Showing papers in "Journal of Geography in 2000"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present case studies of ways in which the experiential learning theory can be applied in university geography, and demonstrate how it can be used in the field of geography.
Abstract: Kolb's experiential learning theory is one of the best known educational theories in higher education. The theory presents a way of structuring a session or a whole course using a learning cycle. The different stages of the cycle are associated with distinct learning styles. Individuals differ in their preferred learning styles, and recognizing this is the first stage in raising students' awareness of the alternative approaches possible. This article presents some case studies of ways in which the theory can be applied in university geography.
448 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that geographers should return to their social justice roots by adopting constructivist pedagogical methods of Paulo Freire, and they conclude that geography's pursuit of academic and scientific legitimacy prompted it to spurn value-laden methods.
Abstract: American students are encouraged to become globally competitive. I argue that in a world plagued by social inequality and environmental mismanagement, students should become globally cooperative. But this position is not new. Nineteenth century geographers such as Peter Kropotkin argued that geographic education should promote cooperation and tolerance of others. This article explores why geographers cast aside this progressive vision for geographic education. It hypothesizes that geography's pursuit of academic and scientific legitimacy prompted it to spurn “value-laden” methods. The article concludes by suggesting that geographers return to their social justice roots by adopting constructivist pedagogical methods of Paulo Freire.
50 citations
TL;DR: The authors analyzes this assertion cross-culturally and, using field data from both North America and the global South as illustration, engages with a long-standing set of debates concerning the relationship between agency, structure, knowledge, and power and the ways in which these relationships have been opera-tionalized and conceptualized.
Abstract: The end of the twentieth century was characterized by a surge of interest in the impact of gender on environmental politics. Many people assert that women have a special relationship with the environment, leading to a link being assumed between women and environmental issuses in development planning. This article analyzes this assertion cross-culturally and, using field data from both North America and the global South as illustration, engages with a long-standing set of debates concerning the relationship between agency, structure, knowledge, and power and the ways in which these relationships have been opera-tionalized and conceptualized.
49 citations
TL;DR: For example, the authors investigated whether differences in gender influence performance on a standardized test of geography knowledge and found that the correlation between gender traits and geographic learning resulted in somewhat unexpected results, as well as a set of complex questions for further research on learning styles in geographic education.
Abstract: Much has been written about sex differences in learning, but less attention has been paid to the impacts of gender—which is socially constructed—on learning geography. This article investigates whether differences in gender influence performance on a standardized test of geography knowledge. Undergraduate students in two large clases completed a standardized inventory of gender differences and then completed a standardized test of geography knowledge. The results of our analysis of the correlation between gender traits and geographic learning resulted in somewhat unexpected results, as well as a set of complex questions for further research on learning styles in geographic education.
24 citations
TL;DR: The transformative potential of mapping is illustrated with health-promoter workshops for Latino migrant farmworkers in Benson, North Carolina, that took place in 1998 and 1999.
Abstract: Mapping is a simple activity that can be effectively linked to popular education of non-students. Mapping exercises have the potential to contribute to profound shifts in thought because the activity simultaneously draws on and challenges deep-seated experiential knowledge. The transformative potential of mapping is illustrated with health-promoter workshops for Latino migrant farmworkers in Benson, North Carolina, that took place in 1998 and 1999. The workshops are part of a larger project designed to reduce pesticide exposure by using community participatory research to develop and disseminate culturally appropriate teaching materials among Latino workers.
21 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the benefits of field-based instruction, particularly as it complements traditional classroom learning, are discussed and recommended for instructors interested in organizing or improving a field course at their learning institution.
Abstract: This article reviews the benefits of field-based instruction, particularly as it complements traditional classroom learning. It suggests that direct observation and hands-on learning associated with field-based instruction raise students' interest level and improve their understanding and long-term retention of targeted concepts. In addition, planning, implementation, and evaluation strategies are provided and recommendations are outlined for instructors interested in organizing or improving a field course at their learning institution. The park management field course offered between spring and summer semesters at Oklahoma State University provides an example of the major components of a successful field course.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the benefits of incorporating the Web into undergraduate geography courses and benefits it may confer on higher education are discussed, highlighting potential uses of the Web and discusses claims that Web-based education may lead to a paradigm shift in higher education.
