Showing papers in "Fire Safety Journal in 2012"

TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a series of data conversion techniques and a real-time processing framework to develop a fire training simulator on the basis of a precise computational fluid dynamics simulation that is capable of calculating various invisible physical quantities such as toxic gases and heat as well as visible factors such as smoke and flame.

TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of different ventilation systems, ventilation velocities, heat release rates, tunnel geometries and fire sources on the maximum excess gas temperature beneath the ceiling in large tunnel fires are analyzed.

TL;DR: In this article, a literature review of the research on the new topic of travelling fires is presented, highlighting the pioneering work in the field to date, and compared to the state of the art.

TL;DR: In this article, a new design methodology using travelling fires was proposed to produce more realistic fire scenarios in large, open-plan compartments than the conventional methods that assume uniform burning.

TL;DR: In this article, the effects of vehicular blockage on tunnel fire behavior and critical ventilation velocity, ucr, in longitudinally ventilated tunnels were investigated and the mechanism of vehicle blockage was discussed.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors highlight the capabilities and limitations of concrete uniaxial constitutive models at elevated temperatures for thermo-mechanical behavior modeling, depending on the implicit or explicit consideration of transient creep strain in the model.

TL;DR: In this article, a mathematical model was presented to simulate the expansion process and global behaviour of intumescent coating applied to a steel plate under different cone calorimeter heating conditions.

TL;DR: In this article, minimum extinguishing concentrations of mixtures of organophosphorus and iodine-containing compounds and inert diluents were measured using the cup-burner and cylinder techniques.

TL;DR: In this paper, the thermal radiation intensity from a series of large outdoor jet fire experiments was estimated by applying the solid flame model in both one-zone and multiple-zone configurations (taking into account the variation of surface emissive power), considering the flame as a cylinder defined by the 800 K isotherm.

TL;DR: In this article, live and dry needles were shown to behave as thermally intermediate solids in a piloted ignition experiment with lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir needles and the thermal behavior of both live and dead needles was explored.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors used finite element models of gypsum plasterboard panels to simulate their thermal behavior under standard fire conditions and compared their results with experimental results. But, the accuracy of the proposed thermal properties and the finite element model was validated by comparing the numerical results with available fire test results of plasterboard panel panels.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a quantitative and viable elevator aided ultra-high rise building evacuation model which simulates both pedestrian movement and elevator transportation, and the proposed Ultra high-rise building Evacuation with Elevators (UEE) model is adopted to explore two main evacuation strategies, i.e., phased evacuation and total evacuation with the aid of elevators.

TL;DR: In this article, a video processing method is used to extract trajectories of pedestrians in the measurement section, and the velocity, density, flow rate and time headway between successive pedestrians entering the bottleneck are calculated, and relations between them are obtained from the trajectories.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the splitting properties of fiber reinforced ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) concrete after exposure to elevated temperatures, and proposed a set of theoretical equations to predict the residual splitting strength of concrete after being heated to temperatures up to 800 °C.

TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental study has been conducted in a 1/3 scale tunnel, using a heptane pool fire up to 4MW, where temperatures, velocities and radiative fluxes have been registered by a set of 200 sensors located upstream and downstream from the fire location, while mass loss rate of fuel has been recorded.

TL;DR: The NIST Dragon as mentioned in this paper is an experimental device that can generate a firebrand shower in a safe and repeatable fashion, and it is installed in the Fire Research Wind Tunnel Facility (FRWTF).

TL;DR: In this paper, an evaluation method for urban post-earthquake fire risk is presented, in which the risk is defined as the probability that the ratio of burned-down buildings or fire fatalities in a district will exceed a threshold within a given time period after an earthquake.

TL;DR: In this paper, the spray patterns of a pendent fire sprinkler were characterized through experimental measurements in the near and far field of the sprinkler by using a laser-based shadow-imaging system to measure the droplet size, velocity and number density in the spray.

TL;DR: In this article, the behavior of steel columns subjected to fire depends on their interaction with the surrounding building structure, and the results showed that increasing the stiffness of the surrounding structure may not lead to a reduction of the column's critical temperature.

TL;DR: The effects of misusing the different methods for calculating travel distance and area are compared using data from an actual building evacuation drill to show that misusing methods can lead to significantly different results for the same data.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the pressure variations induced by a pool fire in a well-confined and force-ventilated enclosure and found practical applications to fire safety in the nuclear industry in which some compartments are often highly confined and ventilated by means of a ventilation network.

TL;DR: In this paper, a 3D geometric network model (GNM) and the Dijkstra algorithm are used to calculate the shortest safe route within a building and minimize the time required to search for potential victims.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present flammability studies related to wildland fires that have been conducted at the University of Edinburgh and at WPI over the last 5 years, and present a consistent set of studies geared towards a better understanding of how wildland and solid fuels ignite and burn in the context of wildland-urban interface fires.

TL;DR: In this article, an analytical study using an integral model for turbulent flame radial lengths under a ceiling is presented, and the model used an empirical relationship for the mixing ratio of air entrained to stoichiometric-air needed for the ceiling jet-flame.

TL;DR: In this article, the effect of pulsing duration (1.0-1.4s ON/0−1.3s OFF), fire size (5−12.5kW), and pre-burn duration (10−30kW) on the suppression of n-heptane pool fires was investigated.

TL;DR: In this paper, the thermal degradation of pure high-density polyethylene (HDPE) has been studied in a cone calorimeter (CC) under well-ventilated conditions with a piloted ignition.

TL;DR: This paper uses egress modelling to explore the impact that crew procedures have on evacuating two high-speed trains under different fire scenarios and shows that there are qualitative and quantitative advantages for evacuating under conditions controlled by the train crew rather than using a self-rescue strategy.

TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of sample width and altitude on the burning characteristics of wood were explored at two different altitudes with varying widths (W) of thin wood sheets.

TL;DR: In this paper, the fire performance of one circular and one square reinforced concrete column strengthened with a fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) wrap and covered with a unique supplemental fire protection system was investigated.

TL;DR: In this article, four wall-tests are presented to illustrate the behavior of clay masonry walls during fire and the experimental results are presented and analyzed with regard to the risk of spalling on the fire-resistance of masonry.