Showing papers in "Modern Physics Letters B in 2013"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the history of the technique, the theory behind locally injected carrier transport in semiconductors, the SPCM experimental setup, and recent applications of SPM in semiconductor nanostructures.
Abstract: Scanning photocurrent microscopy (SPCM) is a powerful experimental tool used to investigate spatially resolved optoelectronic properties of semiconductors and their nanostructures. Raster-scanned laser excitation generates a position-dependent photocurrent map from which carrier diffusion length, electric field distribution, doping concentration and more can be explored. In this review, we will briefly discuss the history of the technique, the theory behind locally injected carrier transport in semiconductors, the SPCM experimental setup, and recent applications of SPCM in semiconductor nanostructures. Particularly, we have shown that the minority carrier diffusion length can also be obtained by SPCM in two-dimensional semiconductors and that the local excitation can result in an internal electric field because of the difference in electron and hole mobilities.
61 citations
TL;DR: The Boltzmann-Arrhenius-Zhurkov (BAZ) model enables one to obtain a simple, easy-to-use and physically meaningful formula for the evaluation of the probability of failure (PoF) of a material after the given time in operation at the given temperature and under the given stress (not necessarily mechanical).
Abstract: Boltzmann–Arrhenius–Zhurkov (BAZ) model enables one to obtain a simple, easy-to-use and physically meaningful formula for the evaluation of the probability of failure (PoF) of a material after the given time in operation at the given temperature and under the given stress (not necessarily mechanical) It is shown that the material degradation (aging, damage accumulation, flaw propagation, etc) can be viewed, when BAZ model is considered, as a Markovian process, and that the BAZ model can be obtained as the steady-state solution to the Fokker–Planck equation in the theory of Markovian processes It is shown also that the BAZ model addresses the worst and a reasonably conservative situation, when the highest PoF is expected It is suggested therefore that the transient period preceding the condition addressed by the steady-state BAZ model need not be accounted for in engineering evaluations However, when there is an interest in understanding the physics of the transient degradation process, the obtained solution to the Fokker–Planck equation can be used for this purpose
48 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a group of common two-dimensional crystals, including graphene, graphyne, graphdiyne, graphn-yne, silicene, germanene, hexagonal boron nitride monolayers and MoS2, focusing on the effect of defect engineering on these two dimensional monolayer materials.
Abstract: Atomic-thick monolayer two-dimensional materials present advantageous properties compared to their bulk counterparts. The properties and behavior of these monolayers can be modified by introducing defects, namely defect engineering. In this paper, we review a group of common two-dimensional crystals, including graphene, graphyne, graphdiyne, graphn-yne, silicene, germanene, hexagonal boron nitride monolayers and MoS2 monolayers, focusing on the effect of the defect engineering on these two-dimensional monolayer materials. Defect engineering leads to the discovery of potentially exotic properties that make the field of two-dimensional crystals fertile for future investigations and emerging technological applications with precisely tailored properties.
43 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a mean-field argument is presented to provide the unifying link between rigidity percolation and non-affinity, which yields analytical predictions of the shear modulus of covalent amorphous solids with potential applications to disordered carbon electronic materials.
Abstract: Structural disorder has a dramatic impact on the mechanical response and stability of solids. On the one hand, rigidity percolation shows that the limit of mechanical stability coincides with the emergence of floppy modes. On the other hand, the rigidity of solids is also lowered by nonaffine atomic displacements, i.e. additional motions caused by the disorder on top of the affine displacements dictated by the strain. These two frameworks have offered alternative descriptions of the elasticity of disordered solids with central-force bonds, but the relationship between rigidity percolation and nonaffinity has remained unclear. As such, a unifying theory of real materials, i.e. those with covalent (noncentral) bonds, such as amorphous semiconductors, has been elusive. After briefly reviewing these theories, we present a mean-field argument which attempts to provide the unifying link between rigidity percolation and non-affinity. This framework yields analytical predictions of the shear modulus of covalent amorphous solids with potential applications to amorphous semiconductors and disordered carbon electronic materials.
42 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a new method of earthquake-proof engineering to create an artificial seismic shadow zone using acoustic metamaterials, which is a mechanical method of converting the seismic energy into sound and heat.
