Showing papers in "Korea-australia Rheology Journal in 2016"
TL;DR: In this article, a kind of shear thickening fluids (STFs) including silicon carbide particles are presented, which is based on nanosize fumed silica suspended in a liquid medium, polyethylene glycol.
Abstract: In this paper, shear thickening fluids (STFs) including silicon carbide particles are presented. We fabricated a kind of STF based on nanosize fumed silica suspended in a liquid medium, polyethylene glycol, at a constant concentration of 20 wt.%. Then, different particle size silicon carbide (SiC) particles were added to the STF with various amounts. Their rheological properties under various temperatures were tested by using a rheometer. The suspension exhibits different systematic variations with respect to the varied parameters.
77 citations
TL;DR: This review is aimed at those starting in the field of hemodynamics, but also at those in search of the most up-to-date findings in hemorheological measurements and novel techniques used in this context.
Abstract: Significant progress has been made over the years on the topic of hemorheology, not only in terms of the development of more accurate and sophisticated techniques, but also in terms of understanding the phenomena associated with blood components, their interactions and impact upon blood properties. The rheological properties of blood are strongly dependent on the interactions and mechanical properties of red blood cells, and a variation of these properties can bring further insight into the human health state and can be an important parameter in clinical diagnosis. In this article, we provide both a reference for hemorheological research and a resource regarding the fundamental concepts in hemorheology. This review is aimed at those starting in the field of hemodynamics, where blood rheology plays a significant role, but also at those in search of the most up-to-date findings (both qualitative and quantitative) in hemorheological measurements and novel techniques used in this context, including technical advances under more extreme conditions such as in large amplitude oscillatory shear flow or under extensional flow, which impose large deformations comparable to those found in the microcirculatory system and in diseased vessels. Given the impressive rate of increase in the available knowledge on blood flow, this review is also intended to identify areas where current knowledge is still incomplete, and which have the potential for new, exciting and useful research. We also discuss the most important parameters that can lead to an alteration of blood rheology, and which as a consequence can have a significant impact on the normal physiological behavior of blood.
48 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the present literature on energy generated magnetorheological (MR) fluid based damper, modeling and applications of the MR damper are presented in this paper, where the basic of MR fluid and their different modes, consequences with different types of MR fluids based devices, and their relevant applications are presented.
Abstract: In this paper, a comprehensive review of the present literature on energy generated magnetorheological (MR) fluid based damper, modeling and applications of the MR damper are presented. The review starts with an introduction of the basic of MR fluid and their different modes, consequences with different types of MR fluids based devices, and their relevant applications. Besides, various forms of MR damper and its applications are presented. Following this, the modeling of the MR fluids and the modeling of the MR fluid based damper are deliberated according to arrangement and configurations. Finally, the review ends with the design and advancement issues, performance analysis matters, and analytical modeling of energy generated magnetorheological fluid damper systems.
45 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, polyacrylamide grafted xanthan gum/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (PA-g-XG/MWCNT) was synthesized by free radical polymerization technique using potassium persulfate as an initiator.
Abstract: In the present study, polyacrylamide grafted xanthan gum/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (PA-g-XG/MWCNT) nanocomposite was synthesized by free radical polymerization technique using potassium persulfate as an initiator. The polyacrylamide was grafted on xanthan gum backbone in the presence of MWCNT. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis (FT-IR). The morphological characteristics of the nanocomposite were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses. Also, its temperature resistance property was observed with Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of nanocomposite on the rheological properties of the developed drilling fluid system was analyzed with a strain controlled rheometer and Fann viscometer. Flow curves were drawn for the developed water based drilling fluid system at elevated temperatures. The experimental data were fitted to Bingham, power-law, and Herschel Bulkley flow models. It was observed that the Herschel Bulkley flow model predict the flow behavior of the developed system more accurately. Further, nanocomposite exhibited non-Newtonian shear thinning flow behavior in the developed drilling fluid system. Nanocomposite showed high temperature stability and had a significant effect on the rheological properties of the developed drilling fluid system as compared to conventionally used partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA) polymer.