Abstract: The World Wide Web is being increasingly utilized in geographic education. Conceptualizations of how the Web should be used in education tend to vary, reflecting a number of different goals. This article discusses the benefits of incorporating the Web into undergraduate geography courses and benefits it may confer on higher education. It highlights potential uses of the Web and discusses claims that Web-based education may lead to a paradigm shift in higher education. A number of questions about the efficacy of Web-based teaching, the desirability of an educational paradigm shift, its cost-effectiveness, and the role of corporations in sponsoring Web-based education are considered. Future prospects for Web-based geographic education are discussed.
20 citations
TL;DR: A three-dimensional seismic survey was carried out at the western Nankai Trough accretionary wedge from June 18 to August 18, 1999 as mentioned in this paper, where the main objective was to image the thrust and identify the boundary between aseismic and seismic zones for a large inter-plate earthquake.
Abstract: A three-dimensional seismic survey was carried out at the western Nankai Trough accretionary wedge from June 18 to August 18, 1999. This experiment was Japan-U.S. collaborative investigation on seismogenic zones. The cruise imaged an 8 X 80 km area with 81, 80km-long, high quality, seismic reflection lines, all of which have nearly continuous coverage.The main objective of our experiment was to image the plate boundary fault at which major earthquakes and tsunamis are generated. Our primary goal is to image the thrust and identify the boundary between aseismic and seismic zones for a large inter-plate earthquake.On-board two-dimensional data processing has been carried out. This gives us a significantly clear image of the inner structure of the accretionary wedge at our survey area. One impressive image of the profile shows the large thrust slice zone that is classified by our interpretation. A number of out-of-sequence thrusts have developed and are concentrated in the area where the water depth is approximately 4, 000 to 3, 000m. A decollement plane touches the oceanic plate (layer II) down at there in first. We identified that the boundary between the stable sliding zone (ocean-ward) and the unstable stick slip zone (landward) is located there. We propose that the boundary is the up-dip limit of the seismogenic zone. Further data processing is ongoing. A true three-dimensional structure will reveal much more details and a clear image of seismogenic zone at the Nankai subduction margin.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate that students found journal assignments helpful in understanding human geographic concepts, regardless of their sex, level of education, or previous coursework in geography, and found that they liked journal assignments that gave students opportunities to personalize and understand concepts.
Abstract: To effectively use journals and other writing for learning tasks as critical thinking and learning tools, geographic educators need to draw from the education literature on concept learning. Using the literature on concept learning and critical thinking, geographic educators can construct different kinds of journal assignments that give students opportunities to personalize and understand concepts. I demonstrate that students, regardless of their sex, level of education, or previous coursework in geography, found journal assignments helpful in understanding human geographic concepts.
16 citations
TL;DR: The authors discusses the contents and significance of the industrialization and economic development section of the Advanced Placement human geography course and describes how the course outline breaks into four sections the concern of economic geographers with the analysis of the spatial character of economic activity.
Abstract: This article discusses the contents and significance of the industrialization and economic development section of the Advanced Placement human geography course. It also describes how the course outline breaks into four sections the concern of economic geographers with the analysis of the spatial character of economic activity. In summarizing the content of these sections attention is given to links with other course modules and to the use of effective pedagogies for articulating key concepts.
15 citations
TL;DR: Significantly more women than men are registered voters in the United States, and a higher proportion of women voters actually cast ballots on election day as discussed by the authors. Yet the 106th Congress (1999-20...
Abstract: Significantly more women than men are registered voters in the United States, and a higher proportion of women voters actually cast ballots on election day. Yet the 106th Congress (1999-20...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors classify practitioners of Internet-based teaching in college geography and relate adoption patterns to faculty members' research specialty, place of employment, teaching experience, and academic rank.
Abstract: Innovation diffusion research has shown that users of innovations have identifiable characteristics that can be used to differentiate them from nonusers. This research classifies practitioners of Internet-based teaching in college geography and relates adoption patterns to faculty members' research specialty, place of employment, teaching experience, and academic rank. All variables except academic rank were related to faculty members' adoption of and approach to Internet-based teaching. The results of the study provide insight into how the Internet is being used to teach geography in higher education.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the interplay between geographic concepts and geographers' web site design and propose the figure/ground structure of cyberplace in contrast to the void of cyberspace.
