Showing papers in "Pakistan Veterinary Journal in 2014"

Prevalence of pathogens causing subclinical mastitis in Argentinean dairy herds.

Abstract: Received: Revised: Accepted: February 18, 2013 June 17, 2013 July 07, 2013 The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of different mastitis pathogens in Argentinean dairy farms. Composite milk samples were collected of 2296 cows from 51 randomly selected herds in Cordoba, Argentina. Somatic cell count was determined in all samples and bacterial examination of the milk samples with a SCC exceeding 200,000 cells/mL was performed. Of all the cows, 54% were diagnosed with subclinical mastitis (SCC ≥200,000/mL). Bacteria were isolated in 83.1% of milk samples subjected to bacteriological analysis. The most frequently isolated pathogen was coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) (52.1%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (21.3%), Corynebacterium spp. (5.2%), Streptococcus agalactiae (4.4%) and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (4.4%). This study demonstrates that among the major pathogens isolated, the contagious bacteria caused most of the subclinical infections of dairy cows in Cordoba, Argentina. Moreover, CNS was the most relevant group of minor pathogens causing subclinical mastitis. ©2013 PVJ. All rights reserved

Heavy metals toxicity and bioaccumulation patterns in the body organs of four fresh water fish species.

Abstract: Received: Revised: Accepted: October 12, 2012 November 27, 2013 January 3, 2014 Various environmental pollutants, including metals can cause toxicological effects on aquatic animals especially fish species. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine acute toxicity and bioaccumulation patterns of arsenic (As), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) in 150-day old fish species (Labeo rohita, Cirrhina mrigala, Catla catla and Ctenopharyngodon idella), separately, in glass aquaria under constant water temperature (30C), total hardness (300 mg L) and pH (7.5). Catla catla showed significantly (P Ni>As. Among exposed fish species, Cirrhina mrigala exhibited significantly higher ability to amass Ni (146.8±149.1 μg g) and Zn (243.0±190.5 μg g), followed by Ctenopharyngodon idella, Labeo rohita and Catla catla at 96-h LC50. Liver showed higher tendency to accumulate Ni, followed by gills and kidney with significant differences while kidney showed higher tendency to accumulate As, followed by liver. Fins and scales exhibited significantly (P<0.05) least tendency to accumulate all the three metals. Accumulation of metals in different fish species is the function of their membrane permeability, which is highly species specific. Due to this reason different fish species showed different amount of metal accumulated in their bodies. This study also reveals that the metals, being conservative in nature have higher ability of biomagnifications.

Investigation on the genotoxicity of mercuric chloride to freshwater Clarias gariepinus.

Abstract: Received: Revised: Accepted: June 10, 2013 September 11, 2013 September 15, 2013 The cytogenetic effect of heavy metal was studied in Clarias gariepinus using the micronucleus test, chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchange. The fish were kept separately and treated with four different concentrations of mercuric chloride for a period of 7 days. For the micronucleus test blood samples were obtained from the caudal vein. The mean micronuclei frequencies were recorded as 0.20, 0.25, 0.50, 0.65 and 0.79 in controls and 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 ppm in groups treated with mercuric chloride, respectively. Kidney tissues were used for in vivo chromosome preparation. The mean frequencies of cells with chromosomal aberrations were 0.21, 0.32, 0.49, 0.70 and 0.97 in the control and 1, 3, 5 and 7 ppm in groups treated with mercuric chloride, respectively. Similarly, the mean frequencies of sister chromatid exchange were recorded as 0.10, 0.28, 0.47, 0.58 and 0.64 in controls and 1, 3, 5 and 7 ppm in groups treated with mercuric chloride, respectively. The findings of present experiment suggest that HgCl2 caused genotoxic effects in fish. ©2013 PVJ. All rights reserved

Evaluation of blowfly (Chrysomya megacephala) maggot meal as an effective, sustainable replacement for fishmeal in the diet of farmed juvenile red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.)

