Showing papers in "International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology in 2012"
TL;DR: In this paper, the adaptive network based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is used for forecasting demand in the clothing industry and the results of the proposed study showed that an ANFIS-based demand forecasting system can help clothing manufacturers to forecast demand more accurately, effectively and simply.
Abstract: Purpose – Demand forecasting in the clothing industry is very complex due to the existence of a wide range of product references and the lack of historical sales data. To the authors' knowledge, there is an inadequate number of literature studies to forecast the demand with the adaptive network based fuzzy inference system for the clothing industry. The purpose of this paper is to construct a decision support system for demand forecasting in the clothing industry.Design/methodology/approach – The adaptive‐network‐based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is used for forecasting demand in the clothing industry.Findings – The results of the proposed study showed that an ANFIS‐based demand forecasting system can help clothing manufacturers to forecast demand more accurately, effectively and simply.Originality/value – In this study, the demand is forecast in terms of clothing manufacturers by using ANFIS. ANFIS is a new technique for demand forecasting, it combines the learning capability of the neural networks an...
32 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new recognition algorithm on quadratic local extremum for fabric density recognition was proposed, which can detect fabric density simply and successfully with less calculation and no image preprocessing.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a new recognition algorithm on quadratic local extremum for fabric density recognition.Design/methodology/approach – The density wave is established to correctly detect density by searching local extremes. The gray wave of each line in fabric image is extracted first. The derivation of gray wave is calculated, extreme waves including all true extreme values and false extreme values are obtained. And then the second derivative of extreme waves are calculated and the result makes local correction. The density wave, which can represent position and quantity of yarn and interstice, is established. According to the resolution and size parameters of image, the function of density with density wave statistics is given.Findings – The experiment and analysis proved that the method proposed can detect fabric density simply and successfully with less calculation and no image preprocessing.Research limitations/implications – The algorithm provides practical guidelines...
15 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the fuzzy multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) to select the best fashion trend alternative, which is based on the developed personal pleasure fashion design model (PPFDM).
Abstract: Purpose – Based on the developed personal pleasure fashion design model (PPFDM), the authors have developed six fashion trend alternatives. The purpose of this paper is to use the fuzzy multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) to select the best fashion trend alternative.Design/methodology/approach – To rationalize uncertainty associated with fuzzy, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (fuzzy AHP) is proposed in this work to calculate the weight for the criteria. The synthetic evaluation is used to calculate the score for each criterion from the best non‐fuzzy performance (BNP) values and the weight of the criterion. The scores for each criterion are summed up to rank the importance of the alternatives.Findings – The results show that the preferred trend of the alternatives is in the order of Romantic hippy, followed by Greek goddess, then Black knight, Urban punk, Country yappy, and Sporty academy. The multiple dimension scale (MDS) is used to visualize the preferred fashion trend alternatives; it reveal...
11 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a suit sizing system based on up-dated data, using data mining techniques, was developed to improve the final quality and reduce the waste of fabric. But, the results showed that, when principal component analysis reduces the ten sizing variables to two main components, the final fitness for the resulted sizing chart is the best.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a new suit sizing system based on up‐dated data, using data mining techniques, to improve the final quality and reduce the waste of fabric. This paper aims to investigate the effect of data reduction on the final fitness of the sizing chart.Design/methodology/approach – Principal component analysis is applied to reduce the sizing variables, non‐hierarchical clustering approach is used to segment the heterogeneous population to more homogeneous one, and the aggregate loss of fitness is used to evaluate the resulted sizing chart.Findings – The results show that, when principal component analysis reduces the ten sizing variables to two main components, the final fitness for the resulted sizing chart is the best. These two main components are height and circumference. The hierarchical clustering approach could effectively group all body type to seven clusters. The resulted sizing chart could be used as a reference for suit manufacturers.Practical implications ...