39 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of varying particle size, carrier fluid chemistry and weight fraction to the resultant rheological behavior of the STFs was investigated. But the authors did not consider the effects of particle and liquid polymer chemistry on the shear thickness.
Abstract: Shear thickening fluids (STFs) of differing compositions were fabricated and characterised in order to observe the effect of varying chemical and material properties on the resultant rheological behavior. Steady shear tests showed that for a given carrier fluid and particle size exists an optimum weight fraction which exhibits optimal shear thickening performance. Testing also showed that increasing particle size resulted in increased shear thickening performance and its onset whilst altering the carrier fluid chemistry has a significant effect on the thickening performance. An explanation is provided connecting the effect of varying particle size, carrier fluid chemistry and weight fraction to the resultant rheological behavior of the STFs. Two STFs were chosen for further testing due to their improved but contrasting rheological behaviors. Both STFs displayed a relationship between steady and dynamic shear conditions via the Modified Cox-Merz rule at high strain amplitudes (γ≥500%). Understanding the effects of particle and liquid polymer chemistry on the shear thickening effect will assist in ‘tailoring’ STFs for certain potential or existing applications.
36 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focused on experimentally evaluating the dynamic stiffness and loss factor of magneto rheological elastomer (MRE) through dynamic blocked transfer stiffness method.
Abstract: Magneto rheological elastomer (MRE) is a potential resilient element for the semi active vibration isolator. MRE based isolators adapt to different frequency of vibrations arising from the source to isolate the structure over wider frequency range. The performance of MRE isolator depends on the magnetic field and frequency dependent characteristics of MRE. Present study is focused on experimentally evaluating the dynamic stiffness and loss factor of MRE through dynamic blocked transfer stiffness method. The dynamic stiffness variations of MRE exhibit strong magnetic field and mild frequency dependency. Enhancements in dynamic stiffness saturate with the increase in magnetic field and the frequency. The inconsistent variations of loss factor with the magnetic field substantiate the inability of MRE to have independent control over its damping characteristics.
20 citations
TL;DR: A novel numerical technique was used to count the number of separated blood cells by estimating the displacement and residence time of the cells in a microfluidic device.
Abstract: In this study, a numerical model of a microfluidic device with particle tracing and dielectrophoresis field-flow fractionation was employed to perform a complete and continuous blood cell sorting. A low voltage was applied to electrodes to separate the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets based on their cell size. Blood cell sorting and counting were performed by evaluating the cell trajectories, displacements, residence times, and recovery rates in the device. A novel numerical technique was used to count the number of separated blood cells by estimating the displacement and residence time of the cells in a microfluidic device. For successful blood cell sorting, the value of cells displacement must be approximately equal to or higher than the corresponding maximum streamwise distance. The study also proposed different outlet designs to improve blood cell separation. The basic outlet design resulted in a higher cells recovery rate than the other outlets design. The recovery rate decreased as the number of inlet cells and flow rates increased because of the high particle-particle interactions and collisions with walls. The particle-particle interactions significantly affect blood cell sorting and must therefore be considered in future work.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the Palierne model through the picture of the Gramespacher-Meissner model and obtained the weighted relaxation time spectra of them.
Abstract: Viscoelasticity of immiscible polymer blends is affected by relaxation of the interface. Several attempts have been made for linear viscoelasticity of immiscible polymer blends. The Palierne model (1990) and the Gramespacher-Meissner model (1992) are representative. The Gramespacher-Meissner model consists of two parts: ingredients and interface. Moreover, it provides us the formula of the peak of interface in weighted relaxation time spectrum, which enables us to analyze the characteristics relating to interface more obviously. However, the Gramespacher-Meissner model is a kind of empirical model. Contrary to the Gramespacher-Meissner model, the Palierne model was derived in a rigorous manner. In this study, we investigated the Palierne model through the picture of the Gramespacher-Meissner model. We calculated moduli of immiscible blend using two models and obtained the weighted relaxation time spectra of them. The fixed-point iteration of Cho and Park (2013) was used in order to determine the weighted relaxation spectra.
16 citations
TL;DR: One of the important observations is that when blood behaves like a Jeffrey fluid, the flowing blood experiences lesser wall shear stress and flow resistance than in the case of blood being characterized as a Newtonian fluid in both the particle-fluid suspension and particle- free flow studies.
