Showing papers in "Experimental Biology and Medicine in 1949"
TL;DR: A histochemical method is presented for localizing ChE activity by incubating tissue sections in a medium containing acetylthiocholine, copper glycinate and copper thiocholine with results obtained with several tissues containing specific ChE.
Abstract: SummaryA histochemical method is presented for localizing ChE activity by incubating tissue sections in a medium containing acetylthiocholine, copper glycinate and copper thiocholine. Results obtained with several tissues containing specific ChE are described and illustrated.
1,176 citations
TL;DR: An inquiry has been made into conditions which may influence the viability of 1×1 cm areas of biopsied rabbit skin during refrigeration at 0° and 6-8°C, since the availability of oxygen, as well as the nature of the storage medium, had an important influence on the preservation of viability.
Abstract: An inquiry has been made into conditions which may influence the viability of 1×1 cm areas of biopsied rabbit skin during refrigeration at 0° and 6-8°C. Since the availability of oxygen, as well as the nature of the storage medium, had an, important influence on the preservation of viability at these two temperatures, these relationships may be of interest to those wishing to store or ship tissues for surgical and other purposes.Tissues separated from the circulation rapidly become anoxemic and necrotic at room or body temperatures. This condition may be prevented in uterine or intestinal strips by oxygenation or by chilling.1, 2 The survival of ligated limbs3 and of the cells in whole embryos4, 5 or organs5, 6 is optimal (among the widely spaced temperatures which have been studied) at 0°. At this temperature respiration is minimal, while oxygen solubility in water is twice that at 30°.Though Lambert7 Carrel,8 and Hetherington and Craig5 found 0 to 7° favorable for preserving the small masses of crowded ...
927 citations
TL;DR: The ability of the microphonic manometer to measure rapidly and simply not only the pressure of the intact rat but also of the rat made hypertensive by the injection of the vascostrictor substances, epinephrine and renin, indicates that it might be of considerable usefulness in studies necessitating frequent or successive blood pressure determinations in the rat.
Abstract: SummaryThe ability of the microphonic manometer to measure rapidly and simply not only the pressure of the intact rat but also of the rat made hypertensive by the injection of the vascostrictor substances, epinephrine and renin, indicates that it might be of considerable usefulness in studies necessitating frequent or successive blood pressure determinations in the rat.
255 citations
TL;DR: The selective inhibition of an enzyme not unique to cancer tissue is theoretically possible and an expression has been developed which relates the velocity of reaction to enzyme concentration in enzyme-inhibitor systems.
Abstract: Summary1. The effect of enzyme concentration on the inhibition produced by certain inhibitors of the succinic dehydrogenase system has been experimentally determined. The inhibitors studied were malonate, itaconate, oxalacetate, quinone and cupric ion.2. The reaction between succinic dehydrogenase and copper or quinone was not immediate but required 30 to 40 minutes when the amount of inhibitor was just sufficient to produce complete inhibition.3. The effect of the strengths of binding of the inhibitor with the enzyme on the percent inhibition produced is shown to be related to the enzyme concentration.4. An expression has been developed which relates the velocity of reaction to enzyme concentration in enzyme-inhibitor systems.5. The results are discussed in relation to the chemotherapy of cancer. It is pointed out that the selective inhibition of an enzyme not unique to cancer tissue is theoretically possible.
218 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that the inhibition of the growth of granulation tissue in the rabbit may prove of value in assay of compounds active in the treatment of “mesenchymal diseases.”
Abstract: Summary11 dehydro 17 hydroxycortico-sterone (Compound E of Kendall, cortisone) administered to rabbits in large doses caused a delay in the development of all elements of connective tissue. It is suggested that the action of cortisone and ACTH on the “mesenchymal diseases” is due, at least in part, to “inhibition of reactivity” of the connective tissue. It is furthermore suggested that the inhibition of the growth of granulation tissue in the rabbit may prove of value in assay of compounds active in the treatment of “mesenchymal diseases.”
204 citations
TL;DR: The effort at the passive transfer of cutaneous tuberculin hypersensitivity was unsuccessful when the leucocytes used, in the transfer were obtained from tubercul in negative donors.
