Showing papers in "Experimental Biology and Medicine in 1963"
TL;DR: Fibrinogen prepared by the glycine precipitation method was very pure by the criterion of clottability and its properties were similar to those of other fibr inogen preparations, but moving boundary electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation nevertheless disclosed two components in different proportions.
Abstract: SummaryA method was described for the preparation of fibrinogen with 98% thrombin clottable protein before, and 94% clottable protein after lyophilization. The fibrinogen was precipitated from citr...
233 citations
TL;DR: Antigen of C. neoformans was detected in serum and CSF from 7 of 9 cases of CNS cryptococcosis by a rapid, sensitive slide test in which antibody-coated latex particles are agglutinated, suggesting that the test has prognostic as well as diagnostic value.
Abstract: SummaryAntigen of C. neoformans was detected in serum and/or CSF from 7 of 9 cases of CNS cryptococcosis by a rapid, sensitive slide test in which antibody-coated latex particles are agglutinated. The procedure yielded few nonspecific reactions, which were of low degree. Decline in reactivity following treatment suggests that the test has prognostic as well as diagnostic value. Lack of reactivity of blood and CSF from 2 patients was shown not to be attributable to serotype variation.
201 citations
TL;DR: The proposal was made that the stimulatory effects of DDT on enzyme activity were due to its causing a proliferation of smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum in the liver cell, with a consequent increase in the amount of the drug metabolizing enzymes.
Abstract: SummaryDDT, 500 ppm, was fed in a lab chow diet to rats. Hexobarbital sleeping times and in vitro assays were measured after 2 weeks, 1, 2, 3 and 4 months on the diet to observe the effects of DDT on hepatic microsomal drug metabolizing enzyme activity. With the exception of aniline, which was not different from control at 2 weeks, 3 and 4 months, significant increases in rate of drug enzyme activity were seen at all times on the diet for the drugs studied. Shortened sleeping times paralleled these increases. Acute treatment of rats with DDT at 3 dose levels, each for 3 days, produced significant stimulatory effects on drug metabolism in vitro at both 1 and 8 days. Sleeping times were depressed at both times, although this depression was significant only at 1 day. In mice, acute injection of a single dose of DDT did not shorten hexobarbital sleeping times even at 3 days after treatment. Several of the organophosphorous insecticides were screened acutely with sleeping times in mice and produced either no e...
183 citations
TL;DR: Chick embryo interferon was purified from allantoic fluid of embryonated eggs infected with influenza A virus and found to be a slightly basic protein of low molecular weight and free of nucleic acid giving absorption in the visible spectrum.
Abstract: SummaryChick embryo interferon was purified from allantoic fluid of embryonated eggs infected with influenza A virus. Purification consisted essentially of acid precipitation to remove virus and extraneous protein, concentration and purification by precipitation with Zn++, column chromatography on CM-cellulose, and zone ionophoresis on pevikon. The interferon was purified 4500 times with respect to initial protein and one unit of interferon activity was 0.0042 μg protein in the chick embryo cell-EEE virus assay system used. Interferon was found to be a slightly basic protein of low molecular weight and free of nucleic acid as well as constituents giving absorption in the visible spectrum. A trace amount of carbohydrate was found. Detailed findings in the analyses are presented. The striking difference in properties of interferon from those described heretofore by other workers appears to lie in previous failure of purification. Both crude and purified chick interferon were active in suppressing Rous sarco...
167 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that recovery of the immune mechanism following total body irradiation takes place by means of a thymus-dependent mechanism.
Abstract: Summary1. Inbred mice were thymectomized at 2 months of age, given lethal doses of irradiation and syngeneic marrow therapy. Controls were either sham-thymectomized and irradiated or sham-irradiated and thymectomized. 2. Thymectomized irradiated mice failed to reject allogeneic skin grafts and to produce either a primary or a secondary immune response to sheep erythrocytes when tested 4–10 weeks after irradiation. At that time, control mice had normal immune functions. 3. Lymphocytes were markedly diminished in the experimental and the thymectomized control groups. They were present and within normal limits in sham-thymectomized irradiated controls. The depression in the thymectomized irradiated mice characteristically involved the small mononuclear cells. 4. It is concluded that recovery of the immune mechanism following total body irradiation takes place by means of a thymus-dependent mechanism.
149 citations
TL;DR: Systematic organization of the known viruses is important from the taxonomic viewpoint and in the practical sense in providing inferential knowledge based on known qualities of related agents.