Abstract: The present article concerns the problem of blood flow through an artery with an axially asymmetric stenosis (constriction). The two-layered macroscopic model consisting of a cell-rich core of suspension of all the erythrocytes described as a particle-fluid suspension (Jeffrey fluid) and a peripheral zone of cell-free plasma (Newtonian fluid). The analytical expressions for flow characteristics such as fluid phase and particle phase velocities, flow rate, wall shear stress, and resistive force are obtained. It is of interest to mention that the magnitudes of wall shear stress and flow resistance increase with red cell concentration but the flow resistance decreases with increasing shape parameter. One of the important observations is that when blood behaves like a Jeffrey fluid, the flowing blood experiences lesser wall shear stress and flow resistance than in the case of blood being characterized as a Newtonian fluid in both the particle-fluid suspension and particle- free flow studies. The rheology of blood as Jeffrey fluid and the introduction of plasma layer thickness cause significant reduction in the magnitudes of the flow characteristics.
13 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an energy generated mono tube MR damper model has been developed for vehicle suspension systems, where two magnetic fields are induced inside this damper, one in the outer coil of the power generator and another in the piston head coils.
Abstract: In this paper an energy generated mono tube MR damper model has been developed for vehicle suspension systems. A 3D model of energy generated MR damper is developed in Solid Works electromagnetic simulator (EMS) where it is analyzed extensively by finite element method. This dynamic simulation clearly illustrates the power generation ability of the damper. Two magnetic fields are induced inside this damper. One is in the outer coil of the power generator and another is in the piston head coils. The complete magnetic isolation between these two fields is accomplished here, which can be seen in the finite element analysis. The induced magnetic flux densities, magnetic field intensities of this damper are analyzed for characterizing the damper’s power generation ability. Finally, the proposed MR damper’s energy generation ability was studied experimentally.
12 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the use of slit-die rheometry for the characterization of high-viscous elastomers with temperature correction. But they do not discuss the performance of the rheological properties of these materials.
Abstract: The technology of slit-die rheometry came into practice in the early 1960s. This technique enables engineers to measure the pressure drop very precisely along the slit die. Furthermore, slit-die rheometry widens up the measurable shear rate range and it is possible to characterize rheological properties of complicated materials such as wall slipping PVCs and high-filled compounds like long fiber reinforced thermoplastics and PIM-Feedstocks. With the use of slit-die systems in polymer processing machines e.g., Rauwendaal extrusion rheometer, by-pass extrusion rheometer, injection molding machine rheometers, new possibilities regarding rheological characterization of thermoplastics and elastomers at processing conditions near to practice opened up. Special slit-die systems allow the examination of the pressure-dependent viscosity and the characterization of cross-linking elastomers because of melt preparation and reachable shear rates comparable to typical processing conditions. As a result of the viscous dissipation in shear and elongational flows, when performing rheological measurements for high-viscous elastomers, temperature-correction of the apparent values has to be made. This technique was refined over the last years at Montanuniversitaet. Nowadays it is possible to characterize all sorts of rheological complicated polymeric materials under process- relevant conditions with viscosity values fully temperature corrected.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of adding silica nanoparticles to PVA/CuNW suspensions were investigated rheologically, in particular, by small and large amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS and LAOS) test.
Abstract: In this study, the effects of adding silica nanoparticles to PVA/CuNW suspensions were investigated rheologically, in particular, by small and large amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS and LAOS) test. Interesting, the SAOS test showed the complex viscosities of CuNW/silica based PVA matrix were smaller than those of PVA/CuNW without silica. These phenomena show that nano-sized silica affects the dispersion of CuNW in aqueous PVA, which suggests small particles can prevent CuNW aggregation. Nonlinearity (third relative intensity ≡ I 3/1) was calculated from LAOS test results using Fourier Transform rheology (FT-rheology) and nonlinear linear viscoelastic ratio (NLR) value was calculated using the nonlinear parameter Q and complex modulus G*. Nonlinearity (I 3/1) results showed more CuNW aggregation in PVA/CuNW without silica than in PVA/CuNW with silica. NLR (= [Q 0(ϕ)/Q 0(0)]/[G*(ϕ)/G*(0)]) results revealed an optimum concentration ratio of silica to CuNW to achieve a well-dispersed state. Degree of dispersion was assessed through the simple optical method. SAOS and LAOS test, and dried film morphologies showed nano-sized silica can improve CuNW dispersion in aqueous PVA solutions.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors considered a two-dimensional porous channel containing a local constriction and solved the equations governing fluid flow in the main channel and the constriction itself using the finite volume method (FVM) based on the pseudotransient SIMPLE algorithm.