Abstract: This article explores the interplay between geographic concepts and geographers' Web site design. The concepts—place, site, and situation—provide the context for reconsidering current metaphors dominating the rhetoric of cyberspace. Challenging the predominant metaphor of cyberspace as path or highway, we draw on the work of French phenomenologist Merleau-Ponty and on the work of phenomeno-logically oriented geographers to propose the figure/ground structure of cyberplace in contrast to the void of cyberspace. For the absolute freedom of unlimited space we suggest the depth and breadth of world. If geographers succeed at creating Web sites informed by disciplinary concepts, Web site design itself can help to reconceive geographic concepts. Two virtual field-trips offer the opportunity to demonstrate the interaction of a reconceived notion of place and the design of graphical interfaces. The article discovers possibilities for enhancing the value of geographic Web sites. Three design strategies—ge...
TL;DR: In this article, the ages, paleovegetation, and paleoclimate of Tertiary sections from the Makarov, Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy and Schmidt Peninsula areas, Sakhalin Island, Far East Russia are discussed.
Abstract: This paper aims, on the basis of marine and terrestrial palynology (dinoflagellate cysts and pollen), to discuss ages, paleovegetation, and paleoclimate of Tertiary sections from the Makarov, Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy and Schmidt Peninsula areas, Sakhalin Island, Far East Russia.The present study of dinoflagellate cysts has drawn good age constraints on most of the sections as follows: upper Lower? to Upper Oligocene (the Gastellov and Kholmsk-Nevel'sk Formations in the Makarov area and most of the Tumi Formation in the Schmidt Peninsula area), lower Lower Miocene (the uppermost part of the Tumi Formation and the lower part of the Pili Formation in the Schmidt Peninsula area) and upper Lower to lower Middle Miocene (the Kurasi Formation and the First Member of the Maruyama Formation in the Makarov area and the Sertunai Formation in the Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy area).Pollen assemblages from the upper Lower to lower Middle Miocene sediments, the Verkhne Due Formation and the lower part of the Kurasi Formation in the Makarov area, and the Verkhne Due and Sertunai Formations in the Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy area, are correlative to those from sediments in northern Japan that yielded the Daijima-type flora. Those Sakhalin assemblages indicate a temperate paleovegetation similar to that indicated by coeval assemblages from the northern part of Hokkaido. This suggests that the latitudinal gradient in paleovegetation/paleoclimate was relatively minor between Sakhalin Island and Hokkaido during the late Early to early Middle Miocene.
TL;DR: A diatom biostratigraphic study of the Maruyama Formation in the Makarov and Dolinsk areas of the southern part of Sakhalin Island indicates that its geologic time span ranges from ca. 14 Ma to 3.5 Ma or possibly younger as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A diatom biostratigraphic study of the Maruyama Formation in the Makarov and Dolinsk areas of the southern part of Sakhalin Island indicates that its geologic time span ranges from ca. 14 Ma to 3.5 Ma or possibly younger, which is much longer than previous estimates (e.g. 9.5-5.3 Ma by Ingle, 1992). A middle Miocene age of the Kurasi Formation in the Makarov area is also given on the basis of diatoms. These results are presented with correlation to the Neogene sections in the Tenpoku area, northern Hokkaido.The diatom zones of Akiba (1986) and Yanagisawa and Akiba (1998) recognized in the Makarov area include the Denticulopsis simonsenii Subzone of the D. hyalina Zone (NPD4Bb; middle middle Miocene, 14.6/14.5-13.1 Ma) in the Kurasi Formation and the 1st Member of the lower part of the Maruyama Formation, and the D. praedimorpha Zone (NPD5B; upper middle Miocene, 12.9-11.5 Ma) in the 2nd Member of the lower part of the Maruyama Formation. In the middle part of the Maruyama Formation in the Dolinsk area, the type area for the formation, numerous specimens of reworked diatoms were observed. The youngest zone shown by those assemblages is the Thalassiosira oestrupii Subzone of the Neodenticula kamtschatica Zone (NPD7Bb; lower Pliocene, 5.5-3.9/3.5 Ma), thus the middle part of the Maruyama Formation in the Dolinsk area should be of early Pliocene or younger ages. As similar assemblages are known from the Yuchi Formation in the Tenpoku area of northern Hokkaido, which is of Pleistocene age at least in part, the middle part of the Maruyama Formation in the Dolinsk area may be Pleistocene in age, which should be tested by further studies. In addition, our re-evaluation of Sheshukova-Poretzkaya's (1967) data from the Aniva area, south of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, suggests that the formation also contains an interval correlative to the Rouxia californica Zone (NPD7A; upper upper Miocene, 7.6-6.4 Ma).The present study geochronologically constrains other geological data such as paleontology, paleomagnetism, and paleoenvironments from the studied sections and their correlative strata. The considerably long geochronologic interval represented by the Maruyama Formation suggests stratigraphic gaps within the formation, thus a further study of the formation may elucidate the history of relative sea-level changes which have localor global implications.