Abstract: SummarySystematic organization of the known viruses is important from the taxonomic viewpoint and in the practical sense in providing inferential knowledge based on known qualities of related agents. Determination of nucleic acid type, sensitivity to organic solvents, pH 3.0 lability, size, and structure provide excellent basic criteria for grouping viruses. Further subgrouping can be based on factors such as heat stability, sensitivity to drugs, cytopathology, and type of inclusions. Acid lability tests and nucleic acid typing were carried out for a number of viruses and methods for determining essential lipid, drug sensitivity and heat lability were explored. A simplified working scheme for classification and identification of viruses is presented.
135 citations
TL;DR: Glycerol is released from the area drained by the saphenous vein in man and taken up in the splanchnic region and kidneys and it seems likely that more than 3 moles of FFA is release from adipose tissue for each mole of glycerol.
Abstract: SummaryGlycerol is released from the area drained by the saphenous vein in man and taken up in the splanchnic region and kidneys. The arterial concentrations of glycerol and FFA are positively correlated. In resting subjects, net splanchnic uptake of glycerol was calculated to be .052 to .11 mmoles per minute and renal uptake .011 to .022 mmoles per minute. It seems likely that more than 3 moles of FFA is released from adipose tissue for each mole of glycerol.
126 citations
TL;DR: A method for electroejaculation of the macaque was successful in 8 of 11 subjects and electroejaculation is suggested as a practical means of obtaining monkey semen.
Abstract: SummaryA method for electroejaculation of the macaque was successful in 8 of 11 subjects. Repeated electroejaculation at 2–3 day intervals did not cause a refractory state. Coagulation occurred almost immediately on ejaculation. Liquefaction began shortly thereafter, but was incomplete. Sperm concentration in the liquefied portion of the ejaculate ranged between 93 and 807 million/cc. Tail length was approximately 70 μ, as compared with 50 μ, in human material. Electroejaculation is suggested as a practical means of obtaining monkey semen.
124 citations
TL;DR: The indirect fluorescent antibody test, in which dilutions of sera from patients with scrub typhus were tested on smears of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, gave results which were serologically diagnostic of the disease in each instance.
Abstract: SummaryThe indirect fluorescent antibody test, in which dilutions of sera from patients with scrub typhus were tested on smears of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, gave results which were serologically diagnostic of the disease in each instance. Non-specific reactions did not occur when the scrub typhus sera were exposed to antigens of other species of Rickettsia. Likewise, there was no reaction between R. tsutsugamushi smears and sera from other rickettsial infections, or with sera from patients with Proteus OXK agglutinins of non-rickettsial origin with one exception, i.e., a case of leptospirosis from Puerto Rico.
119 citations
TL;DR: The data presented clearly indicate that anamnestic response in both systems studied is related to the immunological backbone of the carrierprotein as well as the hapten, and that the carrier protein alone injected secondarily does not cause production of antibodies directed against the haPTen used for primary immunization.
Abstract: SummaryThe data presented clearly indicate that anamnestic response in both systems studied is related to the immunological backbone of the carrier protein as well as the hapten, and that the carrier protein alone injected secondarily does not cause production of antibodies directed against the hapten used for primary immunization.
118 citations
TL;DR: Administration of ethanol to rats as a single dose caused a significant increase in liver L-α-glycerophosphate concentration and in incorporation of intravenously injected palmitic acid-1-C14 into liver triglycerides, suggesting that these metabolic alterations may play an important role in the pathogenesis of fatty liver and of hypertriglyceridemia produced by ethanol.
Abstract: SummaryAdministration of ethanol to rats as a single dose caused a significant increase in liver L-α-glycerophosphate concentration and in incorporation of intravenously injected palmitic acid-1-C14 into liver triglycerides. It is suggested that these metabolic alterations may play an important role in the pathogenesis of fatty liver and of hypertriglyceridemia produced by ethanol. The changes could be observed only during the first few hours following ingestion of ethanol.
TL;DR: Adult hamsters immunized with SV40 or polyoma virus were challenged with graded doses of virus-free polyoma or SV40 tumor cells and were resistant to a small inoculum of polyoma tumor cells.
Abstract: SummaryAdult hamsters immunized with SV40 or polyoma virus were challenged with graded doses of virus-free polyoma or SV40 tumor cells. Animals immunized with SV40 virus were resistant to a small inoculum of SV40 tumor cells, and animals immunized with polyoma virus were resistant to a small inoculum of polyoma tumor cells. There was no cross protection between polyoma virus immunization and SV40 tumor cells or between SV40 virus immunization and polyoma tumor cells, even at the minimum cell dose required to give tumors in all the animals.