Abstract: Flow of a Casson fluid through a two-dimensional porous channel containing a local constriction is numerically investigated assuming that the resistance offered by the porous medium obeys the Darcy's law. Treating the constriction as another porous medium which obeys the Darcy-Forcheimer model, the equations governing fluid flow in the main channel and the constriction itself are numerically solved using the finite-volume method (FVM) based on the pseudo-transient SIMPLE algorithm. It is shown that an increase in the porosity of the channel decreases the shear stress exerted on the constriction. On the other hand, an increase in the fluid's yield stress is predicted to increase the maximum shear stress experienced by the constriction near its crest. The porosity of the constriction itself is predicted to have a negligible effect on the plaque's shear stress. But, the momentum of the weak flow passing through the constriction is argued to lower the bulk fluid from separating downstream of the constriction.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the apparent viscosities of CO2-in-water foams in a wide range of shear rate from 50 to 105 inverse second for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) application.
Abstract: Apparent viscosities of CO2-in-water foams were measured in a wide range of shear rate from 50 to 105 inverse second for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) application. The CO2-in-water dispersions, made of 50:50 weight proportions of CO2 and water with 1 wt.% surfactant concentration, were prepared in high-pressure recirculation apparatus under pressure where CO2 density becomes 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9 g/mL at each temperature of 35, 45, and 55°C. The surfactants used for the foam generation were sodium dodecyl polypropoxy sulfates with average propoxylation degrees of 4.7 and 6.2. The foam viscosity showed shear thinning behaviors with power-law indices ranging from 0.80 to 0.85, and approached a Newtonian regime in the lower shear rate range at several tens of inverse second. Zero-shear viscosity values projected from experimental data based on Ellis model were as high as 57.4 mPa·s and enough to control the mobility of water and CO2 in oil reservoirs.
TL;DR: In this article, the electrorheological response of polypyrrole(PPy)-tin oxide nanocomposite ER fluids increased with the increase in the tin oxide/pyr role weight ratio, particle volume fraction, and electric field strength.
Abstract: The electrorheological (ER) response of polypyrrole(PPy)-tin oxide nanocomposite ER fluids increased with the increase in the tin oxide/pyrrole weight ratio, particle volume fraction, and electric field strength. The dielectric properties and direct current (dc) conductivity of PPy-tin oxide nanocomposite particles and the dielectric properties of PPy-tin oxide nanocomposite ER fluids agreed with the ER behaviors. The ER behavior of PPy-tin oxide nanocomposite ER fluids was well fitted to τ = 0.0248ϕE1.5 and showed a transition from that of the polarization model (τ ∼ E2) to that of the conduction model (τ ∼ E1.5) depending on the tin oxide/pyrrole weight ratio.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of nanotubes on the rheological, thermal and morphological properties of EVA copolymers with two different VA contents (15 and 33 wt.%, denoted by EVA15 and EVA33, respectively) was investigated.
