Showing papers in "IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine in 2012"
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that silicon carbide (SiC) power electronics may have higher voltage ratings, lower voltage drops, higher maximum temperatures, and higher thermal conductivities.
Abstract: During recent years, silicon carbide (SiC) power electronics has gone from being a promising future technology to being a potent alternative to state-of-the-art silicon (Si) technology in high-efficiency, highfrequency, and high-temperature applications. The reasons for this are that SiC power electronics may have higher voltage ratings, lower voltage drops, higher maximum temperatures, and higher thermal conductivities. It is now a fact that several manufacturers are capable of developing and processing high-quality transistors at cost that permit introduction of new products in application areas where the benefits of the SiC technology can provide significant system advantages.
334 citations
TL;DR: This article deals with the new trends and challenges of more electrical aircraft, with an emphasis on reversible and hybrid high-voltage dc networks including new storage devices and methodological orientations toward integrated optimal design.
Abstract: Along with the main trends and future challenges of electrical networks embedded in more-electrical aircraft, this article also focuses on optimization efforts in the field of industrial electronics and energy conversion. Optimization can be achieved by the means of expertise or from classical analysis methods, especially those based on simulations. However, novel approaches based on optimization algorithms, so-called integrated design by optimization, are becoming increasingly mature and will become particularly powerful if subsequent efforts are made in terms of modeling for design. In the first part, the current context and new standards of the more-electrical aircraft are summarized. The second part deals with the new trends and challenges of more electrical aircraft, with an emphasis on reversible and hybrid high-voltage dc networks including new storage devices. However, this discussion will mainly focus on systems optimization. Methodological orientations toward integrated optimal design are discussed with representative examples, such as for an environmental conditioning system (ECS).
193 citations
TL;DR: The smart grid is envisioned as providing a communications network for the energy industry, similar to that which the Internet now provides for business and personal communications as mentioned in this paper, which offers new business opportunities for different kind of industries, such as smart-meter vendors, electric utilities, and telecom operators from all around the world.
Abstract: The smart grid (SG) is envisioned as providing a communications network for the energy industry, similar to that which the Internet now provides for business and personal communications The SG offers new business opportunities for different kind of industries, such as smart-meter vendors, electric utilities, and telecom operators from all around the world This article deals with issues related to smart homes (SHs) and smart metering, which are key elements in the new SG It introduces the key players in this field and points out the research challenges Finally, SG pilot projects and field tests from all around the world and the deployment of advance metering infrastructure projects in North America, Asia, and Europe are summarized
174 citations
TL;DR: A survey of wave energy converters can be found in this paper, where the most important criteria that have to be kept in mind when designing a WEC are described and evaluated.
Abstract: The utilization of renewable energy sources is a vital aspect for development of sustainability. Currently, an unexploited energy source is ocean waves. Various types of wave energy converters (WECs) are able to transform the motion of the waves into electricity. During the last 30 years, a wide range of prototypes was presented with different rates of success. The aim of this survey is to give an overview of how WECs are categorized [operation principle and power takeoff (PTO) system] and show what are the most important criteria that have to be kept in mind when designing a WEC. A few important WECs are described and evaluated.
159 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the state of the art on high-precision motion control techniques is surveyed by referring to recent publications, mainly in the transactions and conferences of the IEEEIndustrial Electronics Society (IES), where a 2-degree-of-freedom (DoF) control framework is considered a practical and promising approach to improving motion performance.
Abstract: In this article, the state of the art on high-precision motion control techniques is surveyed by referring to recent publications, mainly in the transactions and conferences of the IEEEIndustrial Electronics Society (IES), where a 2-degree-of-freedom (DoF) control framework is considered a practical and promising approach to improving motion performance. The actual issues and relevant solutions for each component in the 2-DoF control structure are clarified. Next, one of the examples, a 2-DoF controller design for robust vibration suppression positioning, is presented as an application to industrial high-precision positioning devices. Precise modeling and identification for the target mechatronic systems should be indispensable from the standpoint of more accurate model-based feedforward compensation and/or more progressive design of feedback controllers.