Abstract: Summary and Conclusion1. It has been possible to passively transfer in 12 consecutive instances cutaneous tuberculin hypersensitivity to tuberculin negative human recipients by means of an intradermal injection of viable leucocytes obtained from the blood of tuberculin positive human donors.2. The effort at the passive transfer of cutaneous tuberculin hypersensitivity was unsuccessful when the leucocytes used, in the transfer were obtained from tuberculin negative donors.3. The induced cutaneous hypersensitivity to tuberculin is a transient phenomenon of 4 days to 3 months duration, which can be produced again in the same individual.4. The degree of induced hypersensitivity to tuberculin seems to bear a relationship to the dosage of leucocytes used and the degree of tuberculin hypersensitivity of the leucocyte donor.
181 citations
TL;DR: The etiology and pathogenesis of Whipple's Disease (lipodystrophy intestinalis), a clinical syndrome similar to sprue, has been a subject of speculation since its original description.
Abstract: The etiology and pathogenesis of Whipple's Disease (lipodystrophy intestinalis), a clinical syndrome similar to sprue, has been a subject of speculation since its original description.1 As its synonym implies, it is believed by most observers to represent an obscure disturbance of fat metabolism.Black-Schaffer, Hendrix and Handler2 reported a study of 4 cases which led them to the following conclusion: The disease, in contrast to sprue, may be readily recognized, anatomically, by non-lipid macrophagocyto-sis in the lamina propria of the small intestine and occasionally the proximal colon, lipogranulomatosis of the mesenteric lymph nodes, absence of significant evidence of chylous obstruction; and clinically, poor fat, glucose and probably protein absorption and the absence of macrocytic anemia.The characteristic intestinal lesion is a crowding of the lamina propria by macrophages containing an isotopic refractile substance which Whipple found unstainable with osmic acid. This observation has been repeated...
152 citations
TL;DR: Virus-like particles that tend to be arranged in a crystalline-like pattern have been observed by electron microscopy in as study of suspensions of 5 skin papillomas in a review of surgical pathological material.
Abstract: SummaryVirus-like particles that tend to be arranged in a crystalline-like pattern have been observed by electron microscopy in as study of suspensions of 5 skin papillomas. Histological examination of the same tissues revealed intranuclear inclusion bodies and characteristic cytoplasmic masses in the cells of the hyperplastic epidermis. Thirty-one lesions with similar histological appearance were encountered along with 158 typical verrucae in a review of surgical pathological material.
144 citations
TL;DR: The algal flagellate Euglena gracilis var.
Abstract: SummaryThe algal flagellate Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris was shown to exhibit a quantitative growth response to crystalline antipernicious anemia factor, using a chemically defined medium. Thymidine was inactive.
127 citations
TL;DR: The timed intravenous infusion metrazol test makes possible an accurate, economical, and rapid evaluation of anticonvulsant compounds.
Abstract: SummaryThe timed intravenous infusion metrazol test makes possible an accurate, economical, and rapid evaluation of anticonvulsant compounds. It presents distinct advantages over the subcutaneous method because: (1) fewer animals are needed in order to draw a statistically significant conclusion on the drug being evaluated; (2) less time is necessary to complete the testing procedure; and (3) it is equal in accuracy to the subcutaneous method.
122 citations
TL;DR: The modified test was positive in 90% of the proven cases of active peripheral rheumatoid arthritis tested; the Rose test in 61%; the streptococcus agglutination test in 58%.
Abstract: Summary1. The hemaggutination test for rheumatoid arthritis is modified by the selective absorption of non-specific factors. The details of this modification are described.2. Of 39 cases with activ...
TL;DR: Hematologic and histologic data indicate that severe anemia, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia develop in mice after a single dose of 600 r whole-body X radiation, and this technic provides a method of studying potential sites and mechanism of the production of ectopic blood formation, possible secondary effects of radiation as well as offering possibilities for determining the potential role of such sites in immune reactions.
Abstract: Summary and ConclusionsThese hematologic and histologic data indicate that:1) Severe anemia, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia develop in mice after a single dose of 600 r whole-body X radiation.2) Ectopic erythrocytopoiesis, in the lead-protected spleens of mice given 600 r whole-body X radiation (exclusive of spleens) compensates with such rapidity and so extensively for the destruction and interruption of this activity in the marrow spaces that no anemia of significance becomes apparent. Ectopic granulocytopoiesis and megakaryocytopoiesis in the lead-protected spleens compensates significantly but at a slower pace and less completely for the bone marrow destruction.3) A marked and sustained decrease in the amount of lymphatic tissue is produced in the lead-protected spleens of animals given 600 r whole-body X radiation. This decrease in lymphatic tissue may perhaps be a result of (a) unsuccessful competition of the lymphatic tissue with the ectopic hematopoiesis for nutritional requirements, (b) actual ...
