Showing papers in "Journal of Modern Optics in 1976"
TL;DR: In this paper, the introduction to Matrix Methods in Optics is presented, with a discussion of the relationship between matrix methods and Optica Acta and Optics Journal of Optics: Vol. 23, No. 3, pp 255-256.
Abstract: (1976). Introduction to Matrix Methods in Optics. Optica Acta: International Journal of Optics: Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 255-256.
197 citations
167 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Fraunhofer holography is re-examined, correcting an error that has existed in the literature concerning the equation that describes the amplitude transmittance.
Abstract: Fraunhofer holography is re-examined, correcting an error that has existed in the literature concerning the equation that describes the amplitude transmittance of a Fraunhofer hologram. In addition, the cases involving one and two-dimensional apertures are examined in detail, showing that a 45° phase shift exists between them. The original analysis is then extended to include a detailed description of the reconstructed image. This is accomplished by treating the hologram as a new diffracting aperture of finite extent, yielding, for the first time, a complete analytical description of the reconstructed field associated with a Fraunhofer hologram.
153 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the mathematical properties of Zernike polynomials were investigated and the results showed that the polynomial can be expressed as a function of the number of vertices.
Abstract: (1976). On the Mathematical Properties of the Zernike Polynomials. Optica Acta: International Journal of Optics: Vol. 23, No. 8, pp. 679-680.
111 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that a dual synthetic hologram exhibits special advantages and a compromise has to be made in reducing both the errors caused by binarization and distortions in the hologram diagram.
Abstract: When generating wavefronts by synthetic holograms several sources of error have to be considered. In this paper two sources are analysed. The first is the binarization of the hologram structure; a quantitative estimate is given for two typical cases. The second is distortion caused by the graphic device applied to generate the hologram diagram. Several techniques in recording and compensating for these errors are described. It is shown that a dual synthetic hologram exhibits special advantages. A compromise has to be made in reducing both of these errors. Reducing the errors caused by binarization increases errors caused by distortions in the hologram diagram and vice versa.
55 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that the complex amplitude can be uniquely determined from the intensity distributions in two images taken at different defocus provided that the intensity in one of the end points of the exit pupil is known.
Abstract: The object reconstruction problem in light and electron microscopy consists of the determination of the complex amplitude from one or more images. This problem, which is usually treated for the case of weak objects, is extended to strong objects. It is shown, for the case of one spatial dimension, that the complex amplitude can be uniquely determined from the intensity distributions in two images taken at different defocus provided we know the intensity in one of the end-points of the exit pupil. It is also demonstrated how the reconstruction equations can be solved. The relation with the Gerchberg-Saxton and the similar Misell algorithm is pointed out.
51 citations
TL;DR: Using a series expansion in Zernike polynomials to express the pupil function of an optical system, a means for computing the Optical Transfer Function has been found which avoids explicit numerica as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Using a series expansion in Zernike polynomials to express the pupil function of an optical system, a means for computing the Optical Transfer Function has been found which avoids explicit numerica...
45 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the optical properties of solids-New Developments are discussed. But they do not consider the relationship between the properties of the solids and their optical properties.
Abstract: (1976). Optical Properties of Solids-New Developments. Optica Acta: International Journal of Optics: Vol. 23, No. 10, pp. 841-842.
39 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an ion-etching technique has been successfully applied to the production of blazed holographic plane gratings having various blaze angles ranging from 7 to 26 degrees, and the maximum efficiency for p-polarized light was found to be more than 64 per cent at about 3250 + for gratings etched at the beam angle of 80 degrees.
Abstract: An ion-etching technique has been successfully applied to the production of blazed holographic plane gratings having various blaze angles ranging from 7 to 26 degrees. Efficiencies of the gratings thus produced were measured in the Littrow configuration as functions of an ion-etching condition, wavelength, and angle of incidence. The maximum efficiency for p -polarized light was found to be more than 64 per cent at about 3250 + for gratings etched at the beam angle of 80 degrees. Experimental results show that ion-etched gratings have the blaze property equivalent to that of holographic gratings made by means of Sheridon's method.
38 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discussed the unsymmetricity of diffraction patterns in the meridional plane and showed that the point of maximum intensity does not coincide with the geometrical focus.