Abstract: We developed a new method of earthquake-proof engineering to create an artificial seismic shadow zone using acoustic metamaterials. By designing huge empty boxes with a few side-holes corresponding to the resonance frequencies of seismic waves and burying them around the buildings that we want to protect, the velocity of the seismic wave becomes imaginary. The meta-barrier composed of many meta-boxes attenuates the seismic waves, which reduces the amplitude of the wave exponentially by dissipating the seismic energy. This is a mechanical method of converting the seismic energy into sound and heat. We estimated the sound level generated from a seismic wave. This method of area protection differs from the point protection of conventional seismic design, including the traditional cloaking method. The artificial seismic shadow zone is tested by computer simulation and compared with a normal barrier.
37 citations
TL;DR: In this article, thin films of micro bismuth oxide particles were successfully prepared by in situ oxidation of the laser ablated Bismuth metal and the effects of substrate tiled angle on the characteristics of the prepared film were studied.
Abstract: Thin films of micro bismuth oxide particles were successfully prepared by in situ oxidation of the laser ablated bismuth metal. (111) oriented p-type crystalline silicon substrates were used. The effects of substrate tiled angle on the characteristics of the prepared film were studied. Also, the performance of n-Bi2O3/p-Si heterojunction device was investigated. The obtained current–voltage characteristics in dark and under illumination insure the dependence of the fabricated device characteristic on the deposition angle. The I–V characteristics show that all prepared devices are of abrupt type.
28 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of three zones (repulsion zone, orientation zone and attraction zone) on the phase transition in 2D-collective moving particles is discussed and analyzed using a numerical simulation method.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to study and discuss the effect of three zones (repulsion zone, orientation zone and attraction zone) on the phase transition in 2D-collective moving particles. Our main motivation is to better understand the complex behavior of non-equilibrium multi-agent system by extending the earlier and original model proposed by Viscek et al. [T. Viscek et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.75 (1995) 1226] for one zone. The analysis is performed over different situations by using a numerical simulation method. It is found that the radius R2 of orientation zone plays an important role in the system. In effect, by varying the parameter R2 a phase transition can be achieved from disordered moving of individuals to a group to highly aligned collective motion. The results also show that, the critical value of R2 at which the transition emerges depends strongly on the size of the repulsion zone but not on the size of attraction one.
26 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a full-scale numerical modeling of the nonlinear interactions between electromagnetic (EM) waves and the ionosphere, giving rise to ionospheric Langmuir turbulence is presented.
Abstract: This brief review is devoted to full-scale numerical modeling of the nonlinear interactions between electromagnetic (EM) waves and the ionosphere, giving rise to ionospheric Langmuir turbulence. A numerical challenge in the full-scale modeling is that it involves very different length- and time-scales. While the EM waves have wavelengths of the order 100 meters, the ionospheric Langmuir turbulence involving electrostatic waves and nonlinear structures can have wavelengths below one meter. A full-scale numerical scheme must resolve these different length- and time-scales, as well as the ionospheric profile extending vertically hundreds of kilometers. To overcome severe limitations on the timestep and computational load, a non-uniform nested grid method has been devised, in which the EM wave is represented in space on a relatively coarse grid with a spacing of a few meters, while the electrostatic wave turbulence is locally resolved on a much denser grid in space at the critical layer where the turbulence occurs. Interpolation and averaging schemes are used to communicate values of the EM fields and current sources between the coarse and dense grids. In this manner, the computational load can be drastically decreased, making it possible to perform full-scale simulations that cover the different time- and space-scales. We discuss the simulation methods and how they are used to study turbulence, stimulated EM emissions, particle acceleration and heating, and the formation of artificial ionospheric plasma layers by ionospheric Langmuir turbulence.
26 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, six edge rewiring strategies are discussed and extensive simulations on Barabasi–Albert (BA) scale-free networks confirm the effectiveness of these strategies.
Abstract: Considering the heterogeneous structure of scale-free networks causing low traffic capacity of network, we propose to improve the network transport efficiency by rewiring a fraction of edges for the network. In this paper, six edge rewiring strategies are discussed and extensive simulations on Barabasi–Albert (BA) scale-free networks confirm the effectiveness of these strategies. From another perspective, rewiring edges for scale-free networks directly reuse the removed edges under some edge-removal strategies [Z. Liu, M. B. Hu, R. Jiang, W. X. Wang and Q. S. Wu, Phys. Rev. E76 (2007) 037101; G. Q. Zhang, D. Wang and G. J. Li, Phys. Rev. E76 (2007) 017101], and can significantly enhance the traffic capacity of the network at the expense of increasing a little average path length. After the edge rewiring process, the network structure becomes significantly homogeneous. This work is helpful for network design and network performance optimization.