TL;DR: In this paper, a wide range of mantle peridotite compositions from the Tonga forearcregion indicate a wider range of partial melting than found in the IOM region.
Abstract: Serpentinite diapiric seamounts have been reported exclusively from the forearc region of the Izu-Ogasawara-Mariana (hereafter, IOM) arc-trench system. Petrological characteristics of mantle peridotites constituting these seamounts are summarized in comparison with other trench region peridotites. Mantle peridotites drilled from the Conical seamounts during ODP Leg 125 (Site 779) have distinctive compositions both in bulk rock chemistry and mineral chemistry. Their compositions suggest that they underwent a high degree of partialmelting (more than 30 %), which is thought to be related to island arc volcanism in the mantle wedge. The compositions of mantle peridotites collected by submersibles from other serpentinite seamounts in the IOM forearc are similar to those from the Conical seamount. This indicates that most mantle peridotites from these seamounts are residues derived from similar high degrees of partial melting related to the island arc volcanism.In contrast, mantle peridotites recovered from the southern Mariana exhibit wider range of compositions including more fertile peridotites, suggesting that they are residues of relatively lower degrees of partial melting. It is probable that they are related to volcanism that occurred during the formation of the back arc basin. Furthermore, mantle peridotites found in the Tonga forearc have wider compositional range than peridotites found in the IOM forearc region. These peridotites are considered to be derived from a layered sequence from upper crust through lower crust to the upper mantle rather than serpentinite diapiric seamounts. The wide range of mantle peridotite compositions from the Tonga forearcregion indicate a wider range of partial melting than found in the IOM region. The “remnant mantle diapir (RMD)” hypothesis was previously proposed for the origin of the mantle peridotites constituting serpentinite diapiric seamounts. It is plausible that part of the RMDs constitutes the serpentinite seamounts.
TL;DR: The College Board's decision to add human geography to its Advanced Placement (AP) program is an exciting development for teachers at all levels who are concerned about the state of geographical understanding in North America today.
Abstract: The College Board's decision to add human geography to its Advanced Placement (AP) program is an exciting development for teachers at all levels who are concerned about the state of geographical understanding in North America today. Yet as discussed in an earlier edition of this journal (Murphy 1998), the successful implementation of AP human geography is contingent upon meeting formidable pedagogic challenges. These challenges are the product of the discipline's relatively low profile in many high schools (particularly in the United States), the lack of extensive geographical training on the part of most high school teachers, and the scarcity of good geographical reference materials in many classrooms and libraries.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review the Tertiary chronostratigraphy and paleoenvironments in the Makarov and Chekhov areas, southern Sakhalin Island, Russia, emphasizinsubsidence and uplifting history.