11 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a linear three dimensional finite element analysis in ABAQUS 6.8 is used to model pucker formation under sewing thread tension, and the simulation results are compared with the experimental pucker profiles, which are derived by a triangulate laser, in the term of a surface roughness index.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to model tension seam pucker by finite‐element method.Design/methodology/approach – A linear three dimensional finite‐element analysis in ABAQUS 6.8 is used to model pucker formation under sewing thread tension. Fabric is modeled as a continuous shell under a constant stitch length and sewing thread tensions is the applied force. Simulation's results are compared with the experimental pucker profiles, which are derived by a triangulate laser, in the term of a surface roughness index.Findings – A consistent correlation between simulation and experimental results is observed which reveals the ability of the model to predict the seam pucker formation of fabrics.Originality/value – This study modeled tension seam pucker based on fabric's mechanical properties and exerted forces by finite‐element method. According to this study, it is possible to predict fabric deformation after tension pucker occurrence.
9 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Chitosan (CS) based silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were formed in CS solutions as the antibacterial agent and reducing agent was sodium borohyride.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to fabricate colorless cotton fabrics with good antibacterial activity and durability.Design/methodology/approach – Chitosan (CS) based silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were formed in CS solutions as the antibacterial agent. The reducing agent was sodium borohyride. The concentrations of the CS solutions ranged from 0.1 to 1 percent (w/v). Cotton fabrics were impregnated by these CS/AgNPs solutions.Findings – All of these fabrics exhibited superior antibacterial activities. The antibacterial activity still showed great efficiency even after 81 home launderings. Moreover, the results of color change and whiteness indicated that the cotton fabrics treated by CS/AgNPs complex with higher CS concentration had less color change compared with other samples.Practical implications – Fabrics treated by this method could reduce the brown color brought by AgNPs. The paper also suggests that cotton fabrics treated by AgNPs formed in a relatively higher CS concentration not only had ...
9 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a closed-loop controller that controls the maximum vertical displacement of a lock-stitch machine was presented and compared to existing solutions that adjust force depending on sewing speed.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop and test control methods for real‐time automatic presser‐foot force control in industrial sewing machines. In this work, a closed‐loop controller that controls presser‐foot maximum vertical displacement is presented and compared to existing solutions that adjust force depending on sewing speed. Automatic force control can reduce problems such as stitch irregularity, stitch distortions and material damage, besides making material handling easier.Design/methodology/approach – An electromagnetic force actuator was integrated in an industrial lockstitch machine. A computer‐based control system was designed implementing either speed‐variable force control, closed‐loop control, or emulating a traditional constant‐force system. Maximum presser‐foot displacement values were measured and analysed in relevant sewing situations, and seam quality was assessed.Findings – Constant‐force control does not allow optimal force setting at all speeds. Speed‐variable force con...
9 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new approach to weaving seamless three-dimensional shapes is reported, where reeds with shaped reed wires are developed to change spacing of warp threads, which offers advantages over weaving shape in erect form.
Abstract: Purpose – Development of a technique for weaving seamless three‐dimensional shapes directly on loom is an essential step in producing seamless woven garments. The purpose of this paper is to report a new approach to weaving seamless three‐dimensional shapes.Design/methodology/approach – Spacing of warp and weft threads varies in shape region. Reeds with shaped reed wires are developed to change spacing of warp threads. Interlacement pattern of warp and weft threads is selected that assists in changing spacing of threads. The new approach of weaving three‐dimensional shapes in folded form is developed, that offers advantages over weaving shape in erect form.Findings – The main findings were mathematical determination of shapes of reed wires to produce a three‐dimensional woven shape and weaving shape in folded form.Originality/value – The paper demonstrates how three‐dimensional shapes are woven in folded form without the need of eliminating ends.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a multi-option garment data structure is proposed to facilitate the digital garment production process using a multilayer data structure, which combines fashion features, size grades, fabric physical properties, and surface texture maps.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to facilitate the digital garment production process using a multi‐option garment data structure.Design/methodology/approach – Numerous garments can be generated out of a single garment datum by combining various fashion features, size grades, fabric physical properties, and surface texture maps.Findings – It is found that various digital garments which are required, for example, by online fashion businesses can be prepared in a relatively simple way.Research limitations/implications – The size of each pattern on a garment can be changed by grading process and therefore a full‐texture mapping technique cannot be applied.Practical implications – This method can greatly reduce the time required to prepare the digital garments, for either online or offline fashion businesses.Originality/value – The generation of various digital garments by combining multiple fashion features and physical properties is one of the most important features needed for the practical applicati...