Abstract: Fishmeal is the primary protein source used in farmed fish feed. However, the high price of fishmeal is a major contributor to high production costs in the aquaculture industry. Insect-based diets have been recognized as cheaper alternatives to fishmeal, but the nutritional quality and impact on fish growth remains in question. In this study, the potential of blowfly Chrysomya megacephala maggot meal as an alternative dietary protein source to fishmeal for red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) was evaluated. The protein and amino acid composition of the meal was assessed and a feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of varying percentages of fishmeal replacement on growth, feed efficiency, and survival of juvenile tilapia. Blowfly maggot meal contained all the essential amino acids needed by juvenile tilapia for normal growth, and equivalent protein content to fishmeal. Furthermore, diets with increased replacement of fishmeal by blowfly maggot meal improved the growth, feed efficiency and survival of juvenile tilapia with the total replacement diet giving the optimal results. Based on these results we suggest that blowfly maggot meal is an effective and sustainable protein source to replace fishmeal in the diet of farmed tilapia.

Clinico-hematological disparities induced by triazophos (organophosphate) in Japanese quail.

Abstract: Received: Revised: Accepted: September 10, 2013 October 11, 2013 October 23, 2013 The present experimental study was conducted to determine the clinico-hematological changes induced by oral administration of triazophos in male Japanese quail. A total of 60 mature male quail were procured and randomly divided into five equal groups. All the experimental birds received triazophos orally @ 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg/kg/day for 48 days. Birds were killed at day 16, 32 and 48 for collection of blood. Various clinical signs like ruffled feathers, tremors, watery droppings, salivation, torticollis, less foam production, decreased frequency of crowing and mating with their pen mates were observed at high doses (6 and 8 mg/kg/day triazophos). Significantly (P<0.05) lowered feed intake and body weight was recorded. Overall significantly (P<0.05) decreased total erythrocyte counts, total leukocyte counts, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration while increased pack cell volume and mean corpuscular volume was recorded in treated birds. It was concluded that triazophos induces clinico-hematological changes including anemia (macrocytic hypochromic) at higher doses in birds. ©2013 PVJ. All rights reserved

Clinico-biochemical investigation of paratuberculosis of dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia: proinflammatory cytokines, acute phase proteins and oxidative stress biomarkers.

Abstract: Received: Revised: Accepted: November 22, 2013 May 06, 2014 May 11, 2014 Searching for suitable biomarkers for diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is the key for control of Johne's disease. In the current study, two sets of twenty camels each, one infected with paratuberculosis and other normal healthy were executed. The basis for the infection was positive findings of clinical examination, Ziehl Neelsen staining of rectal smear and PCR of extracted bacterial DNA from feces. The present findings revealed significant decrease in total erythrocyte counts (TEC) and hemoglobin concentration (Hb) with significant increase in total leucocytes counts (TLC), packed cell volume (PCV) and neutrophils percentages of infected camels compare to control. A significant decrease in values of total proteins, albumin and glucose with significant elevation of concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and bilirubin and enzyme activities of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyle transferase (GGT) and Glutamic acid dehydrogenase (GLDH) were noted in the serum of infected camels compare to control. Acute phase proteins (APP) namely, haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA) and fibrinogen (Fb) and proinflammatory cytokines namely, interleukins (1α, 1β, 10, 6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (INF-γ) were significantly increased in infected camel compare to control. Significant decrease in the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers namely, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione concentration (GSH) and catalase (CAT) with significant increase in the levels of Malondialdhyde (MDA) were observed in infected camel compare to control. The present study suggests APP, proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress parameters as additional biomarkers for paratuberculosis in camel. ©2014 PVJ. All rights reserved

Clinical, haematological and biochemical alterations associated with an outbreak of theileriosis in dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) in Saudi Arabia.

Abstract: Received: Revised: Accepted: August 22, 2013 September 29, 2013 October 25, 2013 The aim of the study was to investigate and describe the clinical, parasitological haematological and biochemical findings induced by natural theileriosis in Camelus dromedarius. Sixty-seven out of 173 dromedary camels suffering clinically from fever, anorexia, swelling of the superficial lymph nodes, a rapid loss of condition, lacrimation, abortion and/or infertility were included in the study. Parasitological examinations of blood and faecal samples were performed for all camels using Giemsa-stained blood smears and standard flotation sedimentation techniques, respectively. The clinically affected camels were diagnosed with theileriosis (n=67) with a 38.73% overall morbidity and a 0% case fatality rate. Camels that suffered from theileriosis were subjected to haematological and biochemical analysis and matched with clinically healthy camels as controls (n=23). The haematological analysis revealed a highly significant reduction (P<0.001) in the total RBC count, HGB concentration, HCT and MCV in the affected camels. In addition, significant increases (P<0.01) in platelets and PCT were observed. The biochemical analysis revealed a highly significant reduction (P<0.001) in the iron level. Significant increases (P<0.01) in GGT, AST, ALT, total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen and LDH blood levels were detected in affected camels when compared with the controls. In conclusion, theileriosis greatly affected the hematobiochemical parameters of dromedary camels, including the liver, kidney and muscle functions. Our results can serve as the basis for subsequent studies in dromedaries under natural and experimental conditions. ©2013 PVJ. All rights reserved

Detection of aflatoxin, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in some feed and feedstuffs in Turkey.