Abstract: This paper reviews the Tertiary chronostratigraphy and paleoenvironments in the Makarov and Chekhov areas, southern Sakhalin Island, Russia, emphasizinsubsidence and uplifting history. After the late Cretaceous to Paleocene accretion of fore-arsediments and trench-fills, subsidence started in the middle Eocene in the Chekhov area, on the west coast of Sakhalin, and in the late Oligocene in the Makarov area, on the east coast of Sakhalin. This subsidence culminated perhaps during the late Oligocene, followed by uplifting to the surface with increasing eruptions of tholeiitic or calcalkaline basalt to andesite. Subsidence in the two areas started again in the late early Miocene at a very rapid rate, followed by slow subsidence or uplifting after the adjacent Chishima (Kuril) and the Japan Sea Basins ceased opening at about 15 Ma. The first subsidence perhaps implies the rifting of the back-arc or intra-arc area of Sakhalin Island, and the second subsidence implies the opening the Chishima and Japan Sea Basins. The early Miocene unconformity, which separates two cycles of Tertiary subsidence and uplifting, also occurs along the Japan Sea side areas of Hokkaido and Tohoku Provinces, northeast Japan, and is thought to record a tectonic uplifting with the upwelling of the athenospheric mantle, or by other unknown processes related to the opening of the back-arc basins.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Esaoman-Tottabetsu valley was reconstructed based on stratigraphy of glacial landforms and sediments, and the two previously known stadials of the last Glacial Stage, the Poroshiri and Tottabets Stadials, were reassessed.
Abstract: Late Quaternary glacial fluctuations in the Esaoman-Tottabetsu Valley, inthe northern Hidaka Range, central Hokkaido were reconstructed based on stratigraphy of glacial landforms and sediments. By mean of tephrochronology, the two previously known stadials of the Last Glacial Stage, the Poroshiri and Tottabetsu Stadials, were reassessed. Shikotsu 1 tephra overlain by the terminal moraine of the Poroshiri Stadial at the river bed of 850m a. s. l. indicates that the glacier reached its maximum at around 40ka (Oxygen Isotopic Stage 3: OIS-3). This advance should have been initiated in the preceding cold period of 01S-4. Kuttara 6 tephra (86 ka) in the proglacial outwash deposits indicates that a glacier fluctuated in the vicinity of the cirque bottom even in the relatively warm period of the early Last Glacial Stage (01S-5b). Contrary to this stadial, the glacial and proglacial deposits including Eniwa a tephra (18 ka) show that the glacial advance during the Tottabetsu Stadial (LGM) in this region was restricted within the cirque bottom. The penultimate glaciation, named the Esaoman Glaciation in this study, was suggested by the discontinuously traceable remnant bed topography along the river basin. These features recommend that the glacial advance of this stage reached at 750m a. s. l., lower than during the Last Glacial Stage.
TL;DR: In this paper, a numerical model for drift current was constructed to analyze the relationship between temporary changes in water current and water pollution, and the water quality estimation maps were also drawn by fuzzy regression analysis between remote sensing data and water quality measurements.
Abstract: To analyze the relationship between temporary changes in water current and water pollution, we constructed a numerical model for drift current in this paper. Water quality estimation maps were also drawn by fuzzy regression analysis between remote sensing data and water quality measurements. Lake Hachiro in Akita was selected as the test site for the case study. Computer simulation result of the flow vector agreed well with the water quality estimation maps. It can be concluded that drift current helps clarify water quality.
TL;DR: In this article, a teaching strategy called Client-Life Cycle GIS Project Learning (CLGLL) is introduced in which students in an upper level GIS course work with local organizations, faculty from other university departments, and governmental entities.
Abstract: Geographic information systems (GIS) is a fairly new and evolving curriculum area within geography and other disciplines at colleges and universities in the United States. The challenge of teaching underlying concepts of GIS functionality, the details of computer operation and software interfaces, as well as the contexts of various applications can be a difficult one. At Indiana University of Pennsylvania, a teaching strategy—Client-Life Cycle GIS Project Learning—has been introduced in which students in an upper level GIS course work with local organizations, faculty from other university departments, and governmental entities. This allows students with some GIS background to work with real clients; utilize and operationalize the concepts of the GIS Project Life Cycle; make the connection between data development, analysis, and applications development; provide expertise and needed data to local organizations; and see the utility and impact of their work. A group pilot project from the spring se...
TL;DR: Pollen and diatom analysis were conducted on sediments in a fossil gully at Schmidt Peninsula, northwest Sakhalin and in a tectonic basin at a western area of central sakhalin this article.