7 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an auto-generative method of developing FFT image and image pattern for textile based on FFT theory is proposed. But the results showed that the results can also be used as elements for textile image design such as clothing.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to research an auto generation method of developing FFT image and image pattern for textile based on FFT theory.Design/methodology/approach – In the research, a program was developed to generate FFT images using the FFT algorithm. The process of auto generation FFT image can be divided into the following steps: initializing the size of image, painting source image, giving the color pattern, transforming FFT image by FFT, designing mask template, and image pattern combining by point diagram. These image patterns can be used to apply on the textile.Findings – The results showed that the FFT images can be used for textile designer directly. The FFT images can also be used as elements for textile image design such as clothing. The auto generation FFT images by FFT reflect different modern sense of beauty from traditional geometric images.Research limitations/implications – There are many parameters that affect the art effect of FFT image generating by FFT algorithm. Howe...
7 citations
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors examined the uplifting effect of a prototype brassiere that the author developed in Shanghai, China, for Chinese adult females in their early twenties, which can produce cleavage and elevate breasts.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the uplifting effect of a prototype brassiere that the author developed in Shanghai, China, for Chinese adult females in their early twenties.Design/methodology/approach – The prototype brassiere was designed according to the four breast shapes of Chinese adult females. In total, 40 breast‐related measurement items were used to quantify the body sizes of 20 subjects, who were measured both with and without the brassieres.Findings – The results of the comparison showed significant differences in breast position, the degree of sagging, the distance between the breasts, and the bottom area of the breasts between the two contexts. This study confirms the uplifting effect of the prototype brassiere, which can produce cleavage and elevate breasts.Originality/value – The findings are based on an experimental method that quantifies the uplifting effect of the prototype brassiere using body measurement data obtained from local women in Shanghai, China. They provide...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a method for automatically computing the similarity between two apparels and giving an effective recommendation, based on a tabular layout of article characteristics the authors built a clothing information model to describe clothing.
Abstract: Purpose – To enhance the pleasure experience of clothes shopping online, finding satisfactory clothing and similar clothing recommendations to customers should be available and accurate. The purpose of this paper is to present a method for automatically computing the similarity between two apparels and giving an effective recommendation.Design/methodology/approach – Based on a tabular layout of article characteristics the authors built a clothing information model to describe clothing. The clothing attributes are classified according to excavating features of the model. After the proposal of the computation algorithm for various attributes, an efficient similarity computation method is developed to obtain similar clothes with the given cloth. To prevent error and information omission during the computation, the analytic hierarchy process method and entropy method are adopted by the integrated weights as a control.Findings – Clothing is a non‐rigid product which has a lot of crossover and complicated attri...
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of softener treatment on plain jersey fabrics with properties made of cotton and spandex yarn was studied on a circular knitting machine with five different levels of spanderex extension.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this research is to study the effect of softener treatment on plain jersey fabrics with properties made of cotton and spandex yarn.Design/methodology/approach – Samples with 100 percent cotton yarns, spandex yarns in alternating courses (half plating) and spandex yarns in every courses (full plating) were produced on a circular knitting machine where the two latter cases were produced at five different levels of spandex extension. After the dyeing process, fabrics were treated with fabric softener using two softener types (cationic and silicon) and all type two concentrations (3 percent, 6 percent) to evaluate the most appropriate softener type and concentration on fabric friction force, sewing needle penetration force and weight loss percent under different levels of spandex extension.Findings – Results showed that silicon softener treatment results in high decreases in fabric sewing needle penetrating force, friction force and while treatment with cationic softener results in hi...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the simulation of garments with various combinations of shape and size using a parametric pattern design method using a text-based script language and assemble them on a deformable virtual body model to evaluate the appearance and fit of the resulting garment.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the simulation of garments with various combinations of shape and size using a parametric pattern design method.Design/methodology/approach – The approach of this study is to design garment patterns using a text‐based script language and assemble them on a deformable virtual body model to evaluate the appearance and fit of the resulting garment to facilitate the garment design process.Findings – In this study, various garment patterns are designed parametrically by an expandable script language and simulated directly on a deformable body model.Research limitations/implications – The size and shape of parametrically generated garment patterns are all different for each garment and therefore a full‐texture mapping technique cannot be applied.Practical implications – This method may reduce the time required to evaluate the appearance and fit of bespoke garments by replacing the trial‐and‐error based traditional procedures.Originality/value – The integration o...