Abstract: Received: Revised: Accepted: July 13, 2013 January 31, 2014 April 20, 2014 The aim of this study was to determine aflatoxin, zearalenone (ZON) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in some feed and feedstuff samples obtained from several farms and animal feed manufacturers in Turkey. A total of 106 samples (76 feedstuffs and 30 feeds) were analyzed by HPLC method. In samples of feedstuffs, ZON occurred at a high incident rate, however, AFG1 and G2 had a lower incident rate. In feed samples, although AFB2 and G2 occurred at a low incident rate, ZON had a higher incident rate. The data obtained in this study showed that toxin levels in feed and feedstuff samples were lower than maximal allowed levels. ©2014 PVJ. All rights reserved

Hsp-90 inhibitor geldanamycin attenuates liver oxidative stress and toxicity in thiram-induced tibial dyschondroplasia.

Abstract: Received: Revised: Accepted: May 11, 2014 May 20, 2014 May 27, 2014 An experiment was conducted to study the effects of hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin (17-DMAG) on liver functioning and its antioxidant ability in thiram-induced tibial dyschondroplasia. One hundred and twenty commercial chicken broilers were allocated into three groups: 1) control, 2) thiram-induced and 3) 17-DMAG treated. Serum samples were collected on day 11 and 14 post-hatch to determine the liver ALT, AST and ALP activity. The liver samples were collected at the end of trial to determine the activity of SOD (superoxide dismutase), GSH-Px (glutathione peroxidase) and MDA (malondialdehyde) contents. The results depicted that thiram increased the level of serum ALT, AST and liver MDA contents while decreased the serum ALP and liver antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH-Px); however, by administering 17-DMAG, these values were observed close to normal range as compared to control group. In conclusion, the oxidative imbalance and damage to liver caused by thiram can be restored by using 17-DMAG. ©2014 PVJ. All rights reserved

Integrated strategies for the control and prevention of dengue vectors with particular reference to Aedes aegypti.

Abstract: Received: Revised: Accepted: April 16, 2013 May 05, 2013 July 31, 2013 Dengue fever (DF) is one of the most threatening vector borne diseases, affecting both humans and animals, causing severe epidemics and has brought the world to take serious steps for its control and prevention. DF is a viral disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Unfortunately, due to unavailability of vaccine and lack of effective treatment, emphasis is given on its vector control. The only option left for its eradication is to restrict mosquito breeding. This can be achieved by chemical, biological and environment management methods. Use of botanicals is also an alternate and probably most effective approach for controlling DF vector. Community based eradication campaigns including educating people about its prevention and control measures and personal prophylaxis also play a vital role to prevent its occurrence. Likewise, use of nanotechnology and micro-emulsion, use of pheromones, insect sterilization techniques have also shown promising results in vector control. Utilization of only one method cannot control this dangerous disease but combination of all above interventions, discussed in the present paper, may prevent the DF vector and ultimately might help in the eradication programs of this disease. ©2013 PVJ. All rights reserved

A retrospective study of fractures in neonatal calves: 181 cases (2002-2012).

Abstract: Received: Revised: Accepted: July 31, 2013 October 14, 2013 December 25, 2013 The purposes of this study were to evaluate, etiology, radiological findings, treatment management, and to look at advantages and disadvandages of intramedullary nailing results of fractures in calves. One hundered eigthy one calves with fractures were used in the study. Distribution of calves was 130 Holstein (71.8%), 29 Brown Swiss (16.0%), 18 Simmental (9.9%), and 4 Charolais (2.2%). Fracture treatment was depending on the clinical findings. Conservative fracture treatment (walking cast technique), operative treatment intramedulary nailing or plate fixation) and/or amputation of the extremity were performed. To estimate of the etiology appeared that fractures of 59 (31.5%) calves had obtained during birthing due to excessive forced and inaccurate aiding, other 122 fracture (67.4%) cases were caused after trauma and badly care. Fractures were mostly happened on the metacarpal bones (60.6%) followed by femur (14.9%), metatarsal bones (7.1%), tibia (8.8%), ulna and radius( 6 %) and humerus (n=6, 3.2%), Success of fracture healing depend on timing and proper selection of treatment. This study shows that intramedullary pinning fixation give a satisfactory results of calves with fracture. ©2013 PVJ. All rights reserved

Antifungal efficacy of Phellodendron amurense ethanol extract against Trichophyton mentagrophytes in rabbits.

