review underscores the limits of the unilinear model of rural-urban transition that underpins the report.
TL;DR: A review of the second edition of the book "The Geography of Transport Systems" by Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Claude Comtois, and Brian Slack is presented in this paper.
Abstract: A review of the second edition of the book "The Geography of Transport Systems," by Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Claude Comtois, and Brian Slack is presented.
TL;DR: A review of the book "The Polycentric Metropolis: Learning From Mega-City Regions in Europe," written and edited by Peter Hall and Kathy Pain is presented in this article, where the authors present a survey of the major cities in Europe.
Abstract: A review of the book "The Polycentric Metropolis: Learning From Mega-City Regions in Europe," written and edited by Peter Hall and Kathy Pain is presented.
TL;DR: The World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography (WDR 2009a) was written to inform policy debates about urbanization, lagging areas, and globalization.
Abstract: The World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography (WDR 2009a) was written to inform policy debates about urbanization, lagging areas, and globalization. During almost two years of con...
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper applied the method of canonical correlations analysis to the affecting factors of water redundancy ratio, and the results of this paper may provide theory foundation for the constitution of water policies.
Abstract: Watershortage has become a majorconstraint factorforthe development of economy,and the effective solution is to increase water utilization efficient.According to the datum of thirty-one administerial region of China from 2002 to 2006,this paper selected the following index as inputs,which were domestic water usage,productive water usage,labor,fixed asset investment,and selected gross domestic product as output,then the traditional data envelopment analysis method was applied to calculate the scale redundancy ratio,and the revised data envelopment analysis method was applied to calculate the technique redundancy ratio,on this base,the water utilization relative efficiency was obtained,and the characteristics of spatial-temporal distribution difference was discussed.The analysis of the spatial-temporal difference may provide references for water resources reasonable utilization.Finally,this paper applied the method of canonical correlations analysis to the affecting factors of water redundancy ratio.the results of this paper may provide theory foundation for the constitution of water policies.
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TL;DR: Based on the methods of mathematical statistics and spatial analysis of Geographical Information System, the authors takes Wuhan Metropolitan Area's 56 national A-grade tourist districts as cases to analyze and discuss on it.
Abstract: Research on the spatial structure characteristics of tourist resource is one of the most popular topics in the academic community.Based on the methods of mathematical statistics and spatial analysis of Geographical Information System,this paper takes Wuhan Metropolitan Area’s 56 national A-grade tourist districts as cases to analyze and discuss on it.The results shows that the distribution of Wuhan Metropolitan Area’s national A-grade tourist districts is a style of agglomeration,while the spatial structure tends to be core-peripheral.And it centers on major urban area of Wuhan,making up the Dabie Mountain(Northern Hubei Province)-Mufu Mountain(Eastern Hubei Province)A-grade tourist districts agglomerational zones;while its class-scale is a spindle-structure,and its spatial distribution appears unbalanced concentration.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed and previewed the research on land consolidation potential of rural habitat(LCPRH) in China and provided three primary theories related to LCPRH ierural housing land transition, rural hollowing, and evolution of rural habitats which can provide rural habitat consolidation references for potential calculation and potential exploration.
Abstract: This paper reviewed and previewed the research on land consolidation potential of rural habitat(LCPRH) in ChinaThis papercan be concluded as:① there are three primary theories related to LCPRH ierural housing land transition,rural hollowing,and evolution of rural habitat which can provide rural habitat consolidation references for potential calculation and potential exploration②The concept of LCPRH is always defined as cultivated land area increased by consolidationThree methods are usually adopted in potential calculation iemethod of constructive land standard per capita,method of constructive land standard per farm household and method of idle land rate for rural habitat③ The cultivated land coefficient increased by consolidation is often utilized to rank potential level④Connection of urban construction land increase and rural construction land decrease,new rural construction and urban-rural integration are the three central policies concerned with potential explorationIn the end,the suggestions were put forward as follows:① multi-disciplinary theories should be meshed so as to establish a new theory framework of LCPRH which can be utilized to guide the potential calculation method better②Increased land area equally important to cultivated land area should be paid much attention in the concept depiction of LCPRHThe revision for method of constructive land standard per capita should be more systemic and logisticThe rank indexes for LCPRH should be selected more targeted③ The relationship between potential exploration and three policies should be made clearer in order to provide enough supports forpolicy establishment and technique utilization in LCPRH
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TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper presented a maximal covering location problem considering the demand satisfaction difference between demand sites in the domain of facility covering radius and formulated a maximal-covering model as an integer programming under the goal of maximizing the total satisfaction of demand sites.
Abstract: The traditional facility location problems think little of the satisfaction difference between demand sites in the covering radius of facility.Also,there are few documents analyzing the allocation of national emergency material depository of China with quantitative methods.In the light of this situation,we present a maximal covering location problem considering the demand satisfaction difference between demand sites in the domain of facility covering radius and formulate a maximal covering model as an integer programming under the goal of maximizing the total satisfaction of demand sites.After investigating the characteristics of the model formulated,we introduce ant colony optimization(ACO) algorithm to solve the considered problems.Then,we get the allocation result of national emergency material depository of China.The computational result have shown that the model we proposed generate facility location solutions in a more effective manner.Finally,we also propose extensions to our research.
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TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper analyzed the flow and nodes of network in the Yangtze River Delta cities based on the data of regional inter-enterprise branch offices and found that region showed a significant level of polarization characteristics in the network and Shanghai owned the obvious strength.