TL;DR: Administration of cholestyramine, a bile acid binding polymer to rats on a normal diet was without effect on plasma or liver cholesterol concentration, but produced a rise in fecal bile acids excretion, accompanied by an increase in hepatic de novo cholesterol synthesis.
Abstract: SummaryAdministration of cholestyramine, a bile acid binding polymer to rats on a normal diet was without effect on plasma or liver cholesterol concentration, but produced a rise in fecal bile acid excretion. These effects were accompanied by an increase in hepatic de novo cholesterol synthesis. Cholestyramine prevented the rise in plasma cholesterol resulting from administration of cholesterol and cholic acid. The fecal bile acids were increased slightly with a marked elevation in the dihydroxycholanic to cholic acid ratio.
TL;DR: A cross-immunity test, in which animals immunized with each of these 2 viruses were challenged with the corresponding tumors, would be a more severe and direct test of the specificity of the new virus-induced cellular antigens.
Abstract: Zilber and his associates(1) were the first to demonstrate an abnormal antigen in a virus-induced tumor when they worked with Rous sarcoma. More detailed studies of the relationships between the inducing virus and the new cellular antigen in the transformed cells were later made by Klein and his associates(2), and by Habel(3), using polyoma virus-induced tumors in the mouse and the hamster. Since that time there has rapidly appeared published evidence for the existence of new cellular antigens in Gross leukemia cells(4), Shope papilloma virus tumors(5), and Moloney virus leukemia(6). The biological method which most readily demonstrated the new antigen in polyoma tumors, tested the resistance of virus immunized adult animals to challenge with isologous transplantable polyoma tumor. This same technic has been used to demonstrate new cellular antigens in SV 40 virus induced hamster tumors in the experiments reported here.The original work with polyoma tumors had demonstrated the specificity of the new antig...
TL;DR: Peritoneal exudates produced in guinea pigs by intraperitoneal injection of ferritin in previously immunized animals provided evidence that at least one function of the eosinophil is the phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes.
Abstract: SummaryPeritoneal exudates were produced in guinea pigs by intraperitoneal injection of ferritin in previously immunized animals. The centrifuged cells of the exudate examined with the electron microscope were found to contain 10–15% eosinophils. Ferritin-antibody complexes, characteristic of in vitro immune complexes were observed within the cytoplasm of eosinophils and other granulocytes. This observation indicates that eosinophilia is mediated by immune complexes and provides evidence that at least one function of the eosinophil is the phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes. Our results showed no evidence that eosinophils are implicated in the formation of antibody.
TL;DR: The results support the opinion that hippocampus contributes an inhibitory component to the neural mechanisms regulating ACTH release to lesioned, unresponsive animals.
Abstract: SummaryThe pituitary-adrenal axis of normal rats, as reflected by plasma corticoid levels, was activated acutely by the stress of ether anesthesia and withdrawal of blood by heart puncture. Bilateral electrolytic lesions in portions of the midbrain reticular formation or the amygdaloid nuclei suppressed or blocked this acute response. In such lesioned, unresponsive animals, placement of an additional lesion in hippocampus negated the block created by the first lesion in reticular formation or amygdala. The results support the opinion that hippocampus contributes an inhibitory component to the neural mechanisms regulating ACTH release.
TL;DR: Direct hemagglutination of chicken erythrocytes in slide tests using suspensions of agar-grown vibrios has been found to be a rapid and reliable means of differentiating the 2 “agglUTinable” phytochemical compounds.
Abstract: SummaryDirect hemagglutination of chicken erythrocytes in slide tests using suspensions of agar-grown vibrios has been found to be a rapid and reliable means of differentiating the 2 “agglutinable”...
TL;DR: Specificity of the transplantation resistance phenomenon was tested by using only 10 tissue cultured polyoma, SV 40, and F. Sa.