TL;DR: An anastomosis was made between the right atrial appendage and the main pulmonary artery in acute and chronic experiments, and no deleterious effects were seen in the course of two months observations on dogs.
Abstract: Summary1. An anastomosis was made between the right atrial appendage and the main pulmonary artery.2. In acute experiments, the venous pressure was demonstrated to drive venous return through the lungs without benefit of the pumping action of the right ventricle.3. In chronic experiments, the anastomosis acts similarly to a tricuspid insufficiency. No deleterious effects were seen in the course of two months observations on such dogs.
TL;DR: Marked weight gains were produced in stock albino mice by single injections of goldthioglucose, and analysis of total body lipids, protein, water, and ash showed these weight gains to be primarily due to an increase in adipose tissue.
Abstract: SummaryMarked weight gains were produced in stock albino mice by single injections of goldthioglucose. Analysis of total body lipids, protein, water, and ash showed these weight gains to be primarily due to an increase in adipose tissue. This obesity occurred in approximately one-third of the survivors of sublethal doses of goldthioglucose. Except for centrolubular fatty infiltration of the liver in obese animals, no-anatomic lesions were found in the organs examined.
TL;DR: The isolation of a filtrable virus from the feces of patients diagnosed either as non-paralytic poliomyelitis or aseptic meningitis and from 2 patients with “fever of unknown origin” showed the recovery of virus was correlated with the appearance of neutralizing antibodies in the patients' sera.
Abstract: SummaryThis paper reports the isolation of a filtrable virus from the feces of patients diagnosed either as non-paralytic poliomyelitis or aseptic meningitis and from 2 patients with “fever of unkn...
TL;DR: In dogs, ligation of the hepatic artery is followed in approximately 100% of cases by death, as a result of a peculiar necrosis of the liver, and this year the experiments appeared to be unusually successful, in that the animals survived such ligation.
Abstract: In dogs, ligation of the hepatic artery is followed in approximately 100% of cases by death, as a result of a peculiar necrosis of the liver. In a series of experiments extending over many years we have tried to prevent this mishap by arterializing the blood flow of the portal vein. This year we appeared to be unusually successful, in that the animals survived such ligation.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the normal permeability of the synovial membrane is in part controlled by the balance between adrenal steroids of the DOCA type and of the Compound E type, which is consistent with current views of the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis.
Abstract: Summary and Conclusions1. The permeability of the synovial membrane as measured by speed of absorption and excretion into the urine of phenolsulphonphthalein (PSP) instilled into the joint was found to be surprisingly constant in a group of 16 normal rabbits.2. Hyaluronidase markedly increased permeability of the synovial membrane. The effect was maximal and was not augmented by desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA).3. Adrenal cortical extract decreased permeability of the synovial membrane and an tagonized the effect of hyaluronidase. This effect of adrenal steroids was more pronounced when they were released endogenously by the alarm reaction. Estrone also decreased the permeability of synovial membrane.4. Desoxycorticosterone increased maximally the permeability of synovial membrane to the same extent as hyaluronidase and could not be augmented by hyaluronidase.5. It is suggested that the normal permeability of the synovial membrane is in part controlled by the balance between adrenal steroids of the DOC...
TL;DR: It is demonstrated in the present investigation that the C14 activity of a fatty acid sample can be readily determined by a direct procedure that avoids the dilution of activity and laboriousness associated with the preparation of BaCO3 mounts.
Abstract: SummaryIt is demonstrated in the present investigation that the C14 activity of a fatty acid sample can be readily determined by a direct procedure that avoids the dilution of activity and laboriousness associated with the preparation of BaCO3 mounts. The simplicity of this new procedure permits a single operator to mount as many as 50 samples in 8 hours with an error of reproducibility not in excess of 5%. By means of an empirically constructed curve, the observed activities can be converted to a BaCO3 basis.
TL;DR: Rabbits were immunized with 9 strains of Cryptococcus neoformans and on the basis of reciprocal agglutinin absorptions, 3 serologic types of the organism are described.