Abstract: Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers with two different VA contents (15 and 33 wt.%, denoted by EVA15 and EVA33, respectively) were melt compounded with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and the effect of VA and nanotube contents on the rheological, thermal and morphological properties was investigated. The addition of nanotubes into both EVAs increased the onset temperature of crystallization and broadened the peak, but further addition from 3 wt.% slightly decreased the temperature with increasing nanotube contents. In the wide angle X-ray diffraction patterns the peak of EVA15 was little affected by the presence of nanotubes but that of EVA33 slightly shifted to higher degree and became sharper with increasing nanotube contents. Dynamic viscosity (η') increased with nanotube contents giving abrupt increase at 2 wt.% nanotubes. Loss tangent decreased with increasing nanotube contents exhibiting the plateau-like behavior over most of the frequency range from 2 wt.% nanotubes. In the Casson plot, yield stress increased with nanotube content and its increasing extent was more notable for more VA content. In the Cole-Cole plot, the presence of nanotubes from 2 wt.% gave rise to the deviation from the single master curve by decreasing the slope. The deviated extent of EVA33 became more remarkable with increasing nanotube contents than that of EVA15. The stress-strain curve showed that more improved tensile modulus and yield stress were achieved by the introduction of MWNTs for EVA 33 than for EVA15. Tensile strength of EVA33 increased with increasing nanotube contents, while that of EVA15 decreased.
TL;DR: In this paper, a model equation based on numerical simulations is presented to predict the maximum extensional stress as a function of the bubble diameter and the surface tension, and the bubble collapsed time and the affected volume around a bubble subjected to the critical extensional stresses are investigated.
Abstract: Cell damage, one of critical issues in the bioreactor design for animal cell culture, is caused mainly from the bubble bursting at the free surface subjected to strong extensional flows. In this work, extensive computational studies are performed to investigate bubble bursting process in great details. Extensive numerical simulations are performed for a wide range of bubble diameters (from 0.5 to 6 mm) and the surface tension values (from 0.03 to 0.072 N/m), with which effects of the bubble size and surfactant (PF68) concentration on the hydrodynamic stress are investigated. For all the cases, the maximum extensional stress appears at the instance when receding films impact each other at the bottom of the bubble. A model equation based on numerical simulations is presented to predict the maximum extensional stress as a function of the bubble diameter and the surface tension. The bubble diameter has turned out to contribute significantly the maximum hydrodynamic extensional stress. In addition, the bubble collapsed time and the affected volume around a bubble subjected to the critical extensional stress are investigated. The extensional stress estimation is reported as a function of the bubble size and the surface tension. The influence of the bubble size on the maximum stress dominates and extensional stress reaches up to the order of 104 Pa for bubble size of 0.5 mm.
TL;DR: In this paper, a strategy for designing optimal shim configuration inside a slot die is suggested to assure the uniform coating flow distribution of various non-Newtonian shear-thinning liquids at the die exit in a slot coating system.
Abstract: In this study, a strategy for designing optimal shim configuration inside a slot die is suggested to assure the uniform coating flow distribution of various non-Newtonian shear-thinning liquids at the die exit in a slot coating system. Flow patterns of non-Newtonian liquids inside the slot die, via three-dimensional computations, have been compared using various shim geometries which can adjust the flow region in a slot manifold. The rather non-uniform (parabolic) velocity distributions of shear-thinning liquids at the die exit under the basic shim condition could be effectively flattened by the modification of shim geometry without the change of die manifold structure. Dimensions of hybrid shims for controlling flow features at edge and center regions within slit channel are positively tuned, according to the shear-thinning level of coating liquids.
TL;DR: In this paper, the deformation of a single, two-dimensional, circular gas bubble rising in an otherwise stationary thixotropic liquid in a confined rectangular vessel is numerically studied using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method (SPH).
Abstract: The deformation of a single, two-dimensional, circular gas bubble rising in an otherwise stationary thixotropic liquid in a confined rectangular vessel is numerically studied using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method (SPH). The thixotropic liquid surrounding the bubble is assumed to obey the Moore model. The main objective of the work is to investigate the effect of the destruction-to-rebuild ratio (referred to by the thixotropy number in dimensionless form) in this model on the bubble's shape, velocity, and center-ofmass during its rise in the liquid. Based on the numerical results obtained in this work, it is found that the bubble moves faster in the Moore fluid as compared with its Newtonian counterpart. An increase in the thixotropy number is also shown to increase the bubble's speed at any given instant of time. The effect of thixotropy number is found to be noticeable only when it is large. For Moore fluid, a large thixotropy number means that the fluid is basically a shear-thinning fluid. Therefore, it is concluded that the shear-thinning behavior of the Moore model easily masks its thixotropic behavior in the bubble rise problem. The effect of thixotropy number is weakened when the Reynolds number is increased.