Abstract: Summary Specificity of the transplantation resistance phenomenon was tested by using only 10 tissue cultured polyoma, SV 40, and F. Sa. No. 3 B hamster tumor cells in sufficiently large numbers of adult hamsters to yield definitive results. Pre-treatment with polyoma virus regularly produced resistance to transplantation of polyoma tumor cells but not of F. Sa. No. 3 B tumor cells; there was evidence of some resistance to SV 40 tumor cells in only 2 of 4 tests. Pre-treatment with SV 40 virus regularly produced resistance to SV 40 tumor cells, although in some tests of a lower order than in the polyoma virus vs polyoma tumor system, but not to F. Sa. No. 3 B cells; there was evidence of some resistance to polyoma tumor cells in only 2 of 4 tests. Pretreatment with adenoviruses, types 12 and 7A, herpesvirus and poliovirus type 1 produced no resistance against any of the 3 tumors tested. Reovirus, type 3, and vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana strain) propagated in mouse embryo tissue culture, the same cells in which the polyoma virus was grown, produced no resistance against the polyoma tumor cells. The progeny of 10 polyoma hamster tumor cells which formed large tumors in occasional, polyoma-immune adult hamsters, nevertheless, were shown to possess the distinctive, cellular antigen. A sensitive test failed to reveal any cytotoxic antibody in the serum of polyoma-immune hamsters that resisted transplantation of polyoma tumor cells.
TL;DR: In a total of 73 cell cultures examined, the detection of PPLO determined by presence of arginine deiminase activity agreed entirely with the most sensitive cultural procedure which requires 14 days.
Abstract: SummaryA rapid, simple and routine chemical method for detection of PPLO contamination in cell cultures is reported. The method is based on the presence of arginine deiminase activity in all tissue culture PPLO strains, but absence from all mammalian tissue and PPLO-free cell cultures. In a total of 73 cell cultures examined, the detection of PPLO determined by presence of arginine deiminase activity agreed entirely with the most sensitive cultural procedure which requires 14 days.
TL;DR: Cortisone acetate consistently produces elevation in rat serum glyceride and cholesterol, and in hepatic lipid glycerides other than phospholipid, and the question whether this represents a primary effect on the liver or a secondary effect due to mobilization of peripheral fat is discussed.
Abstract: SummaryCortisone acetate, 6.25 mg/day, consistently produces elevation in rat serum glycerides and cholesterol, and in hepatic lipid glycerides other than phospholipid. Hepatic phospholipid and cholesterol levels are not affected. The question whether this represents a primary effect on the liver or a secondary effect due to mobilization of peripheral fat is discussed.
TL;DR: Injection of Gross's passage A leukemia virus in newborn C3Hf/Bi mice interferes with the development of their responsiveness to bacteriophage T2, and was present in mice antigenically stimulated at 3 weeks and 9 weeks of age.
Abstract: SummaryInjection of Gross's passage A leukemia virus in newborn C3Hf/Bi mice interferes with the development of their responsiveness to bacteriophage T2. This deficiency was present in mice antigenically stimulated at 3 weeks and 9 weeks of age, and, notably, before obvious malignant cells are present.
TL;DR: Comparisons of the acute toxicity of a number of anticholinesterase insecticides in weanling and adult male rats indicate that weanlings are about twice as susceptible as adults to parathion, methyl parathions, Systox, Di-Syston, Guthion, Malathion), Delnav, and Folex.
Abstract: SummaryA comparison was made of the acute toxicity of a number of anticholinesterase insecticides in weanling and adult male rats. The results indicate that weanlings are about twice as susceptible as adults to parathion, methyl parathion, Systox, Di-Syston, Guthion, Malathion, Delnav, and Folex. A smaller increase in susceptibility of weanlings was noted with Ethion, Phosdrin, Dipterex and Sevin. Weanlings were about 5 times more susceptible to EPN and about 4 times more susceptible to Trithion than adult male rats. In the case of OMPA adults were about 5 times more susceptible than weanlings. The age differences in susceptibility are probably due to incomplete development of enzymes which catalyze the metabolism of anticholinesterase insecticides in the livers of young animals.
TL;DR: Mice thymectomized at birth were protected against the lethality of intracerebral and intraperitoneal infection with LCM virus given 3 to 4 weeks later, providing further evidence for the importance of tissue hyperreactivity and lymphocytic inflammatory response in production of symptomatology.
Abstract: SummaryMice thymectomized at birth were protected against the lethality of intracerebral and intraperitoneal infection with LCM virus given 3 to 4 weeks later. Although virus multiplication was not prevented, as evidenced by high infectivity titers in the brain 6 to 8 weeks after infection, the meningeal inflammatory reaction was suppressed. These observations provide further evidence for the importance of tissue hyperreactivity and lymphocytic inflammatory response in production of symptomatology.
TL;DR: Anticholinergics, ganglionic blocking agents, certain central nervous system depressants and epinephrine reduced the incidence of hemorrhage and gastric volume was reduced by cold + restraint in the pylorus-ligated and chronic gastric fistula rat, while gastric acidity was only reduced during stress in the fistula rats.