Abstract: Summary1. Rabbits were immunized with 9 strains of Cryptococcus neoformans. After 12 weekly series of injections, 3 strains produced agglutinin titers of 1:320, 4 strains gave titers ranging from 1:10 to 1:40 and 2 strains failed to produce antibodies.2. On the basis of reciprocal agglutinin absorptions, 3 serologic types of the organism are described. These have been designated as Types A, B, and C.
TL;DR: When a living cell is incited to divide, its protoplasm first undergoes a sharp increase in viscosity, and this gelation precedes the appearance of the mitotic spindle.
Abstract: When a living cell is incited to divide, its protoplasm first undergoes a sharp increase in viscosity. There is indeed what may be called a mitotic gelation and this gelation precedes the appearance of the mitotic spindle. Once the spindle is formed, the protoplasm reverts to its original fluid state.
TL;DR: With one of the substrates, p-chloranilidophosphonate, a strikingly different picture of enzymatic distribution was observed in the acid range, but otherwise the pattern of distribution of enzyme activity in any given organ was constant and independent of the substrate used.
Abstract: SummaryNineteen different substrates were used in this study on the histochemical specificity of phosphatases. With 18 substrates no indication of the presence in paraffin-embedded mammalian tissues of phosphatases other than the common non-specific alkaline and acid variety was found. With one of the substrates, p-chloranilidophosphonate, a strikingly different picture of enzymatic distribution was observed in the acid range, but otherwise the pattern of distribution of enzymatic activity in any given organ was constant and independent of the substrate used.
TL;DR: Two objectives were in mind: to determine whether the Lansing strain was capable of multiplying in completely differentiated non-nervous tissue as well as in embryonic tissue; and whether the Brunhilde strain of poliomyelitis virus-a strain immunologically distinct from the Lansing group 2 and not adaptable to rodents-could be cultivated in non-Nervous human embryonic tissues.
Abstract: Recently, the propagation in vitro of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in human embryonic tissues was reported and evidence presented that this virus is capable of multiplying in cells other than those of nervous origin.1 These experiments have been continued and this agent now has been carried for a total period of 224 days through 13 serial cultures in which the tissue consisted of mixed human embryonic skin and muscle. This strain has also been maintained for 173 days in two lines of 11 serial cultures each and composed respectively of human embryonic intestine and brain.Additional experiments described here in a preliminary manner are reported. Two objectives were in mind: (a) to determine whether the Lansing strain was capable of multiplying in completely differentiated non-nervous tissue as well as in embryonic tissue; (b) to determine whether the Brunhilde strain of poliomyelitis virus-a strain immunologically distinct from the Lansing group2 and not adaptable to rodents-could, like the La...
TL;DR: In one patient with minimal renal functional impairment, administration of HN2 was followed on 2 separate occasions by diuresis, marked reduction in proteinuria and concomitant increase in filtration rate, a combination of effects consistent with a return of glomerular function towards normal.
Abstract: SummaryAdministration of plasma from patients acutely ill with pneumococcal and streptococcal infections failed to decrease proteinuria or induce diuresis in 2 patients with chronic diffuse glomerulonephritis.Induction of the pyrogenic reaction was accompanied by decrease in proteinuria on 2 occasions in one patient. We are inclined to attribute this result to the concomitant decrease in the rate of glomerular filtration.Therapeutic doses of HN2 reduced proteinuria but diuresis failed to occur in 2 patients with advanced chronic diffuse glomerulonephritis with marked renal functional impairment. However, in one patient with minimal renal functional impairment, administration of HN2 was followed on 2 separate occasions by diuresis, marked reduction in proteinuria and concomitant increase in filtration rate, a combination of effects consistent with a return of glomerular function towards normal.†Our observations indicate that reversal of renal manifestations of human glomerulonephritis can be induced by HN2...
TL;DR: Isobutyric acid and phenol gave the best results of the solvents tried for two-dimensional chromatograms of the dicarboxylic acids in terms of separation of both volatile and non-volatile organic acids.
Abstract: SummaryA procedure for the application of filter paper partition chromatography to the separation of both volatile and non-volatile organic acids with chain lengths of about eight carbons or less is described. The potassium hydroxamate derivatives of the organic acids are prepared by reacting the methyl ester with about a two-fold excess of a mixture of potassium hydroxide and hydroxylamine in methyl alcohol. The hydroxamate derivatives obtained from about 10−6 mole of each of the esters are applied to the filter paper, the chromatogram developed with suitable solvents, and then sprayed with ferric chloride to make the derivatives visible as purple spots on a yellow background. Isobutyric acid and phenol gave the best results of the solvents tried for two-dimensional chromatograms of the dicarboxylic acids. RF values for a number of hydroxamate derivatives are given for several solvents.