TL;DR: In this article, the steady flow of a viscoplastic fluid is modeled in a planar channel equipped with a deformable segment in the middle of an otherwise rigid plate, and the fluid is assumed to obey the Herschel-Bulkley model which accounts for both the yield stress and the shear-thinning behavior of physiological fluids such as blood.
Abstract: In this paper, the steady flow of a viscoplastic fluid is modeled in a planar channel equipped with a deformable segment in the middle of an otherwise rigid plate. The fluid is assumed to obey the Herschel-Bulkley model which accounts for both the yield stress and the shear-thinning behavior of physiological fluids such as blood. To accommodate the large deformations of the flexible segment, it is assumed to obey the twoparameter Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic model. The so-called fluid-structure interaction problem is then solved numerically, under creeping-flow conditions, using the finite element package, COMSOL. It is found that the yield stress leads to a larger wall deformation and a higher pressure drop as compared with Newtonian fluids. This behavior is predicted to intensify if the fluid is shear-thinning. That is, for a given yield stress, the pressure drop and the wall deformation both increase with an increase in the degree of the fluid's shear-thinning behavior.
TL;DR: In this article, small amplitude oscillatory shear data were fitted to a discrete relaxation model of elastic solids and to a critical gel model, and the small amplitude relaxation spectrum was thereafter used to calculate the LAOS predictions of various large deformation models.
Abstract: Dough blended with rocket leaves powder was subjected to small and large amplitude oscillatory shears. Small amplitude oscillatory shear data were fitted to a discrete relaxation model of elastic solids and to a critical gel model. The small amplitude relaxation spectrum was thereafter used to calculate the LAOS predictions of various large deformation models. The LAOS theoretical calculations using the Phan-Thien model showed good agreement with the first harmonic stress data, and only qualitative agreement with the third and the fifth harmonic stress values. Lissajous curves showed dissimilarity in shape between the experimental data and Phan-Thien model. The network model of Sim et al. (2003). Did not have the butterfly shape displayed in the Phan-Thien model, but it provided a worse fit to stress harmonics than the Phan-Thien model. An improved damage function was proposed, where time effect on network damage was taken into consideration, and fits to stress harmonics and to Lissajous stress-strain curves were significantly improved.
TL;DR: In this article, theoretical and numerical predictions of die-swell flow for viscoelastic and visco-elastoplastic fluids are presented. But the authors focus on the theoretical results on die swell for a wide class of constitutive equations, including Phan-Thien Tanner (PTT), pom pom, and general network type models.
Abstract: This paper focuses on the theoretical and numerical predictions of die-swell flow for viscoelastic and viscoelastoplastic fluids. The theoretical results on die swell have been obtained by Tanner for a wide class of constitutive equations, including Phan-Thien Tanner (PTT), pom-pom, and general network type models. These results are compared with numerical solutions across swelling ratio, pressure drop, state of stress, and dissipation-rate for two fluid models, exponential Phan-Thien Tanner (EPTT) and Papanastasiou-Exponential Phan-Thien Tanner (Pap-EPTT). Numerically, the momentum and continuity flow equations are solved by a semi-implicit time-stepping Taylor-Galerkin/pressure-correction finite element method, whilst the constitutive equation is dealt with by a cell-vertex finite volume (cv/fv) algorithm. This hybrid scheme is performed in a coupled fashion on the nonlinear differential equation system using discrete subcell technology on a triangular tessellation. The hyperbolic aspects of the constitutive equation are addressed discretely through upwind fluctuation distribution techniques.
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of rotating speed, eccentricity as well as the radius ratio on extensional flow in the vicinity of the minimum gap between the inner and outer cylinder was quantitatively investigated.
Abstract: In this work the non-Newtonian fluid between eccentric cylinders is simulated with finite element method. The flow in the annular gap between the eccentric rotating cylinders was found to be a shear-extensional controllable flow. The influence of rotating speed, eccentricity as well as the radius ratio on the extensional flow in the vicinity of the minimum gap between the inner and outer cylinder was quantitatively investigated. It was found that both the strengths of shear flow and extensional flow could be adjusted by changing the rotating speed. In respect to extensional flow, it was also observed that the eccentricity and radius ratio exert significant influences on the ratio of extensional flow. And it should be noted that the ratio of extensional flow in the mix flow could be increased when increasing the eccentricity and the ratio of shear flow in the mix flow could be increased when increasing the radius ratio.