Abstract: Unsymmetricity of diffraction patterns in the meridional plane is discussed In optical systems having a large F number, the unsymmetricity appears clearly in the diffraction patterns Even in the aberration-free optics, the point of maximum intensity does not coincide with the geometrical focus, but is situated between the pupil plane and the geometrical focus
TL;DR: In this paper, the amplitude of the first-order diffracted wave and the diffraction efficiency for an attenuated sinusoidally modulated grating were calculated using suitable approximations.
Abstract: Based on the theory of coupled waves the amplitude of the first-order diffracted wave and the diffraction efficiency respectively is calculated for an attenuated sinusoidally modulated grating using suitable approximations. Solutions for absorption, lossless dielectric, and mixed holograms in transmission and reflection are given. It is shown that the attenuation acts as a decreasing factor of the effective thickness of the storage medium. A deviation of Bragg-angle incidence shows an increasing and shifting of the secondary minimum and maximum values related to the normalized maximum value caused by attenuation.
TL;DR: This paper proves the validity of numerical methods, designed to retrieve the phase of the wave function in some plane in a light or electron microscope, that use the intensity distributions in the image plane at two different settings of the defocus.
Abstract: In this paper we prove the validity of numerical methods, designed to retrieve the phase of the wave function in some plane in a light or electron microscope, that use the intensity distributions in the image plane at two different settings of the defocus. The main condition we have to impose on the solutions is that it is differentiable almost everywhere. This condition is usually satisfied by numerical solutions, as they are an interpolation of a finite number of function values. The method we use to show the uniqueness is also well suited to studying the influence of all kinds of errors. A rough estimate of their influence will be given. In the next papers of this series a fast computation method to perform the phase retrieval will be introduced and demonstrated.
TL;DR: In this paper, a generaliser le theoreme de reciprocite connu for les reseaux utilises en reflexion aux reseaux dielectriques utilised en transmission is presented.
Abstract: Cet article a pour but de generaliser le theoreme de reciprocite connu pour les reseaux utilises en reflexion aux reseaux dielectriques utilises en transmission. Une demonstration s'appuyant sur le...
TL;DR: In this paper, the characteristics of image formation in an optical system are studied in detail under the condition that light coherence at the exit pupil of the condenser is partially coherent.
Abstract: The characteristics of image formation in an optical system are studied in detail under the condition that light coherence at the exit pupil of the condenser is partially coherent. A formula of image formation under such specified condition is derived, from which the well-known Hopkins formula of image formation can be derived as a special case. Images of rectangular and double-bar-type objects are calculated on the basis of the formula derived for different light coherence at the condenser pupil. It is shown that change in light coherence at the condenser pupil causes only slight variation of image structure except for the highly coherent case. It is further shown that, under the condition that the ratio of the numerical aperture of the condenser to that of the objective is small, the resolution of the image obtained in the case of high coherence of light on the condenser pupil becomes poorer than that obtained by Hopkins formula.
TL;DR: In this paper, the basic principles of dye laser operation are treated within the model of a suitably modified four-level laser, described in the rate equation approach, based on dispersion by prisms, diffraction by gratings, interferometric effects and polarization effects.
Abstract: Organic dye lasers have proved to be a high-intensity source of monochromatic radiation that can be tuned to any desired wavelength in the visible range of the spectrum In this contribution the basic principles of dye laser operation are treated within the model of a suitably modified four-level laser, described in the rate equation approach The tuning methods based on dispersion by prisms, diffraction by gratings, interferometric effects and polarization effects are discussed In addition, examples of dye lasers, which are rapidly tunable or which emit simultaneously two or more wavelengths, and some interesting properties of ring lasers are presented
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the field of dye vapour laser systems is presented, with a discussion of some of the problems involved in discharge excitation of dye vapor lasers.
Abstract: This paper reviews research in the field of dye vapour lasers. Early work concentrated on optically pumping dye vapours with ultra-violet laser radiation, while later studies have involved discharge and electron-beam excitation. We will show how studies of dye vapour systems can give information on molecular excitation and relaxation processes, and conclude with a discussion of some of the problems involved in discharge excitation of dye vapour lasers.