Abstract: With an introduction of theory and empirical testing research,this paper analyzed the flow and nodes of network in the Yangtze River Delta cities based on the data of regional inter-enterprise branch officesThe study also measured the regional trend that is from the mono-core to the multi-core and cantoned the urban hinterland area of 15 central cities in the Yangtze River DeltaThis major innovation embodied in the paper is that the study found out characterization of the Yangtze River Delta’s about the network connection,node,s hinterland area through the inter-enterprise branch officesThe conclusion is that region showed a significant level of polarization characteristics in the network and Shanghai owned the obvious strengthWhat’s more,the hinterland Shanghai,Nanjing,Hangzhou had exceeded the bounders of their subdivisions
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TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors investigated spatial distribution rule of e-shops in Taobao net and found that wide distribution of eshops, which was characterized by hierarchical diffusion, decreased from east China to west China.
Abstract: The development of internet technology is rapid,the new commercial industry which is e-shops develops rapidly.This article,take Taobao net for the example,based on e-shops index,Gini's coefficient,concentration index,et.al.investigated spatial distribution rule of e-shops in Taobao net.The findings indicated:(1) Wide distribution of e-shops,which was characterized by hierarchical diffusion.(2) The number of e-shops and e-shops index value were decreased from east China to west China.(3) The distribution of e-shops was characterized by agglomeration in the different scale space.Final some advice was given to different regions of China in order to promote the rapid development and balanced development of e-commerce in China.
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TL;DR: By applying per capita GDP and its growth rate statistics from 1990 to 2007, the authors revealed the economic space evolution of global and local characteristics of Yangtze River Delta city group.
Abstract: By applying per capita GDP and its growth rate statistics from 1990 to 2007 of the Yangtze River Delta cities,the paper reveals the economic space evolution of global and local characteristics of Yangtze River Delta city group.The results show that: there has been a significant absolute difference for the economic development of the Yangtze River Delta city group,and this trend is further exacerbated,while the relative difference is not significant correlation.Shanghai is still the absolute center of Yangtze River Delta which shows that multi-polar drive pattern has not yet formed.In addition to geographical factors,administrative factors such as the implementation of national strategies and adjustment of administrative divisions,also have significant implications on the spatial pattern in the course of the evolution of economic space.
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TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper adopted the method of multi-scale integrated analysis of societal metabolism (MSIASM) to evaluate China's social, temporal and spatial evolvement Through this method, different types of data at different scales on social economy are transferred into one unified and measurable unit so as to be used to analyze the specific characteristics of China's society.
Abstract: This study adopted the method of multi-scale integrated analysis of societal metabolism (MSIASM) to evaluate China’s social, temporal and spatial evolvement Through this method, different types of data at different scales on social economy are transferred into one unified and measurable unit so as to be used to analyze the specific characteristics of China’s society A case study approach was employed to test the feasibility of this method by choosing the following areas, including Beijing, Tianjin, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Chongqing, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai and Guizhou By recognizing the features of these areas’ social metabolism, the key factors limiting the regional sustainable development were identified and then the suggestions for facilitating their sustainable development are provided by considering the local realities
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TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors tried to study the coupling relationship between the industrial chain extension and evolution of resource-based city from the angles of resource exploitation, spatial evolution and changes of environment.
Abstract: The presently principal task for resource-based cities’ sustainable development in China is promoting the transformation to avoid recession for exhaustion of resources.Taking the advantages of substitution industries development in,transformation strategy of resource-based cities,this paper try to study the coupling relationship between the industrial chain extension and evolution of resource-based city from the angles of resource exploitation,spatial evolution and changes of environment.After that,an empirical study is carried on the typical resource-based city—Tongling city.
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TL;DR: In this article, a study based on 31 provinces,municipalities and autonomous regions in mainland China, selected 18 appraisal indices that could represent rural economic development level, and applied the principal component analysis based on SPSS13.0 for windows to analyze ruraleconomic development level in China in 2007.
Abstract: This study based on 31 provinces,municipalities and autonomous regions in mainland China.We selected 18 appraisal indices that could represent rural economic development level,and applied the principal component analysis based on SPSS13.0 for windows to analysis rural economic development level in China in 2007.Through the hierarchical cluster analysis,the result indicate that rural economic development level in China has obvious regional disparities in the main performance as follows: Among three zones the disparities appeared East and West,within each zone the disparities appeared North and South,on 31 provincial regions the disparities appeared national regions and municipalities districts.After analysis the reasons put forward a basic idea to shrink the regional disparities in the rural economy.
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TL;DR: Based on the mechanism of time to replace space, the grid-space mode has been investigated in this article, where the impact of the high speed network on the development and distribution of Chinese area's tourism industry includes enlargement and deformation of market space, larger circumscription of market competition, node effect, terminal point effect, blank point effect and spring up of huge centre cities, adjustment of industry structure and the relocation on area’s tourism, the climbing of time sill.
Abstract: The high speed network means a sudden change on communication condition,and also a sudden change on space relation of tourism systerm factors.It will bring great change on Chinese tourism industry.Based on the mechanism of time to replace space,the grid-space mode has been investigated in this paper.The impact of the high speed network on the development and distribution of Chinese area’s tourism industry includes:the enlargement and deformation of market space,the larger circumscription of market competition,the node effect,the terminal point effect,the blank point effect,the spring up of huge centre cities,the adjustment of industry structure and the relocation on area’s tourism,the climbing of time sill.It’s necessary to do more study on the reaction tactics.