TL;DR: In this paper, the fractal dimension and shear dependence of colloidal aggregates in a suspension of carbon black particles are investigated and a scaling analysis is conducted to correlate hydrodynamic transport properties and fractal dimensions.
Abstract: Colloidal aggregates in a suspension of carbon black particles are characterized by fractal dimension and their shear dependence. Carbon black particles of 100 nm in diameter are dispersed in Newtonian ethylene glycol with particle volume fraction ϕ ranging from 0.01 to 0.1. Microstructure of the aggregates is estimated by hydrodynamic transport properties such as average settling velocity and shear viscosity. Scaling analysis is conducted to correlate the hydrodynamic transport properties and the fractal dimension df. The fractal dimension is estimated to be 2.21 from the scaling relation between the settling velocity and the particle volume fraction for ϕ = 0.01-0.05. The shear viscosity results show shear-thinning behavior of the colloidal suspension. The intrinsic viscosity for the colloidal aggregates is obtained from the data of shear viscosity versus particle concentration. A scaling relation between the intrinsic viscosity and the shear rate gives df = 1.93 at m = 1/3, where m is the exponent defined by a scaling relation between aggregate radius Rg and shear rate S, Rg ∝S−m. Another scaling relation using yield stress data presents df = 1.94, which is nearly equivalent to 1.93 from that by the intrinsic viscosity but quite lower than that from the settling velocity. This discrepancy of the fractal dimension can be attributed to growth or restructuring of the colloidal aggregates by the hydrodynamic stress during long-time settling process.
TL;DR: In this paper, the non-monotonic flow curve of a 1 wt.% polyacrylonitrile solution in dimethyl sulfoxide is described by two mesoscopic models: the modified Vinogradov-Pokrovsky model and the model proposed by Remmelgas, Harrison and Leal.
Abstract: The non-monotonic flow curve of a 1 wt.% polyacrylonitrile solution in dimethyl sulfoxide is described by two mesoscopic models: the modified Vinogradov-Pokrovsky model and the model proposed by Remmelgas, Harrison and Leal. To obtain an adequate description of the experimental curve, we have selected suitable internal parameters for these models. Analytical solutions for the Couette-Poiseuille flow problems are determined in parametric form, which allows us to plot the distribution of stress components and anisotropy tensor as well as the velocity profiles containing closed loops and weak tangential discontinuities. It is shown that both models predict a similar qualitative picture of structure evolution, but exhibit a significant discrepancy in the quantitative description of the magnitude of molecular chain stretching.
TL;DR: The effect of illumination on the viscosity of titania suspensions in silicone oil and an aqueous buffer was investigated in this paper, where the ability of the suspension medium to scavenge photoinduced charges results in the observed photorheological effects.
Abstract: The effect of illumination on the viscosity of titania suspensions in silicone oil (insulating medium) and an aqueous buffer (conducting medium) was investigated. Commercially available P25 anatase titania was suspended at a volume fraction of 0.5%. A 12.3% increase in viscosity was observed when silicone oil suspension was used as the medium, while a 2.47% decrease in viscosity was observed for the aqueous buffer suspension after exposure to UV-vis irradiation. The capability of the suspension medium to scavenge photoinduced charges results in the observed photorheological effects. The results presented here demonstrate a new method for influencing the rheological properties of nanoparticle suspensions.
TL;DR: In this article, analytical predictions of the rectilinear flow of a non-Newtonian liquid are given, where the fluid is subjected to a combined flow: a pulsatile time-dependent pressure gradient and a random longitudinal vibration at the wall acting simultaneously.