Abstract: SummaryGastric hemorrhage was produced in 93% of rats subjected to cold + restraint stress for 60 minutes. Mucosal damage was not evident and could not be induced by repeated stress periods. Anticholinergics, ganglionic blocking agents, certain central nervous system depressants and epinephrine reduced the incidence of hemorrhage. Gastric volume was reduced by cold + restraint in the pylorus-ligated and chronic gastric fistula rat, while gastric acidity was only reduced during stress in the fistula rats. The cold + restraint produced a marked hypothermic response and body temperature was depressed for 3 hours following the stress.
TL;DR: The long incubation period, the slowly progressive course of the disease, and the degenerative changes in the central nervous system all are consistent with the view that the agent under study is the transmissible agent of scrapie.
Abstract: Discussion and summaryThe agent isolated by Chandler in mice inoculated intracerebrally with brain tissue from goats affected with experimental scrapie can be passed serially in mice by this route In the Rocky Mountain Laboratory stock of Swiss mice it causes a relentlessly progressive, and invariably fatal, disease of the central nervous system, usually after an incubation period of 4 to 5 months The disease is characterized clinically by incoordination of gait, muscular atrophy, and drowsiness and neuropathologically by prominent astrocytosis, degeneration of neurons, and spongy alteration of the neuroparenchymaThat the agent causing this disease in mice is the transmissible agent of scrapie may be questioned At present, identification of the scrapie agent can be made only by observing its pathogenic capacity in susceptible sheep and goats In these hosts it induces a distinctive clinicopathologic picture whose essential features also characterize the infection in mice Thus, the long incubation per
TL;DR: Clearing factor lipase, an enzyme with the ability to clear a lipemic substrate and to cause hydrolysis of triglyceride, is released during a single passage of heparin through the vascular beds of the dog liver, dog hindlimb and human forearm.
Abstract: SummaryClearing factor lipase, an enzyme with the ability to clear a lipemic substrate and to cause hydrolysis of triglyceride, is released during a single passage of heparin through the vascular beds of the dog liver, dog hindlimb and human forearm.
TL;DR: These figures reveal a low blood bicarbonate and carbon dioxide content relative to man and should be regarded as the standard values to be maintained in cats undergoing artificial ventilation in neurophysiological experiments.
Abstract: SummaryThirty-one blood samples from 12 animals were obtained through a catheter implanted in the left common carotid artery. Analyses yielded the following mean values: pH 7.39 ± 0.4; (HCO3-) 15.8 ± 1.8 meq/l; and pCO2 27.2 ± 3.4 mm Hg. These figures reveal a low blood bicarbonate and carbon dioxide content relative to man. They should be regarded as the standard values to be maintained in cats undergoing artificial ventilation in neurophysiological experiments.
TL;DR: Turnover rate of free fatty acids was studied during rest and exercise in 8 normals and 28 diabetics using carboxyl labeled palmitate C-14 and at both higher and lower levels of blood glucose the turnover rate is increased.
Abstract: SummaryTurnover rate of free fatty acids was studied during rest and exercise in 8 normals and 28 diabetics using carboxyl labeled palmitate C-14. Conditions during exercise do not satisfy the criteria for steady state dynamics. During rest the turnover rate of free fatty acids does not differ in normals and diabetics. At both higher and lower levels of blood glucose the turnover rate is increased.
TL;DR: The findings suggest that PHA-cells were derived from normal human lymphocytes and should be differentiated from macrophages.
Abstract: SummarySuspensions of normal human blood cells were incubated at 37°C with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in slide chambers. In 2 to 4 days, the reagent stimulated the formation of large blast-like cells (PHA-cells) which could be readily differentiated from macrophages. PHA-cells developed in purified suspensions of lymphocytes and many intermediate cells were seen between PHA-cells and lymphocytes. PHA-cells did not develop in blood cell suspensions of some patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia nor in suspensions of rat blood cells. The findings suggest that PHA-cells were derived from normal human lymphocytes and should be differentiated from macrophages.
TL;DR: Nicotinic acid at concentrations of 10-3 m and 10-5 m markedly reduced the norepinephrine induced release of glycerol and FFA in isolated adipose tissue.
Abstract: SummaryNicotinic acid at concentrations of 10-3 m and 10-5 m markedly reduced the norepinephrine induced release of glycerol and FFA in isolated adipose tissue. Nicotinamide at equal concentrations had no effect.