Abstract: Received: Revised: Accepted: July 29, 2013 September 24, 2013 November 25, 2013 The bark of the Phellodendron tree has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. Phellodendron amurense is widely used to treat gastroenteritis, abdominal pain, diarrhea and various inflammatory diseases including arthritis and dermatophytosis. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antifungal effects of Phellodendron amurense ethanol extract (PAEE) against Trichophyton mentagrophytes in vivo and in vitro. Quantitative analysis revealed that the level of total alkaloids in PAEE was 7.58±0.46 mg/mL. In the in vitro study, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of PAEE (0.03g/mL) and clotrimazole (0.02 mg/mL) were determined using 1.5% tryptic soya agar. The influence of different doses of PAEE on the growth of T. mentagrophytes was detected by dry weight determination. Moreover, transmission electronic microscopy was performed to observe the effect of PAEE on cell ultrastructure, and it showed that PAEE destroyed the cell membrane of T. mentagrophytes. Furthermore, the dermatophytosis infection model in rabbits with T. mentagrophytes was established for investigating the in vivo effect of PAEE at 10, 50 and 100% concentrations. The findings in all treatment groups demonstrated the inhibitory effects of PAEE against T. mentagrophytes. Therefore, we conclude that PAEE has significant antifungal activity and could be used to treat T. mentagrophytes infections in rabbits. ©2013 PVJ. All rights reserved

Hemato-biochemical disruptions by lambda-cyhalothrin in rats.

Abstract: Received: Revised: Accepted: August 04, 2013 August 18, 2013 August 28, 2013 The present study assessed in vivo endocrine disrupting effect of orally administered lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) on metabolic hormones and correlated it with hematological instabilities. Adult female albino rats were divided in three equal groups; one kept as control and other two treated with 20 and 40 mg/kg BW LCT, respectively by oral gavage for 14 days. At the end of trial, blood was collected for hormonal and hematological analysis. The results showed that LCT led to reduction in serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin (T4) level (P<0.001) without modifying serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level in a dose related manner. Lambdacyhalothrin also caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction in hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, red blood cell (RBC) count, total leukocyte count (TLC), platelets count, pack cell volume (PCV) and lymphocyte count. No significant variation was observed in erythrocytic indices. In sum, orally administered LCT caused reduction in feed intake and body weight along with disruption of hemato-biochemical parameters. ©2013 PVJ. All rights reserved

The polymorphism in the IGF1R gene is associated with body weight and average daily weight gain in Pomeranian Coarsewool ewes.

Abstract: Received: Revised: Accepted: February 17, 2014 May 11, 2014 May 17, 2014 The aim of this study was to investigate the association of five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GHR (growth hormone receptor), LEP (leptin), IGF1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), and IGF1R (insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor) genes with body weight at day 1, 33 and 90 of age and average weight gain at 1-33, 33-90 and 1-90 days of age in Pomeranian Coarsewool sheep. Blood samples were collected from 100 ewes derived from the only flock of this breed in Poland, and after DNA isolation, five selected loci were genotyped with use of appropriately designed PCR-RFLP assays. The g.122A>G in the GHR gene and the g.251G>A in the LEP gene were monomorphic, so only the effects of g.367G>T in the LEP gene, g.271C>T in IGF1 gene, and g.195C>T in IGF1R gene were investigated. The statistical analysis showed no association of the g.367G>A in LEP gene and g.271C >T in IGF1 gene with the selected growth parameters. In contrast, the g.195C>T polymorphism in IGF1R gene was significantly associated (P T SNP as a potential genetic marker for growth traits. Nevertheless that effect should be investigated in other sheep breeds in order to confirm if that SNP can be used for marker-assisted selection. ©2014 PVJ. All rights reserved

Comparison of cryopreservative effect of different levels of omega-3 egg-yolk in citrate extender on the quality of goat spermatozoa.