150 citations
TL;DR: A review of power electronics-based CET systems is presented in this paper, where various techniques are divided according to the medium used for energy transfer and are presented as acoustics-based, light-based and capacitive-based.
Abstract: The aim of this article is to review of power electronics-based CET systems. Various techniques are divided according to the medium used for energy transfer and are presented as (see Figure 1) acoustics-based CETs, light-based CETs, capacitive-based CETs, and the largest group, inductively coupled CETs. The basic principles and the latest developments in these techniques with a special focus on inductively coupled solutions are systematically described. The advantages and limitations are briefly examined, and the application field where each technique is particularly suited is indicated. Some oscillograms that illustrate properties of these discussed inductive CET techniques are shown.
130 citations
TL;DR: The fractional-order PI controller is a modified version of the PI controller that originated with fractional calculus, known as a generalization for classical calculus, and it is attracting increased interest in control system design uses.
Abstract: Proportional-integral (PI) controllers are the most common form of feedback used in industrial applications today [1][3]. The use of proportional and integral feedback also has a long history of practical applications [4]. For example, in the middle of the 18th century, centrifugal governors as the proportional feedback were applied to regulate the speed of windmills [5]. By the 19th century, it was known that using integral feedback could remove the offsets appearing in working with governors [6]. At present, PI control, still a very basic form of feedback, is also one of the first solutions often considered in the control of industrial systems [7]. On the other hand, in some applications, using the PI controller in its traditional form may not be satisfactory, and a more advanced controller is needed to achieve control objectives. In such cases, modified versions of the PI controller have been proposed to enhance the controller's performance. The fractional-order PI controller is one of these modified versions, and it is attracting increased interest in control system design uses [8], [9]. The idea of using such a controller originated with fractional calculus, known as a generalization for classical calculus [10]. The following section presents a brief review of recent fractional calculus applications in control system design.
82 citations
TL;DR: This book provides an effective guideline for students and professionals on many vital electric drives aspects and is an advanced textbook for final year undergraduate and graduate students, and researchers in power electronics, electric drives and motor control.
Abstract: Description: A comprehensive guide to understanding AC machines with exhaustive simulation models to practice design and control Nearly seventy percent of the electricity generated worldwide is used by electrical motors. Worldwide, huge research efforts are being made to develop commercially viable threeand multi-phase motor drive systems that are economically and technically feasible. Focusing on the most popular AC machines used in industry – induction machine and permanent magnet synchronous machine – this book illustrates advanced control techniques and topologies in practice and recently deployed. Examples are drawn from important techniques including Vector Control, Direct Torque Control, Nonlinear Control, Predictive Control, multi-phase drives and multilevel inverters. Key features include: systematic coverage of the advanced concepts of AC motor drives with and without output filter; discussion on the modelling, analysis and control of threeand multi-phase AC machine drives, including the recently developed multi-phase-phase drive system and double fed induction machine; description of model predictive control applied to power converters and AC drives, illustrated together with their simulation models; end-of-chapter questions, with answers and PowerPoint slides available on the companion website company website This book integrates a diverse range of topics into one useful volume, including most the latest developments. It provides an effective guideline for students and professionals on many vital electric drives aspects. It is an advanced textbook for final year undergraduate and graduate students, and researchers in power electronics, electric drives and motor control. It is also a handy tool for specialists and practicing engineers wanting to develop and verify their own algorithms and techniques.
42 citations
TL;DR: Laser cladding is a deposition process, depicted in Figure 1, which uses a laser beam to melt the surface of a metallic substrate and a substance added in the form of powder flow so that the two materials are fused by metallurgical bonding as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Laser cladding is a deposition process, depicted in Figure 1, which uses a laser beam to melt the surface of a metallic substrate and a substance added in the form of powder flow so that the two materials are fused by metallurgical bonding. Usually, laser cladding consists of a processing head, where the laser beam and powder flow are generated, that moves over the target part. The melted powder particles and a thin layer of the substrate form a clad, whose thickness and penetration depend on the control parameters of the process.
35 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the three-phase current injection rectifier (THIN) was proposed as the most attractive AC-to-DC energy conversion topology required in medium and high power applications.