25 citations
TL;DR: A corresponding weighted network for 501 Shanghai stocks in every given window is constructed and it is found that two stocks are closely bonded and hard to be broken in a short term, on the contrary, no pair of stocks remains closely bonded for a long time.
Abstract: In this paper, using a moving window to scan through every stock price time series over a period from 2 January 2001 to 11 March 2011 and mutual information to measure the statistical interdependence between stock prices, we construct a corresponding weighted network for 501 Shanghai stocks in every given window. Next, we extract its maximal spanning tree and understand the structure variation of Shanghai stock market by analyzing the average path length, the influence of the center node and the p-value for every maximal spanning tree. A further analysis of the structure properties of maximal spanning trees over different periods of Shanghai stock market is carried out. All the obtained results indicate that the periods around 8 August 2005, 17 October 2007 and 25 December 2008 are turning points of Shanghai stock market, at turning points, the topology structure of the maximal spanning tree changes obviously: the degree of separation between nodes increases; the structure becomes looser; the influence of the center node gets smaller, and the degree distribution of the maximal spanning tree is no longer a power-law distribution. Lastly, we give an analysis of the variations of the single-step and multi-step survival ratios for all maximal spanning trees and find that two stocks are closely bonded and hard to be broken in a short term, on the contrary, no pair of stocks remains closely bonded for a long time.
23 citations
TL;DR: Tsitsishvili et al. as mentioned in this paper discussed the influence of noninertial effects on a Dirac particle in the Minkowski spacetime by showing that the geometry of the manifold can play the role of a hard-wall confining potential.
Abstract: In this contribution, we discuss the influence of noninertial effects on a Dirac particle in the Minkowski spacetime by showing that the geometry of the manifold can play the role of a hard-wall confining potential. Thus, we discuss a limit case where the relativistic bound states can be achieved in analogous way to having a Dirac particle confined to a quantum dot. We discuss the application of this mathematical model in studies of noninertial effects on condensed matter systems described by the Dirac equation, and compare the nonrelativistic limit of the energy levels with the spectrum of energy of a spin-½ particle confined to a quantum dot [E. Tsitsishvili et al., Phys. Rev. B70 (2004) 115316].
TL;DR: Based on the principle of hub repulsion, the metric in complex networks is redefined and a new method to calculate the fractal dimension ofcomplex networks is proposed in this paper.
Abstract: Complex networks are widely used to model the structure of many complex systems in nature and society. Recently, fractal and self-similarity of complex networks have attracted much attention. It is observed that hub repulsion is the key principle that leads to the fractal structure of networks. Based on the principle of hub repulsion, the metric in complex networks is redefined and a new method to calculate the fractal dimension of complex networks is proposed in this paper. Some real complex networks are investigated and the results are illustrated to show the self-similarity of complex networks.
TL;DR: In this article, single crystalline tetragonal MnO2 nanorods have been synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method using MnSO4⋅ H2O and Na2S2O8 as precursors.
Abstract: In this paper, single crystalline tetragonal MnO2 nanorods have been synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method using MnSO4⋅ H2O and Na2S2O8 as precursors. The crystalline phase, morphology, particle sizes and component of the as-prepared nanomaterial were characterized by employing X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The photoluminescence (PL) emission spectrum of MnO2 nanorods at room temperature exhibited a strong ultraviolet (UV) emission band at 380 nm, a prominent blue emission peak at 453 nm as well as a weak defect related green emission at 553 nm. Magnetization (M) as a function of applied magnetic field (H) curve showed that MnO2 nanowires exhibited a superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature which shows the promise of synthesized MnO2 nanorods for applications in ferrofluids and the contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. The magnetization versus temperature curve of the as-obtained MnO2 nanorods shows that the Neel transition temperature is 94 K.
TL;DR: In this article, the influences of magnetic field on electromagnetic properties of water are experimentally investigated and the results clearly show that the magnetic field reduces the dielectric constant and resistance of water and increases its electric conductivity.