TL;DR: In this paper, a new biological catalyst, microbial transglutaminase (mTGase), was used to catalyze the grafting of e−poly-L-lysine (e•PLL) onto the wool fabric.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to derive a new method for the hydrophilic finishing of wool fabric.Design/methodology/approach – A new biological catalyst, microbial transglutaminase (mTGase), was used to catalyze the grafting of e‐poly‐L‐lysine (e‐PLL) onto the wool fabric.Findings – The K/S value, SEM morphology and DSC analysis proved that the grafting reaction occurred. The hydrophilic properties of the e‐PLL‐grafted wool fabrics were studied. The results showed that the grafted e‐PLL could increase the hydrophilicity, which was demonstrated in terms of the obvious shortening in the wetting time and the process of water absorption and moisture absorption. The grafted wool also achieved better antistatic property.Research limitations/implications – Future work could be focused on the application of this biological method on other protein fabric which was designed to change the performance.Originality/value – The biological approach is safe, eco‐friendly and effective relative to the conventiona...
TL;DR: In this article, the inner leg seam was restrained to the aligned outer seam of the trouser leg at a single point just below the crotch to improve the appearance of trouser creases.
Abstract: Purpose – The appearance retention of trouser creases, subject to tumble drying, for some trousers can be improved by the simple process of restraining the inner leg seam to the aligned outer seam of the trouser leg at a single point just below the crotch. The purpose of this paper is to assess the effectiveness of this approach on crease retention during laundering for a variety of commercially available trousers of different fibre compositions and blends.Design/methodology/approach – Trousers made from various fibres and blends were purchased at retail and were washed and tumble dried as received, or after treatment (e.g. to provide shrink resistance for wool trousers or to improve the level of permanent set in the crease), with one leg restrained while the other was free and the impact on crease retention assessed.Findings – The findings indicate that the use of a restraint device provides the largest improvement to the crease appearance for trousers constructed from wool or wool blends with polyester....
TL;DR: A processing system for 3D dress geometry modelling and texture mapping and a method for judging bad pairwise registration is proposed based on the computation of two views' overlapping percentage.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe a processing system for 3D dress geometry modelling and texture mapping.Design/methodology/approach – Since the range image and its corresponding texture from one direction could be acquired by areal 3D scanner simultaneously, the texture can be integrated into the range image exactly. In the geometry modelling stage, the graph‐based algorithm is used for multi‐view registration. In order to enhance its robustness, a method for judging bad pairwise registration is proposed based on the computation of two views' overlapping percentage. In order to enrich its completeness, combined the graph analysis with the metaview method is used to deal with the measurement data for local details. In the texture mapping stage, based on grid search structure, the method of solving the Poisson equation for the colour field that best fits the colour gradients can produce a seamlessly textured surface quickly.Findings – Results show that the processing system can provide a ...
TL;DR: A 3D garment model obtained from range data scanning is reconstructed as a mass‐spring system driven by the first order backward Euler integrator to reuse a given geometrical garment model in the cyberspace.
Abstract: Purpose – Reusability of geometric model is of essential importance in garment simulation since in reality, the same garment dressed on different human bodies will exhibit different draping results. Due to the multiplicity of a garment which can be dressed on various human bodies, it is necessary to reuse a given geometrical garment model in the cyberspace, the purpose of this paper is to explore this. This requires the technique of converting a geometrical model to a physically‐based model to predict the dressing result.Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, a 3D garment model obtained from range data scanning is reconstructed as a mass‐spring system driven by the first order backward Euler integrator. The penetration of dressing onto the given avatars is compensated through an AABB accelerated collision detection and response scheme.Findings – This paper implements efficient techniques resolving intersection for cloth simulation. Two stages are selected for handling the collision. The first stage ...