Abstract: Three-phase current-injection rectifiers have been recently ranked among the most attractive AC-to-DC energy conversion topologies required in medium- and high-power applications Their increasing popularity is mainly due to their structural and control simplicity and their high performance in terms of input power factor, current distortion, energy efficiency, and dc voltage regulation They are actually considered solid competitors of six-switch rectifiers and the three-phase/switch/level (Vienna) topologies in applications where bidirectional power flow is not requested The main benefit of the current-injection rectifier remains in the reduced number of high- frequency power semiconductors [two high- frequency insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) and three fast diodes, compared to six high-frequency IGBTs and six fast diodes for the six-switch rectifier, and three high-frequency IGBTs and 18 fast diodes for the three-phase/switch/level rectifier], making it more efficient and reliable
33 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, two motion control applications presented in this article portray, with the support of real experimental data, some of the benefits of using MEMS gyroscopes and their potential applications.
Abstract: Since their conception in the 1990s, MEMS gyroscopes have gained increasing popularity over traditional mechanical or optical gyroscopes because of their innate features such as low cost, reduced size, and low power requirements. Market acceptance has grown over the years, thanks to the constant efforts spent by manufacturers in improving key features such as performance, reliability, and cost of the single device. Recently, MEMS gyroscopes have begun to be applied in several automotive, industrial, and consumer electronics applications either as replacements of older, bulkier, and more expensive sensors or as essential components in new applications that require compact, inexpensive solutions for the measurement of the angular rate. Typical motion control applications, such as the stabilization of inertial platforms, the active damping of undesired vibrations, or the motion reconstruction, can undoubtedly benefit from the usage of MEMS gyroscopes. The two motion control applications presented in this article portray, with the support of real experimental data, some of these benefits. Hopefully this article has provided sufficient motivations to the interested reader to further explore the potentials of MEMS gyroscopes and to start planning how to successfully apply them in existing or innovative motion control applications.
TL;DR: Thomas Alva Edison as mentioned in this paper detected the current emitted by the hot filament that was received at a plate electrode and registered a patent for this in 1884 (one of the 1,093 patents he registered) so that the leading Welsh engineer William Preece described the phenomenon as the Edison effect in 1885.
Abstract: Vacuum tubes exploit the thermionic emission of electrons, which was first observed in 1880 by Thomas Alva Edison (18471931) and his engineers while testing incandescent light bulbs with carbon filaments. After installing the first commercial power stations and distribution systems, Edison went back and detected the current emitted by the hot filament that was received at a plate electrode. Edison registered a patent for this in 1884 (one of the 1,093 patents he registered) so that the leading Welsh engineer William Preece (18341913) described the phenomenon as the Edison effect in 1885. However, Edison, dubbed the “Wizard of Menlo Park,” neither understood the phenomenon, presuming it to be a current of charged carbon particles, nor pursued its technical and commercial exploitations. If he had recognized that the current in the vacuum between the hot filament and plate was due to negatively charged particles far smaller than atoms, he might have also been known as the father of electronics. Instead, more than 20 years went by before practical developments were made.
TL;DR: The analysis carried out in this paper along with the proposed examples, highlighted that the practical performance figures of industrial communication systems are often worse than those expected, as derived from theoretical/simulative models.
Abstract: The analysis carried out in this article along with the proposed examples, highlighted that the practical(actually measured) performance figures of industrial communication systems are often worse than those expected, as derived from theoretical/simulative models. As could be seen, the causes of such discrepancies are mainly related to the internal behaviors of the employed components as well as to the features of the environments where the networks are deployed.
TL;DR: The theoretical formulations of the dependability and the functional safety of a system in light of the corpuses of dependability theory and functional safety standards were put into practice by focusing on the power inverter feeding the steering motor of an SbW system of a vehicle and the ECU of the hoisting module of a passenger elevator.
Abstract: This article dealt with the topical subjects of the dependability and the functional safety of a system in light of the corpuses of dependability theory and functional safety standards. After some preliminary definitions on the notions of systems and service, the two corpuses were explicated. Concepts developed to give the matter an abstract but useful assessment were illustrated. The way issues treated by the two corpuses integrate with each other when dealing with a safety-critical system was also discussed. In the last section, the theoretical formulations were put into practice by focusing on the power inverter feeding the steering motor of an SbW system of a vehicle and on the ECU of the hoisting module of a passenger elevator.