Abstract: Pollen and diatom analysis were conducted on sediments in a fossil gully at Schmidt Peninsula, northwest Sakhalin and in a tectonic basin at a western area of central Sakhalin. Between 8, 500 and 7, 400 yBP a taiga dominated with Larix gmelinii and Pinus pumila developed at the Schmidt Peninsula under colder and drier climate than that at present. The paleoenvironment was marine and marine to blackish conditions. After the Betula forest period between 7, 400 and 6, 000 yBP, the present taiga, which was composed of dominant Picea jezoensis, coexisted with Larix and Pinus which developed since 6, 000 yBP under the same climate as that at present. At a western area of central Sakhalin, taiga composed of Picea, Larix and Pinus was distributed under colder and drier climatic conditions than that at present during the interstadial since 37, 000 yBP. In early Holocene, Larix-Pins taiga changed to Picea-dominated taiga due to a recovery of the climate. At around 6, 000 yBP the present taiga was established under the same climate as that at present. Larix, which is a good indicator of a cold and dry climate, formed a taiga together with Picea and Pinus in northern and eastern Hokkaido during LGM. During the migration north since Lateglacial, Larix formed taiga in Sakhalin. However, it decreased in the western area of central Sakhalin during early Holocene, and also decreased in the northwest at around 7, 400 yBP.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors have mapped a series of north-trending faults along the northeastern coast of Sakhalin, Russia, based on aerial photograph interpretation and field observations, including the Upper Pil'tun fault which ruptured during the 1995, Mw 7.0 Neftegorsk earthquake, and the Ekhabi-Pil'tun and Garomay faults east of the surface ruptures.
Abstract: We have mapped a series of north-trending faults along the northeastern coast of Sakhalin, Russia, based on aerial photograph interpretation and field observations. These faults include the Upper Pil'tun fault which ruptured during the 1995, Mw 7.0 Neftegorsk earthquake, and the Ekhabi-Pil'tun and Garomay faults east of the surface ruptures. The coseismic displacement associated with the 1995 earthquake shows that the Upper Pil'tun fault is a right-lateral strike-slip fault. Right-lateral stream offsets as much as 80m demonstrate that similar earthquakes have occurred repeatedly along the fault in the late Quaternary. The fault extends for 10 km further to the south beyond the southern termination of the 1995 surface breaks, which is consistent with the coseismic ground deformation detected by SAR interferometry. The Ekhabi-Pil'tun fault trends N10° W to N10°E with a series of fault scarps down-to-the-west across low-relief hilly terrain eroded byperiglacial processes. Right-laterally offset streams and lake shores suggest thatthe Ekhabi-Pil'tun fault is also a right-lateral strike-slip fault. A 3-m-deep trench across the fault north of the Sabo River contains geologic evidence of two episodes of pre -historic surface faulting. The most recent event occurred after 4000 yr B.P. and the penultimate earthquake occurred at about 6200 yr B.P. The interval between the events is greater than 2000 years, which is significantly longer than that obtained for the Upper Pil'tunfault by previous trench excavations.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss urban agricultural functions and their changes in the metropolitan area of Tokyo prefecture and demonstrate the multi-functional system of urban agriculture with a case study in the Nishi-Ooizumi area of Nerima ward.