TL;DR: In this article, a 3D geometric model of a complex woven structure consisting of an additional pile warp system by means of non-specialized CAD software is developed, which can be used for strength deformation simulation and analysis.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this study is to develop a 3D geometric model of terry fabric, taking into consideration structural and geometrical characteristics of the fabric and of the yarns: weave, yarn counts, distances between yarns, weavings‐in, etc.Design/methodology/approach – The structural and geometrical parameters of the fabric and of the yarns are obtained from the pattern by measuring, calculations and through geometric drawings. The model is worked out by means of SolidWorks and is directly compatible for processing using ANSYS. The proposed construction is checked for admission and for matching with the original structure.Findings – A 3D computational model, which can be used for strength‐deformation simulation and analysis of terry fabrics, has been developed.Originality/value – The study developed a 3D geometric model of a complex woven structure consisting of an additional pile warp system by means of non‐specialized CAD software. It can be used for strength‐deformation simulation and analysis.
TL;DR: Assessment of a method to determine the structure inside the breast using vertical MRI systems under bare breasts condition and under wearing a brassiere condition and 3D images from the MRI images obtained determined the internal structure of the breast.
Abstract: Purpose – The breast is composed of two main types of soft tissues: glandular tissue and adipose tissue Wearing a brassiere makes them deform easily In order to design comfortable brassieres by which the body shape is adjusted, it is important to clarify the relationship between the breast deformation and the internal structure of the breast The purpose of this paper is to assess a method to determine the structure inside the breast Breast shape comparison was performed to assess the relationship between the external deformation caused by wearing a brassiere and the internal structure of the breastDesign/methodology/approach – The subjects were five adult females The breast MRI imaging in the sitting position was carried out using the vertical MRI systems under bare breasts condition and under wearing a brassiere condition By creating 3D images from the MRI images obtained, the internal structure of the breast was determined The 3D images under the wearing brassiere conditions were superimposed on
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors collected, analyzed, critique, rearrange, and present the scattered information scientifically to form a base for product development for viral protection for medical personnel against pathogenic viruses.
Abstract: Purpose – Protection of medical personnel against pathogenic viruses is a challenging task for the world scientific community. The purpose of this paper is to collect, analyze, critique, rearrange and present the scattered information scientifically to form a base for product development for viral protection.Design/methodology/approach – A huge range of recently available information has been collected, studied and arranged judiciously.Findings – After an exhaustive study of this topic, it is possible to present all information in a manner that will be helpful to start product development activity on both sides of the Atlantic. Initially, various coated textiles with zero breathability were used to cover doctors, nurses and staff but thereafter microporous coatings replaced the poreless surface coatings. However, the pore size distribution in microporous films and coatings could not be controlled precisely and manufacturers could not claim the surface offered foolproof protection against viruses. Monolith...
TL;DR: In this paper, a guiding mechanism of a cloth for an automatic sewing system is proposed, which consists of a solenoid for holding a cloth and a roller to prevent deformation of the cloth.
Abstract: Purpose – In the trend from mass production to mass customization, more flexible production systems are required. In the clothing field, many studies about automatization of sewing processes have been done into producing small amounts of various kinds of products. The purpose of this paper is to propose a versatile guiding mechanism of a cloth for an automatic sewing system.Design/methodology/approach – Real sewing processes were referenced for the mechanism, and curved stitch is formed holding a point on a cloth. This mechanism consists of a solenoid for holding a cloth and a roller to prevent deformation of the cloth. When a cloth is sewn with the mechanism, the trajectory of the stitch is unstable because of anisotropy of a cloth. A precise trajectory was obtained by adding a device to control the pressure of the roller for holding a cloth and keeping a tension properly applied to a cloth.Findings – It was found out that shearing property is the most related to the stability of sewing trajectory. If th...