TL;DR: A new injection force estimation method based on a high-order reaction force observer (HORFO) with Coulomb friction compensation is proposed, which is not significantly influenced by the nonlinear friction phenomenon.
Abstract: Currently, most plastic products are manufactured using injection molding machines, where the product quality largely depends on the injection force. In a typical injection molding machines force control system, force information from the machine environment is obtained by a force sensor. However, these sensors have a few disadvantages in terms of signal noise, sensor cost, and narrow bandwidth, and thus a sensorless force detection method is desirable. The use of a reaction force observer, based on the two-inertia resonant model, has been proposed, but this method suffers from some estimation errors due to the influence of nonlinear characteristics in the holding process and the screw back-pressure process. This article proposes a new injection force estimation method based on a high-order reaction force observer (HORFO) with Coulomb friction compensation, which is not significantly influenced by the nonlinear friction phenomenon. Moreover, this article evaluates the possibility and versatility of a sensorless force control system using the proposed HORFO with Coulomb friction compensation.
TL;DR: This article shows a motion-copying system (MCS) as a spatiotemporal coupler of real-world haptic information, capable of storing and reproducing raw force and position information of human operator.
Abstract: In recent years, communication technologies have grown rapidly and from the communication point of view, real-world haptics is the key technology for future haptic technology. Consequently, this article focuses on the storage and reproduction methods for haptic information in the real world. The bilateral connection of haptic systems with force feedback ability makes telecommunication among remote human operators possible. This article shows a motion-copying system (MCS) as a spatiotemporal coupler of real-world haptic information. As with sound and visual information, an MCS is capable of storing and reproducing raw force and position information of human operator. Once human motion is stored using MCS, it is possible to reproduce it at any time and place. This will be useful for the digital preservation of motions by skilled experts as a haptic database.
TL;DR: In this paper, the design of a current-control loop and the selection of switching logic for three-phase switching converters and ac electrical machines is presented. And a discrete event-type controller is proposed to meet previous specifications, designed as finite state automaton and implemented with an FPGA device.
Abstract: Digital controllers are used for modern power converter control and industrial automation The functionality of the finite-state machine (FSM) provides an ideal platform for building a high-frequency field-programmable gate array (FPGA) controller for power electronics applications This article develops the design of a current-control loop and the selection of switching logic for three-phase switching converters and ac electrical machines The main design specifications are robustness to load and electrical parameters, fast dynamic response, reduced switching frequency, and simple hardware implementation A discrete-event-type controller is proposed to meet previous specifications, designed as finite state automaton and implemented with an FPGA device Furthermore, the actual controller architecture is based on the FPGA Spartan 3E The experimental results are presented using a brushless ac (BLAC) motor as the converter load However, this does not limit the wider applicability of the proposed controller, as it is suitable for different types of ac loads (rectifiers, inverters)
TL;DR: A major advancement was introduced by an American chemist and physicist Irving Langmuir (18811957) of the GE Research Laboratory in 1912, who used his new mercury vapor diffusion pump to obtain high vacuum tubes as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: After they first appeared on the scene in the early 1900s [1], a series of improvements on vacuum tubes occurred in the second decade of the 20th century, leading them to maturity. A major advancement was introduced by an American chemist and physicist Irving Langmuir (18811957) of the GE Research Laboratory in 1912, who used his new mercury vapor diffusion pump to obtain high vacuum tubes. These proved much more durable, reliable, and capable of linear amplification at high frequencies, thus opening the way to their wider application. Langmuir, who obtained his doctorate under Nobel laureate Walther Nernst in Gottingen, Germany, (perfecting in Europe was a common practice among talented American researchers of the time: top scientists Joshia W. Gibbs and Henry A. Rowlands did the same) was the first to explain the theory of the device and developed it into a tube dubbed Pliotron (De Forest, the inventor of Audion, erroneously thought that residual gas was essential for its conduction). After introducing inert-gas filling of incandescent bulbs in 1913, thus greatly lengthening their lifetime and assuring huge incomes for GE, he was let free to follow his research interests in surface chemistry, which ultimately led him to the Nobel Prize in 1932, the first awarded to an industrial chemist.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the development and experimental performance of a 10 kW, all SiC, 250 C junction temperature high-power-density three-phase ac-dc-ac converter is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents the development and experimental performance of a 10 kW, all SiC, 250 C junction temperature high-power-density three-phase ac-dc-ac converter. The electromagnetic interference filter, thermal system, high temperature package, and gate drive design are discussed in detail. Finally, tests confirming the feasibility and validating the theoretical basis of the prototype converter system are described.