Abstract: In this paper, the influences of magnetic field on electromagnetic properties of water are experimentally investigated. The results clearly show that the magnetic field reduces the dielectric constant and resistance of water and increases its electric conductivity. In this study, we also find that the electric conductivity of magnetized water increases with increasing the frequency of externally applied electromagnetic field and magnetized time, but its dielectric constant and resistance are decreased with increasing the frequency of electromagnetic field and magnetized time of water. Then we can affirm that the magnetic field changes the electric properties of water. Finally, we discuss the mechanism of variation of electromagnetic properties in water, which are due to the changes of nature of charged ions and velocity of hydrogen ions as well as the changes of polarized features or dipole moments of free molecules and clusters including linear and ring hydrogen-bond chains of molecules in water under the influences of electromagnetic fields. Therefore, this study has important significance in science and can expand the applications of magnetized water in biomedicine and industry.
TL;DR: In this article, a systematical analysis of the structure and electronic properties of armchair single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as well as singlewalled silicon carbide nanotube (SiCNT) by using density functional theory is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents a systematical analysis of the structure and electronic properties of armchair single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as well as single-walled silicon carbide nanotubes (SiCNTs) by using density functional theory. The geometries of all species were optimized at the B3LYP level of theory using the SVP basis set. The different behavior of C–C bonds "parallel" and "perpendicular" to the nanotube axis has been found. The HOMO–LUMO energy gap, ionization potential, electron affinity, electronegativity and hardness of studied tubes were compared. The influence of both SWCNTs and SiCNTs lengths on their electronic properties has been analyzed.
TL;DR: A new index based on the contribution of common neighbor nodes to edges is proposed and shown to have competitively good or even better prediction than other neighborhood-based indices especially for the network with low clustering coefficient with its high efficiency and simplicity.
Abstract: Link prediction in complex networks has attracted much attention recently. Many local similarity measures based on the measurements of node similarity have been proposed. Among these local similarity indices, the neighborhood-based indices Common Neighbors (CN), Adamic-Adar (AA) and Resource Allocation (RA) index perform best. It is found that the node similarity indices required only information on the nearest neighbors are assigned high scores and have very low computational complexity. In this paper, a new index based on the contribution of common neighbor nodes to edges is proposed and shown to have competitively good or even better prediction than other neighborhood-based indices especially for the network with low clustering coefficient with its high efficiency and simplicity.
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple plasmonic filter with symmetrical tooth-shaped waveguides is proposed and investigated by using finite element method, which can achieve a flat band-stop response with no intensity variation over the transmission spectrum.
Abstract: A simple plasmonic filter with symmetrical tooth-shaped waveguides is proposed and investigated by using finite element method. It is found that the structure with a single symmetrical tooth-shaped waveguide couple can realize a tunable band-stop filter. Attributed to cascaded symmetrical tooth-shaped waveguide couples, the structure can achieve a flat band-stop response with no intensity variation over the transmission spectrum. And the central wavelength of the stopband linearly increases with the simultaneous increasing of depths of waveguides. Moreover, reduced structure size can be achieved by controlling the dielectric constant of the medium.
TL;DR: A simple opinion spreading model based on the susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) epidemic model is proposed and it is found that critical spreading rates were closely related to the fraction of positive relationships in signed networks.
Abstract: The opinion spreading process can be modeled as the spread of an epidemic through a network, which assumes homogeneous relationships between individuals. However, positive and negative relationships in signed networks play different roles in the opinion spreading process, following the general rule that the same opinion will diffuse through friends, while the opposite opinion will likely emerge out of interactions between enemies. In order to explore opinion spreading behavior in signed networks, we proposed a simple opinion spreading model based on the susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) epidemic model. Under the assumption of homogeneous mixing, we also analyzed the phase transition of opinion spreading in signed networks and found that critical spreading rates were closely related to the fraction of positive relationships in signed networks. Finally, we confirmed the correctness of our solutions using numerical simulations of the opinion spreading model in signed networks.
TL;DR: In this article, the effective capacitance between the origin (0, 0, 0) and any other lattice site (l 1, l 2, l 3) in an infinite simple cubic (SC) network consisting of identical capacitors each of capacitance C, has been expressed rationally in terms of the known value go and π.