Abstract: The objective of the present study was to compare quality of chilled and frozenthawed goat semen processed in citrate extender containing 3 different levels (2.5, 5 and 10%) of omega-3 egg-yolk (EY). Ejaculates were collected from five adult goats using artificial vagina. Quality of fresh semen, processed semen after 3 hrs of chilling and 24 hrs of freezing was assessed based on live sperm %age, abnormality (determined by eosin-nigrosin stain) and general and progressive motility (evaluated by CEROS computer assisted semen analyzer). The result showed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in post-chilled live sperm %age from the fresh sample for extenders using 2.5 and 5% EY but not for the 10%. Moreover, a significantly lower percentage general and progressive motility was recorded using the 2.5% EY compared to the others that showed post-chilled sperm motility non-significantly different from the fresh sample. After chilling, 5% EY showed significantly lower percent sperm abnormalities compared to others. However, the abnormalities increased after freezing to a level non-significantly different from the 10% EY that sustained to demonstrate higher live sperm %age and motility than both 2.5 and 5% EY. An overall increase in post-thawed live sperm %age, general and progressive motility was observed with increase in concentration of EY added. Thus, though the difference with the 5% EY is in magnitude, the 10% omega-3 EY in citrate extender is preferred compared to 2.5% for superior post-thawed goat semen quality, extended without washing seminal plasma.

Sero-prevalence of brucellosis in food animals in the Punjab, Pakistan.

Abstract: Received: Revised: Accepted: May 17, 2014 June 13, 2014 June 19, 2014 Aim of the present study was to know the prevalence of brucellosis in food animals in relation to various risk factors through different diagnostic tests. For this purpose, 2375 serum samples were collected from December, 2010 to December, 2012. Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Serum Agglutination Test (SAT) were applied for initial screening, positive samples were subjected to enzyme linked immunosorbant assays (i-ELISA and c-ELISA) for confirmation. The data thus collected was interpreted and subjected to Binary Logistic Regression Analysis to know the difference among various groups based on species, sex, age, body weight and parity. Through RBPT and SAT, the higher prevalence of caprine brucellosis was recorded as compared to the buffaloes, camel, cattle and sheep. Prevalence of brucellosis was higher in buffaloes through both types of ELISAs as compared to other food animals. No animal was found positive for brucellosis in camel population. The prevalence of brucellosis was not associated with sex of animals. Sero-prevalence was higher in mature animals as compared to the younger ones in all food animals. The other risk factors like body weight and parity also affected the sero-prevalence of brucellosis in all species.

Combination of Nicotiana tabacum and Azadirachta indica: a novel substitute to control levamisole and ivermectin-resistant Haemonchus contortus in ovine.

Abstract: Received: Revised: Accepted: April 01, 2013 July 23, 2013 July 31, 2013 The current study was aimed at exploring the activity of combined crude aqueous methanol extracts (CAMEs) of Nicotiana (N.) tabacum leaves and Azadirachta (A.) indica seed kernels to control levamisole (LEV) and ivermectin (IVM)-resistant Haemonchus (H.) contortus in sheep. The in vivo fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) demonstrated rampancy of resistance among H. contortus populations against LEV and IVM. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) between groups treated with the combined plant extracts compared to other groups treated with solitary N. tabacum and A. indica. The recorded FECR% at low (1+1g kg BW) and high (2+2g kg BW) doses was 52.71 and 94.59, respectively for the combined extracts, whilst for N. tabacum at low (2g kg BW) and high (4g kg BW) doses, the FECR% was 87.5 and 88.6, respectively. Moreover, the FECR% for A. indica was 45.62 and 85.14 at low (2g kg BW) and high (4g kg BW) doses, respectively. There was a dose and time dependent ovicidal and adulticidal activity of CAMEs with estimated LC50 values of 0.523, 0.566 and 1.169 μg ml for the combined extracts, solitary N. tabacum and A. indica, respectively in egg hatch assay (in vitro test). The estimated LC50 values in adult motility test (in vitro test) 10 hours post-exposure were 0.17, 0.20 and 0.80 mg ml for the combined extracts, sole N. tabacum and A. indica, respectively. Accordingly, the aforementioned combined extracts at high dose were more efficacious than solitary N. tabacum and A. indica and, thus, can be used to restrict rampancy of LEV and IVM-resistant H. contortus populations parasitized in sheep. ©2013 PVJ. All rights reserved

Antimicrobial activity of Copaifera langsdorffii oil and evaluation of its most bioactive fraction against bacteria of dog's dental plaque.