Abstract: In this work, analytical predictions of the rectilinear flow of a non-Newtonian liquid are given. The fluid is subjected to a combined flow: A pulsatile time-dependent pressure gradient and a random longitudinal vibration at the wall acting simultaneously. The fluctuating component of the combined pressure gradient and oscillating flow is assumed to be of small amplitude and can be adequately represented by a weakly stochastic process, for which a quasi-static perturbation solution scheme is suggested, in terms of a small parameter. This flow is analyzed with the Tanner constitutive equation model with the viscosity function represented by the Ellis model. According to the coupled Tanner-Ellis model, the flow enhancement can be separated in two contributions (pulsatile and oscillating mechanisms) and the power requirement is always positive and can be interpreted as the sum of a pulsatile, oscillating, and the coupled systems respectively. Both expressions depend on the amplitude of the oscillations, the perturbation parameter, the exponent of the Ellis model (associated to the shear thinning or thickening mechanisms), and the Reynolds and Deborah numbers. At small wall stress values, the flow enhancement is dominated by the axial wall oscillations whereas at high wall stress values, the system is governed by the pulsating noise perturbation. The flow transition is obtained for a critical shear stress which is a function of the Reynolds number, dimensionless frequency and the ratio of the two amplitudes associated with the pulsating and oscillating perturbations. In addition, the flow enhancement is compared with analytical and numerical predictions of the Reiner-Phillipoff and Carreau models. Finally, the flow enhancement and power requirement are predicted using biological rheometric data of blood with low cholesterol content.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a new approach based on 2D mechanical correlation spectra (2D-MCS) to quantify the yield stress from the apparent dynamic moduli and relative harmonic intensity using Fourier Transform Rheology.
Abstract: Large amplitude oscillation shear (LAOS) is used to investigate the yielding and flow behavior of yield stress materials. Considering the problems in determination of the yield stress from the apparent dynamic moduli and relative harmonic intensity using Fourier Transform Rheology, we proposed a new approach based on 2D mechanical correlation spectra (2D-MCS) to quantify the yield stress. We have proved that the nonlinear synchronous self-correlation intensity as functions of stress/strain amplitude can be used to determine the yield stress unambiguously from the change of scaling exponent. The yield stresses from 2D-MCS analysis are well consistent with those from the stress ramp experiments.
TL;DR: In this paper, numerical simulations of foam flow in narrow channels are described, and the fields of velocity, strain, and stress are predicted for the slow flow of a dry two-dimensional foam through a diverging-converging channel.
Abstract: Numerical simulations of foam flow in narrow channels are described. The fields of velocity, strain, and stress are predicted for the slow flow of a dry two-dimensional foam through a diverging-converging channel. Two different bubble area dispersities are simulated, and the effects of crystallisation in the monodisperse case described.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of aiding buoyancy on the laminar mixed-convection from a spheroidal particle in power-law media over wide ranges of the pertinent parameters was investigated.
Abstract: In this work, the coupled momentum and energy equations have been solved to elucidate the effect of aiding-buoyancy on the laminar mixed-convection from a spheroidal particle in power-law media over wide ranges of the pertinent parameters: Richardson number, 0≤Ri≤5; Reynolds number, 1≤Re≤100; Prandtl number, 1≤Pr≤100; power-law index, 0.3≤n≤1.8, and aspect ratio, 0.2≤e≤5 for the case of constant thermo-physical properties. New results for the velocity and temperature fields are discussed in terms of the streamline and isotherm contours, surface pressure and vorticity contours, drag coefficient, local and surface averaged Nusselt number. The effect of particle shape on the flow is seen to be more pronounced in the case of oblates (e 1). The propensity for wake formation reduces with the rising values of power-law index, Richardson number and slenderness of the body shape (e > 1). Also, the drag coefficient is seen to increase with the Richardson number and power-law index. All else being equal, the Nusselt number shows a positive dependence on the Richardson number and Reynolds number and an inverse dependence on the power-law index and aspect ratio of the spheroid. Limited results were also obtained by considering the exponential temperature dependence of the power-law consistency index. This factor can increase the values of the average Nusselt number by up to ~10-12% with reference to the corresponding values for the case of the constant thermo-physical properties under otherwise identical conditions. Finally, the present values of the Nusselt number have been consolidated in the form of Colburn j-factor as a function of the modified Reynolds and Prandtl numbers for each value of the aspect ratio (e). The effect of the temperature dependent viscosity is included in this correlation in terms of a multiplication factor.