Abstract: In this paper, the effective capacitance between the origin (0, 0, 0) and any other lattice site (l1, l2, l3), in an infinite simple cubic (SC) network consisting of identical capacitors each of capacitance C, has been expressed rationally in terms of the known value go and π. The asymptotic behavior is also investigated, and some numerical values for the effective capacitance are presented.
TL;DR: By using q2-ary cyclotomic cosets, new asymmetric quantum codes with parameters q2+1, q2 +1-2(k+i-2), (2k+3)/(2i+3) are constructed, where k and i are positive integers, and .
Abstract: By using q2-ary cyclotomic cosets, we construct new asymmetric quantum codes with parameters [[q2+1, q2+1-2(k+i-2), (2k+3)/(2i+3)]]q2, where k and i are positive integers, and . The constructed asymmetric quantum codes are not covered by the codes available in the literature. Moreover, the constructed asymmetric quantum codes are optimal.
TL;DR: In this paper, first-principles calculations based on the density functional theory within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) have been used to study Sc-doped TiO2, rutile and anatase, crystals.
Abstract: First-principles calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) have been used to study Sc-doped TiO2, rutile and anatase, crystals. Local defect microstructure, electronic and electrical properties have been obtained and discussed in the present work. Large radius hole polaron state found here points out to the possibility of p-type electrical conductivity in Sc-doped titania.
TL;DR: In this article, the equivalent capacitance between two arbitrary nodes in a perturbed network (i.e., an interstitial capacitor is introduced between two arbitrarily points in the perfect lattice) based on the lattice Green's function approach is investigated.
Abstract: We investigate the equivalent capacitance between two arbitrary nodes in a perturbed network (i.e. an interstitial capacitor is introduced between two arbitrary points in the perfect lattice) based on the lattice Green's function approach. An explicit formula for the capacitance of the perturbed lattice is derived in terms of the capacitances of the perfect lattice by solving Dyson's equation exactly. Numerical results are presented for the infinite perturbed square network. Finally, the asymptotic behavior of the effective capacitance has been studied.
TL;DR: In this paper, bound solitons and two types of breathers for the generalized coupled nonlinear Schrodinger-Maxwell-Bloch system were generated by virtue of the Darboux transformation.
Abstract: The generalized coupled nonlinear Schrodinger–Maxwell–Bloch system can be used to describe the propagation of optical solitons in a nonlinear light guide doped with the two-level resonant atoms. In this paper, by virtue of the Darboux transformation, bound solitons and two types of breathers for the generalized coupled nonlinear Schrodinger–Maxwell–Bloch system are generated. Furthermore, the interaction scenario between bound solitons and propagation characteristics of the breathers are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a discrete quantum mechanics (QMQM) using a vector space over the Galois field GF(q) was constructed, and the correlations in the model do not violate the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality.
Abstract: We construct a discrete quantum mechanics (QM) using a vector space over the Galois field GF(q). We find that the correlations in our model do not violate the Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt (CHSH) version of Bell's inequality, despite the fact that the predictions of this discrete QM cannot be reproduced with any hidden variable theory.
TL;DR: In this article, a comparison of the 3d- and v-RXES spectra is proposed to directly detect the core-hole effect in the final state of the L3 X-ray absorption spectra (XAS).
Abstract: We consider two different resonant X-ray emission spectra for Ce compounds: Ce 3d to 2p X-ray emission (denoted by 3d-RXES) and valence to 2p X-ray emission (v-RXES), both of which follow the Ce 2p to 5d resonant excitation. We propose that the comparison of the 3d- and v-RXES spectra is a new powerful method of directly detecting the core-hole effect in the final state of Ce L3 X-ray absorption spectra (XAS). We applied this method to recent experimental RXES spectra for CeO2 and CeFe2, and showed unambiguously that the core-hole effect should be essential in the XAS of both materials. This result is confirmed by theoretical calculations, which reproduce well the experimental RXES and XAS spectra. We conclude that the ground state of CeO2 is in the mixed state of 4f0 and configurations, where is a ligand hole, instead of a pure 4f0 configuration which was proposed recently by first-principles energy band calculations. Also, we conclude that the double peaks observed in L3 XAS of CeFe2 are caused by the 4f0 and 4f1 configurations, which are mixed in the ground state but separated in energy by the large core-hole potential in the final state of XAS.