TL;DR: A method is described for the adsorption of gonadotrophic hormones from urine onto kaolin and their subsequent elution with ammonium hydroxide and the final extracts are less toxic and can be prepared in a shorter time.
Abstract: SummaryA method is described for the adsorption of gonadotrophic hormones from urine onto kaolin and their subsequent elution with ammonium hydroxide. The relatively small volume of the eluate reduces the amount of alcohol needed to precipitate the hormone from solution, the final extracts are less toxic and can be prepared in a shorter time. The hormone assays are comparable to those obtained with the usual alcohol recipitation method.
TL;DR: A simple and accurate procedure for the determination of mannitol and sorbitol based on the method of Corcoran and Page has been described.
Abstract: SummaryA simple and accurate procedure for the determination of mannitol and sorbitol based on the method of Corcoran and Page has been described.
TL;DR: As the liver xanthine oxidase was depleted by a purified low protein diet, the small intestine lost about 2/3 of its activity, and lung lost about 1/2.
Abstract: SummaryThe average xanthine oxidase activities in CmmO2/g dry weight/hour for adult rat tissues were: Liver 1862, small intestine 628, spleen 534, lung 479, kidney 135, stomach 42, skin 100-200, brain O, muscle O, testes O. Two-thirds of the total activity in the entire rat was in the liver.Methylene blue added to the Warburg flask in the aerobic determination increased the xanthine oxidase activity in liver, kidney, stomach and small intestine, but not in lung or spleen. Added xanthine oxidase was recovered quantitatively in the presence of lung, spleen and kidney; greater than added amounts of activity were recovered from liver and decreased amounts from small intestine. As the liver xanthine oxidase was depleted by a purified low protein diet, the small intestine lost about 2/3 of its activity, and lung lost about 1/2. Losses from the spleen and kidney were small. The entire rat lost 3/4 or more of its xanthine oxidase activity.
TL;DR: When serum is subjected to electrophoresis at pH 4.5, two components are seen which have isoelectric points more acid than those of albumin, one of these has been identified with a mucoprotein which has been shown to increase in amount in cancer, pneumonia, and certain other diseases.
Abstract: SummaryWhen serum is subjected to electrophoresis at pH 4.5, two components are seen which have isoelectric points more acid than those of albumin. One of these has been identified with a mucoprotein which has been shown to increase in amount in cancer, pneumonia, and certain other diseases. The second component, with a less acid isoelectric point, may also be a mucoprotein, but this point has not been definitely established.
TL;DR: It was found that these fibrous mats contain a great many more fibers than are apparent with the light microscope, and the predominant type, hereinafter referred to as unit fibers, has a diameter usually less than 500 Å.
Abstract: Some information on the origin and development of collagenous fibers has been obtained from the study of cultured tissues1-4 and wound healing.5 In such material fine fibrils can be observed to develop between the cells. These subsequently increase in number and finally coalesce to form larger fibers. It is generally thought that the fibrils are organized from an intercellular protein that is produced by or at least influenced by the surrounding cells, but the precise mechanism is not understood.One approach to the examination of this problem is by way of direct observations on the early sub-microscopic sequences involved in fiber formation. To that end we have utilized the combined methods of electron microscopy and tissue culture.The material studied has included fibrous arrays formed in vitro in association with ex-plants of chick embryo skin and foregut, rabbit thymus and rat pericardium.† In preparation for microscopy the cultures containing these arrays were washed in a balanced salt solution, fixed...
TL;DR: The blood volume of normal rats determined by the use of Fe59 labeled red blood cells is essentially the same as with P32 labeled cells, hence satisfactory for the determination of blood volume.
Abstract: Conclusions1. The blood volume of normal rats determined by the use of Fe59 labeled red blood cells is essentially the same as with P32 labeled cells.2. The use of P32 labelled red blood cells is hence satisfactory for the determination of blood volume.3. Determinations with P32 indicate that the blood volume of the normal rat is 4.59 ± 0.57/cc 100 g body weight; the total red cell volume 2.16 ± 0.20 cc/100 g body weight; and the hematocrit 45.8 ± 2.6.