TL;DR: In this paper, the hand of five types of different biodegradable fabrics was evaluated using a method based on the principle of specimen biaxial punching deformation when a disc-shaped specimen is extracted through a round nozzle.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this research is to perform instrumental comparison of hand parameters of knitted fabrics produced from different biodegradable fibres and to analyze peculiarities of hand parameters' extent influenced by fabric structure and chemical softening.Design/methodology/approach – The hand of five types of different biodegradable fabrics was evaluated. Experiments were performed using a method based on the principle of specimen biaxial punching deformation when a disc‐shaped specimen is extracted through a round nozzle. The Influence of fabric weave (terry and plain jersey) and finishing (padding with the silicone softener “Belfasin SI”) on the fabric hand was investigated.Findings – Investigations have shown that weave type and finishing significantly influenced fabric hand properties. It was also stated that even tenuous differences between fabric parameters could be obtained by one numeral value of complex hand rate Q.Practical implications – Experiments have shown that KTU–Griff–Test...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe an apparatus for testing acoustic insulating, air permeating and water vapor transfer properties of fibrous assemblies with density variation, which provides a new perspective to study the physical property of fiber assemblies.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe a new apparatus for testing acoustic insulating, air permeating and water vapor transfer properties of fibrous assemblies with density variation.Design/methodology/approach – An apparatus is designed and built in order to investigate the acoustic insulating, air permeating and water vapor transfer properties of fiber assemblies with density variation. The apparatus mainly consists of three chambers, just like the structure of a syringe. The three properties can be measured by placing different sensors at the corresponding chambers. The material density variation can be realized by compression.Findings – The new apparatus can realize the measurement of the three properties with density variation, which provides a new perspective to study the physical property of fibrous assemblies.Originality/value – The paper introduces a new apparatus for testing acoustic insulating, air permeating and water vapor transfer properties of fibrous assemblies with density va...
TL;DR: In this paper, the homogenization method was implemented for the generation of a continuum equivalent model for the plain woven structure and the constitutive equations of the continuum model were formed considering equivalent performance with the discrete model.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on the development of a thorough method for the macromechanical analysis of fabrics.Design/methodology/approach – The homogenization method was implemented for the generation of continuum equivalent model for the plain woven structure. Keystone of the method is the mesomechanical analysis of the textile unit cell for the evaluation of the apparent properties and the generation of an equivalent macromechanical model supporting the mechanical performance of the structure. The finite element method (FEM) using beam elements was applied for the mechanical analysis of the discrete model of the unit cell and the FEM using shell elements was applied for the analysis of the continuum macromechanical model.Findings – The tensile, shear and bending test of the unit cell were simulated. The constitutive equations of the continuum model were formed considering equivalent performance with the discrete model.Originality/value – The reliability of the equivalent model in t...
TL;DR: A 3D reusable garment model with modified loop subdivision and modified butterfly subdivision scheme is adopted for the optimization of determining which is more suitable for the reusable model.
Abstract: Purpose – In order to obtain visually appealing simulation results with smooth cloth surfaces, high resolution meshes are required. Since cloth simulation with high resolution meshes is very time consuming, subdivision of a reusable model is preferred. The purpose of this paper is to adopt an approach for the subdivision of a reusable model, using different subdivision methods.Design/methodology/approach – In order to obtain visually pleasing reusable garment model, the authors subdivide the model after the conversion to reusable garment model. Two meshes are employed, of which the coarse mesh is used to convert to deformable model while the subdivided mesh, i.e. the refined mesh, is for pleasing modeling results. The modified loop subdivision and modified butterfly subdivision scheme is adopted for the optimization of determining which is more suitable for the reusable model. The authors adopt an algorithm for resolving the collisions happened after the subdivision.Findings – A 3D reusable garment model ...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors would like to acknowledge IonMed Ltd because of the radiation dose they applied to textiles, and the personnel in the Microscopy Service of the University are also gratefully acknowledged.
Abstract: The authors would like to acknowledge IonMed Ltd because of the radiation dose they applied to textiles. Financial support from the Valencian Regional Government "I + D Generalitat Valenciana" ref: GV/2007/121, and the personnel in the Microscopy Service of the University are also gratefully acknowledged.