Abstract: In this paper, the author discusses urban agriculturalfunctions and their changes in the metropolitan area of Tokyo prefecture. Following this discussion, the author analyzes some factors that have caused changes infunctions of urban agriculture, and she demonstrates the multi-functional system of urban agriculture with a case study in the Nishi-Ooizumi area of Nerima ward. Nerima is located in the northwestern suburbs of metropolitan Tokyo about ten kilometersfrom the metropolitan center, and Nishi-Ooizumi is located in the northwestern part of the ward. Although this area has had good accessibility to the metropolitan center in terms of commuting, agriculture has continued to be practiced since the 1970s. Productive green land, an importantfactor in the sustainability of urban agriculture, comprised 66.4 percent of all thefarmland in Nerima ward in 1997.Based onfield surveys and land use maps, somefunctions in terms of both agriculture andfarmland wereidentified in Nishi-Ooizumi area. They have beenclassified intofive types: agricultural production, amenity and environment, disaster prevention, leisure activity, and land supply. Changes in these functions have been divided into threeperiods: urban fringe agriculture, early urban agriculture, and growth of urban agriculture. In each period, the author considers the interaction among functions and the conditions affecting them.In the period of urbanfringe agriculture, before the early 1960s, farmland was the dominant use of land in the Nishi-Ooizumi area, and agriculture there was mono-functional and belonged to the agricultural production function. In the period of early urban agriculture, the latter 1960s and the 1970s, the land supplyfunction dominated because of high economic growth and the enforcement of the City Planning Act, but because some agriculture in the area fell under the agricultural production function, there was a dual functional system at this time. In the period of urban agriculture growth, during andafter the 1980s, agriculture continued tofall into the agricultural production and land supply functions, but the other three functions-amenity and environment, disaster prevention, and leisure-were introduced at this time. Thus, thesefivefunctions have interacted with eachother and created a multi-functional system in the last two decades. This multifunctionalization was caused by rising land prices, a review of measures against calamities after the Hanshin earthquake in 1995, and environmental conservation.The land supply function has been regarded as detrimental for sustainable urban agriculture because it also appropriated land for nonagricultural use and thus contributed to the decline of agriculture. Nevertheless, urban farmland also performed an important function in getting funds for farmers. Accordingly, sustainability of urban agriculture depended on the land supply function.In summary, the differences in function in each period were caused by the influence of enforcement of laws, business conditions, and urbanization of the area. Although urban agriculture originally was mono-functional and fell under the agricultural production function, it came to include other functions as a dual-functional and then a multi-functional system.
TL;DR: In this paper, high-resolution X-ray CT machines including an industrial machine in commercial use and that developed by our group at SPring-8, which is the largest synchrotron radiation facility in Japan, were discussed.
Abstract: X-ray computerized tomography (CT) is a non-destructive method by which crosssectional images of rocks and minerals are obtained using X-ray attenuation. Threedimensional structures of samples can also be obtained by constructing a number of successive images. This review discusses high-resolution X-ray CT machines including an industrial machine in commercial use and that developed by our group at SPring-8, which is the largest synchrotron radiation facility in Japan. Spatial resolution of CT images, which is determined by X-ray detectors and X-ray beam size, is practically limited by sample size due to the limited numbers of X-ray detectors. A resolution of about 1 μm was realized at SPring-8. This resolution is the lower limit for imaging with simple optics. The contrast of an X-ray CT image is expressed as a two-dimensional distribution of CT values, which related to the X-ray linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), , μ. CT values of standard minerals were measured to compare with their values of μ. As μ is a function of X-ray photon energies, beamhardening occurs when we use polychromatic beams. Thus, we cannot compare CT and μ values directly with the industrial scanner, which aplies a polychromatic X-ray beam. If the CT and μ values are normalized by a standard mineral having similar size as samples for the photon energy or the accelerating voltage of an X-ray tube, both values agree well as long asμis less than about 2.5 × μ of Fo92 olivine. We can compare CT and μ values directly in the SPring-8 machine, where monochromatic X-ray beams are available. In this case, normalized CT and μ values agree well in various materials havinga large μ at least including metallic iron. However, absolute CT values are slightly smaller than μ by about 10%, which is probably due to scattered X-ray beams, although the exact reason is not known at present. The high-resolution X-ray method was applied to three-dimensional structures of chondrules, which are characteristic constituents of primitive meteorites, named chondrites. It is known from external shapes and internal textures, which are related to distributions of voids and platy olivine crystals, that chondrules spin at high revolutions of about 50-500 rps during their formation in the primordial solar nebula. This greatly constrains the formation mechanism of chondrules.
TL;DR: The political geography section of the course offers the opportunity to introduce students to one of the most important ways in which humans have divided up the surface of the Earth for purposes of management and control as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The political geography section of the course offers the opportunity to introduce students to one of the most important ways in which humans have divided up the surface of the Earth for purposes of management and control. By challenging students to consider what lies behind the patterns on political maps, this segment of the course can encourage the development of a critical geographical perspective while enhancing student appreciation of the link between geography and current events.
TL;DR: In this paper, a structural and tectonic study in northern Sakhalin has been carried out, and the NE-SW compressive feature since the Late Miocene was clarified.