TL;DR: The parameter extraction based on optimal state sequence by HMM was suitable for resolving the problem of variability in behavioral data, and would be an effective means of monitoring chemical stress in the environment.
Abstract: Based on computer vision techniques, the movement tracks of an indicator species (zebrafish) were continuously observed in two dimensions before and after the treatments with a toxic chemical (formaldehyde, 2.5 ppm). Behavioral patterns based on the shape of movement segments were regarded as states, while linear and angular speeds measured from the movement segments were used as observed events for training with a hidden Markov model (HMM). The state sequences were estimated by HMM based on transition and emission probability matrices, and observed events. The movement tracks were further reconstructed based on behavior state sequences generated by HMM. Subsequently, permutation entropy and fractal dimension were calculated to monitor behavioral changes before and after the treatments. Both parameters based on the real and reconstructed data significantly decreased after the treatments, and individual variability was minimized with the parameters obtained from the reconstructed tracks. The parameter extraction based on optimal state sequence by HMM was suitable for resolving the problem of variability in behavioral data, and would be an effective means of monitoring chemical stress in the environment.
TL;DR: In this article, the dynamics of a system consisting of a matter continuum with a weak linear magnetoelectric coupling interacting with electromagnetic fields is examined on a local scale in a nonrelativistic limit.
Abstract: The dynamics of a system consisting of a matter continuum with a weak linear magnetoelectric coupling interacting with electromagnetic fields is examined on a local scale in a nonrelativistic limit. A consistent expression for the internal energy of the system is derived. The internal energy density and the continuity equation for the momentum lead to the derivation of ponderomotive forces. A nonuniform magnetoelectric coupling generates a "magnetoelectric" ponderomotive force that could be distinguished from the purely electric or magnetic ponderomotive forces by applying alternating electric and magnetic fields at distinct frequencies.
TL;DR: In this article, the transition pressure at which LiF compound transforms from direct band gap to indirect band gap insulator was reported on the basis of FP-LAPW calculations.
Abstract: We hereby are reporting the transition pressure at which lithium fluoride (LiF) compound transforms from direct band gap to indirect band gap insulator on the basis of FP-LAPW calculations. The fundamental band gap of LiF compound suffers direct to indirect transition at a pressure of 70 GPa. The study of the pressure effect on the optical properties e.g. dielectric function, reflectivity, refractive index and optical conductivity of LiF in the pressure between 0–100 GPa, shows that this pressure range is very critical for LiF compound as there are significant changes in the optical properties of this compound.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of different arc discharge currents (10, 20 and 30 A) on the size and optical absorption of cobalt nanoparticles was studied and it was shown that increasing the arc current leads to larger NPs.
Abstract: Synthesis of Cobalt nanoparticles often entails toxic and expensive physical-chemistry methods. Fabrication of pure cobalt nanoparticles (NPs) using a simple and low-cost electric arc discharge method in ethylene glycol (EG) is suggested for the first time. The effect of different arc discharge currents (10, 20 and 30 A) on the size and optical absorption of the NPs are studied. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and UV-visible spectroscopy result indicate that at an arc current of 10 A NPs of about 92.95 nm are produced and increasing the arc current leads to larger NPs. UV-visible spectroscopy data shows that the solvent gets more and more transparent with time. Sonication proves that this effect is related to agglomeration of the NPs. Formation of the pure Co NPs are evidenced by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements which gives an average size of about 21 nm using Scherrer's relation. Magnetization measurements of the samples are carried out by Alternating Gradient Force Magnetometer (AGFM). The r...
TL;DR: In this paper, theoretical analysis and extensive simulations are used to investigate asymmetric simple exclusion processes (ASEPs) with zoned inhomogeneity and on-ramp in a single-lane system.
Abstract: In this paper, theoretical analysis and extensive simulations are used to investigate asymmetric simple exclusion processes (ASEPs) with zoned inhomogeneity and on-ramp in a single-lane system. There are five possible phase diagrams with different hopping rate p and on-ramp rate q. Interestingly, the MC/MC, MC/LD and MC/HD phase can exist in the phase diagram with different hopping rate p and on-ramp rate q. When the on-ramp rate is fixed, with the decreasing of hopping rate, the HD/HD phase shrinks, it implies the heavy traffic in the system.