TL;DR: A novel ontology-based approach that uses semantic Web paradigm is proposed, and its implementation in real applications is validated.
Abstract: Since the wide adoption of database and Web service technologies in cross-enterprise manufacturing collaboration, leveraging deep Web contents through service discovery has become one of the most advanced trends in the manufacturing field. However, the effective service discovery and knowledge retrieval from manufacturing deep Web services is still a critical issue because of the underlying intricate structures of deep Web pages. This motivates us to seek a different way to manage manufacturing deep Web services by semantically annotating them to reflect their hidden, dynamic, and heterogeneous contents. In this article, a novel ontology-based approach that uses semantic Web paradigm is proposed, and its implementation in real applications is validated.
TL;DR: The possibility of transmitting electrical signals very quickly was conceived soon after English physicist Stephen Gray (~16661736) discovered the difference between insulators and conductors in 1731, the latter being able to transmit electric virtue as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Tracking back the history of electricity, we see that the possibility of transmitting electrical signals very quickly was conceived soon after English physicist Stephen Gray (~16661736) discovered the difference between insulators and conductors in 1731, the latter being able to transmit electric virtue. In fact, Charles-Francois de Cisternay du Fay (16991739), a French aristocrat, retired army officer, and scientist, started experimenting in France shortly after visiting Gray in England. His research drew the attention of Jean- Antoine Nollet (17001770), a French scientist and du Fay's assistant, known as Abbe Nollet because he was educated in religious schools (though he was never ordained). In 1746, he arranged some 200 monks in a circle 1.6 km in circumference, connected them with iron wires, and then discharged Leyden jars (early capacitors) through this circuit. He observed that the monks reacted simultaneously to the electric shock, clearly showing that electricity is transmitted at a very high speed.
TL;DR: In this article, the design of electrical power supplies for miniature, stand-alone electronics systems is described, which is a valuable tool for graduate researchers, practicing engineers, and scientists working in the areas of energy harvesting systems.
Abstract: This book is about the design of electrical power supplies for miniature, stand-alone electronics systems. It is a valuable tool for graduate researchers, practicing engineers, and scientists working in the areas of energy harvesting systems.
TL;DR: This book details a systematic approach to the design of robust SMC and for the much expected fixed switching frequency operation or the pulsewidth modulation approach for dc–dc converters.