Abstract: The region from Sakhalin in Russia to the eastern margin of the Japan Sea has been regarded as a convergent plate boundary zone between the Eurasia and the North America Plates because large earthquakes and active crustal movements are prominent in this zone. These activities along the eastern margin of the Japan Sea to southern Sakhalin are almost consistent with the expected relative plate motion deduced from the Euler pole which is estimated from the magnetic anomaly lineations in the Atlantic Ocean, but the modern tectonic aspect in northern Sakhalin is inconsistent; e.g., 1995 Neftegorsk Earthquake is one of the typical events.As a result of a structural and tectonic study in northern Sakhalin, the NE-SW compressive tectonic feature since the Late Miocene was clarified. In the northernmost area of the Schmidt Peninsula, the early Cretaceous ophiolite thrusts upon the Late Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. The ophiolite has an overturned sequence: serpentinites, gabbros, basaltic rocks, and hemipelagic sediments in descending order. The Cretaceous sediments form a map-scale and NW vergent synclinorium. All the deformation structures in outcrop scale, such as micro-folds, minor reverse and normal faults, axial plane cleavages and bedding slips, are consistent with a large scale folding. These structural relationships suggest only one event of deformation, which appears to be linked to overthrusting of the ophiolitic rocks.A structural investigation of the southeastern part of the Schmidt Peninsula revealed that the Middle Miocene sediments composed of siltstone and sandstone are folded with wavelength of several tens to several hundred meters. Their fold axes trend in the NW direction, which indicates that deformation under the NE compression is the same as the deformation in the northernmost area. The thickness of sedimentary layers are constant everywhere in folding. This fact indicates that the timing of the deformation is after sedimentation, that is, after the Middle Miocene. This deformation event is consistent with modern activity in northern Sakhalin. Therefore, the modern tectonic framework might have started in the Late Miocene time.A plate tectonic model indicates that the modern relative motion between the Eurasia and the North America Plate started at about 11 m. y. ago. The Late Miocene onset of the modern tectonic framework in northern Sakhalin occurred at almost the same time. The most reliable model to explain the discrepancy of sense of movement from the Eurasia-North America retative motion, may be the “extrusion” of the Okhotsk Block toward the Pacific Ocean. The dextral extrusion boundary in northern Sakhalin may be traced along theeastern coast of Sakhalin to the northern edge of the Kuril Basin, where active seismicityhas been observed although a detailed study of focal mechanisms and other tectonic aspects is needed in the future.
TL;DR: The authors argue that much of the geography education work is based on limited empirical data and, in many cases, is not grounded in a rigorous body of critical analytical literature, and argue that a dialogue is needed within geography education circles that involves a substantive discussion of educational theory and its applicability to geography education.
Abstract: This issue stems from a belief that a dialogue is needed within geography education circles that involves a substantive discussion of educational theory and its applicability to geography education. While geography educators have made the bridge into cognitive development theory, there is a large body of education theory still to be mined. Geog- raphy educators need to be informed by education theory in developing a working pedagogy within which to frame our teaching and research. There is a perceived crisis in geography education. Brown (1999) contends that geography graduate students and faculty hesitate to con- duct geography education research, discuss geography education theo- ry, and publish in journals other than those specifically designed for geography education. Warf (1999) notes that the field is contemptuously dismissed by some geographers. We contend that this is because much geography education work is based on limited empirical data (Downs 1994) and, in many cases, is not grounded in a rigorous body of critical analytical literature. Brown (1999) charges that ”scholarship” is rarely engaged in by the geography education community and that much of the published work in the field takes the form of either instructional strategy materials or informational articles relative to teaching particu- lar topics that are descriptive and applied in nature rather than empiri- cal, critical, or theoretical centered pieces of research. While the merits of these arguments can be debated, we argue that to address this perceived crisis we need to develop and maintain a very active dialogue between college faculty and graduate students and K-12 teachers. We also need to provide the necessary teaching tools, devel- oped and honed through thorough theoretically guided empirical research, so that both K-12 and college instructors can be more effective teachers and develop a greater appreciation of and interest in geogra- phy, and impart that appreciation and interest to their students. Many of the best geography educators, whether K-12 or college level, have become great educators through trial and error, rather than through building their teaching practices on the base that education the- ory provides. This is due, in large part, to the fact that much of educa- tion theory has not been brought into geography education research.