TL;DR: In this article, the eigenfunctions suitable for describing systems where both space and frequency limitations occur are discussed and applications to the generation of super-resolving pupils and to the band unlimited restoration of images are presented.
Abstract: Some aspects of feedback technique in optical systems are examined. The eigenfunctions suitable for describing systems where both space and frequency limitations occur are discussed. Applications to the generation of super-resolving pupils and to the band unlimited restoration of images are presented.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the self-focusing of a high power electromagnetic beam in a plasma/semiconductor in the presence of a static magnetic field when the extraordinary and ordinary modes are present simultaneously.
Abstract: This paper presents an investigation of the self-focusing of a high power electromagnetic beam in a plasma/semiconductor in the presence of a static magnetic field when the extraordinary and ordinary modes are present simultaneously. The non-uniform heating and consequent redistribution of carriers by the Gaussian beam has been taken as the source of non-linearity in the plasma and parabolic semiconductor (e.g. Ge). In the non-parabolic semiconductor (e.g. n -InSb) the dependence of an effective electron mass on temperature has been taken as the mechanism of non-linearity. The non-linearity leads to the mutual coupling of the two modes; they support the self-focusing of each other. In a particular case where one mode is weak and the second is propagating in a self-made uniform waveguide, the weak mode propagates in an oscillatory waveguide. When both the modes have initially equal intensity, the rates of self-focusing of the two modes are different and this leads to the beam being elliptically polarized. ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the line-focusing properties of various conic-section zone plates, linear zone plates and ones with certain random properties are studied using the paraxial approximation, and some examples are illustrated.
Abstract: The line-focusing properties of various conic-section zone plates, linear zone plates and ones with certain random properties are studied using the paraxial approximation, and some examples are illustrated.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed procedures for solving the system of non-linear Volterra integral equations, which describe the relations between the complex wave functions in the exit pupil and the Fourier transforms of two intensity distributions in the image plane, corresponding to two images of the same object taken at different values of the defocusing of the optical system.
Abstract: In this paper we will develop procedures for solving the system of non-linear Volterra integral equations, which describe the relations between the complex wave functions in the exit pupil and the Fourier transforms of two intensity distributions in the image plane, corresponding to two images of the same object taken at different values of the defocusing of the optical system. The first method reduces the Volterra integral equations to a finite system of linear algebraic equations which can be solved successively. The second algorithm is based on the Newton-Kantorovich approximation for functional equations, which gives a system of recurrence relations by means of which the Volterra equations can be solved.
TL;DR: Stearate thin films are built up by the Langmuir-Blodgett method and their refractive index can be continuously adjusted (1·20
Abstract: Stearate thin films are built up by the Langmuir-Blodgett method. Their refractive index can be continuously adjusted (1·20
TL;DR: In this article, a lock-in amplifier was used to obtain the distribution of radiation sources at a frequency of 9·9 kHz using rotating gears as a test object, and an experiment based on this principle has been successfully carried out to obtain a distribution of radii in a rotating gears.
Abstract: If machines or apparatuses radiate partially coherent sound waves, locating their sources can be performed by the reconstruction of an acoustical hologram produced by the waves themselves. Since the practical spectrum of the sound fluctuates, a time average of the hologram signals can be taken, and a lock-in amplifier is used for the purpose. Using rotating gears as a test object, an experiment based on this principle has been successfully carried out to obtain the distribution of radiation sources at a frequency of 9·9 kHz.
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed analysis of the mode behavior in planar dye lasers was carried out for the case of Rhodamine 6 G in ethanol in a planar geometry, and it was found that the main contribution to the density fluctuations comes from a local Rayleigh term.
Abstract: The relevance of the various dynamical thermal processes which affect the optical properties of a dye solution under flashlamp illumination is examined by means of the appropriate hydrodynamic equations. It is found that the main contribution to the density fluctuations comes from a local Rayleigh term. After a brief discussion of the mechanisms which convert absorbed pump light into heat, the space and time-dependent thermal distortions and the refractive index profiles are evaluated for the case of Rhodamine 6 G in ethanol in a planar geometry. These results yield a basis for a detailed study of the mode behaviour in planar dye lasers. Such an analysis is carried out in the following contribution.