Abstract: S liding Mode Control of Switching Power Converters is a reference book for every undergraduate or graduate student, practicing engineer, or control designer willing to understand, study, or implement sliding-mode controllers for dc–dc power converters. Sliding-mode control (SMC) in power electronics [1] is a nonlinear methodology able to integrate the design of power-converter control and drive electronics [2] and for deriving robust power-converter con trollers. Robustness is most wanted as modern power electronics is a fundamental part of critical processes such as renewable energy sources, electrical– network power–flow control [3], and power–quality concerns [4]. The book details a systematic approach to the design of robust SMC and for the much expected fixed switching frequency operation or the pulsewidth modulation approach for dc–dc converters. The text relates theory, mathematical concepts, applications, models, and practical circuit design. This book also addresses the problem of SMC nonzero steady-state error at finite switching frequencies and extends the application of constant frequency SMC to indirect converters and to higher-order dc–dc converters such as the Ćuk converter. Authors Siew-Chong Tan, YukMing Lai, and Chi-Kong Tse are professors with the Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University. They are publishing extensively in the area of SMC control of dc–dc power converters and on the fixed frequency control SMC of dc–dc and ac– dc power converters, among other areas, such as fuel cells, LED driving, chaos, bifurcation and stability analysis in power converters, and their applications. The book presents SMC for dc–dc converters using a top-down approach: SMC design starts with the theoretical concepts, converter modeling, sliding manifold, control law, and stability and finishes with the implementation. Much attention is paid to analog implementation, and several practical issues are considered. The book is divided into 11 chapters. 1) “Introduction to Sliding Mode Control” provides insight into the SMC theory, slidingmotion properties, mathematical formulation, equivalent control, and implementation. 2) “Overview of Power Converters and Their Control” reviews dc–dc converters and their main control methods and performance. 3) “Sliding Mode Control in Power Converters” derives SMC for dc–dc converters and their operation at a fixed frequency, giving design guidelines and practical issues in analog implementation. 4) “Hysteresis Modulation-Based Sliding Mode Controllers” gives a theoretical derivation and the standard design procedure and shows experimental results. 5) “HysteresisModulation-Based Sliding Mode Controllers with Adaptive Control” explores the method to obtain fixed-frequency sliding mode operation using adaptive control concepts. 6) “General Approach of Deriving Fixed-Frequency PWM-Based Sliding Mode Controller for Power Converters in Continuous Conduction Mode” presents the proposed approach and shows simulation results. 7) “General Approach of Deriving PWM-Based Sliding Mode Controller for Power Converters in Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM)” details the SMC DCM approach, shows simulation results, and applies SMC DCM to hybrid dual-operating-mode controllers. sliding-mode control and control of Electric machine drive systems
TL;DR: The improved cavity-type magnetron was developed by John Randall (1905-1984) and Henry Boot (1917-1983) at the University of Birmingham, United Kingdom as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Wartime efforts aimed at developing superior technologies provided a major boost to vacuum tube development during and after World War II (WWII). The demand for tubes capable of generating microwaves for radar led to the development of the improved cavity-type magnetron in 1940 by John Randall (1905-1984) and Henry Boot (1917-1983) at the University of Birmingham, United Kingdom. This device was instrumental in ensuring the Allied Forces strategic superiority [1], [2]. After the war, such radar systems allowed far safer air and sea transportation and opened the way to new fields of scientific research.
TL;DR: The general principles and current research into Model Predictive Control (MPC) are described, the most up-todate control method for power converters and drives, and the application of predictive control in motor drives are discussed.
Abstract: Description: Describes the general principles and current research into Model Predictive Control (MPC); the most up-todate control method for power converters and drives The book starts with an introduction to the subject before the first chapter on classical control methods for power converters and drives. This covers classical converter control methods and classical electrical drives control methods. The next chapter on Model predictive control first looks at predictive control methods for power converters and drives and presents the basic principles of MPC. It then looks at MPC for power electronics and drives. The third chapter is on predictive control applied to power converters. It discusses: control of a three-phase inverter; control of a neutral point clamped inverter; control of an active front end rectifier, and; control of a matrix converter. In the middle of the book there is Chapter four Predictive control applied to motor drives. This section analyses predictive torque control of industrial machines and predictive control of permanent magnet synchronous motors. Design and implementation issues of model predictive control is the subject of the final chapter. The following topics are described in detail: cost function selection; weighting factors design; delay compensation; effect of model errors, and prediction of future references. While there are hundreds of books teaching control of electrical energy using pulse width modulation, this will be the very first book published in this new topic. Unique in presenting a completely new theoretic solution to control electric power in a simple way Discusses the application of predictive control in motor drives, with several examples and case studies Matlab is included on a complementary website so the reader can run their own simulations
TL;DR: This book is an indispensable addition to the professional library of anyone who wishes to gain a thorough understanding of the real-time systems from the operating systems perspective and to stay up to date with the recent trends and actual developments of the open-source real- time operating systems.
Abstract: This book is an indispensable addition to the professional library of anyone who wishes to gain a thorough understanding of the real-time systems from the operating systems perspective and to stay up to date with the recent trends and actual developments of the open-source real-time operating systems.