Abstract: Received: Revised: Accepted: February 09, 2013 August 16, 2013 October 07, 2013 The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of copaiba oil and its resinous and volatile fractions against 20 bacterial isolates from dental plaque of dogs. The antimicrobial activities of the oil and its fractions were evaluated by the agar diffusion test with solutions at 10% concentration. The results showed antimicrobial activity for the copaiba oil solution on 16 isolates. The volatile fraction was considered statistically similar (P>0.05) to copaiba oil intact on the size of inhibition zones inhibiting 17 isolates. The resinous fraction inhibited only eight isolates, with smaller haloes when compared with those of the volatile fraction and intact oil (P<0.05). It is concluded from these results that copaiba oil is a potential phytotherapic to be used in dental plaque antimicrobial therapy of dogs and suggests that its activity is due to sesquiterpenes of the volatile fraction. ©2013 PVJ. All rights reserved

Effect of aflatoxin induced immunosuppression on pathogenesis of H9N2 avian influenza virus.

Abstract: Received: Revised: Accepted: June 04, 2013 December 23, 2013 January 25, 2014 The study was performed to investigate the immunosuppressive effect of aflatoxin on the pathogenesis of H9N2 AI virus in SPF chickens. The experiment was carried out on 110 unvaccinated day old SPF chicks. They were divided into four groups of 25 birds each. Group I was kept as a non-treated and non-infected control; group II was intranasally infected with H9N2 AI virus at the 4 week of age; group III was fed on a diet containing 0.75 ppm aflatoxin from day one through the entire experiment period and group IV was fed on diet containing 0.75 ppm aflatoxin as group III and infected intranasally with H9N2 AI virus at the 4 week of age. Five chicks were kept as contact control (without infection) to group II and group IV. Five chickens from each group were slaughtered at 4, 9, 14, 20 and 27 DPI Serum was collected from all slaughtered birds (5 serum samples/group/slaughter time) for serology (HI). Specimens from nasal conchae, trachea, lungs, liver, kidneys, bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen, pancreas and brain were collected from slaughtered birds for histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The histopathological lesions were more severe and persist till the end of the experiment in group IV. Using immunoperoxidase technique viral antigens were detected in the nasal conchae, trachea, lungs, thymus, kidneys and brain in group II while in group IV it extended further to the pancreas and bursa of Fabricius. In conclusion, the immunosuppression caused by aflatoxin increased the severity of lesions and allowed the virus to be disseminated to more organs. ©2014 PVJ. All rights reserved

Dietary supplementation of seaweed (Ulva lactuca) to alleviate the impact of heat stress in growing lambs.

Abstract: Received: Revised: Accepted: March 03, 2013 August 14, 2013 September 19, 2013 Several environmental and nutritional management approaches have been used to mitigate heat stress and improve performance of farm animals in semi-arid and arid regions. The present study was designed with the intention to alleviate the negative effects of heat stress and to promote the performance of growing lambs reared under hot environmental conditions. The study was conducted on 18 male Naimey lambs with average body weight of 22.78±0.49 kg, and 4-5 months old. The animals were randomly divided into 3 equal groups (A, B and C), and fed diets containing different concentrations of seaweed (Ulva lactuca) for 90 days. Group A served as control and was offered diet containing 0.0% seaweed. Groups B and C served as treated groups and were offered diets containing 3.0 and 5.0% seaweed, respectively. Dietary inclusion of seaweed to the diet of growing lambs exposed to heat stress (max Ta 43.9C, max RH 81.1%, max THI 84.6) neither influenced (P>0.05) the thermo-physiological parameters (rectal and skin temperatures), nor affected (P>0.05) the performance parameters (feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion efficiency). Furthermore, dietary seaweed supplementation did not alter (P>0.05) blood constituents or blood antioxidant capacity. However, dietary seaweed supplementation significantly (P<0.05) reduced respiratory rate, and increased serum potassium concentration. Based on the data of the present study, seaweed (Ulva lactuca) supplementation to the diets of growing lambs reared under heat stress conditions did not show any indication of promoting their production performance or heat tolerance. ©2013 PVJ. All rights reserved

Influence of dietary supplementation with selenium on blood metabolic profile and thyroid hormones activities in fattening lambs.

Abstract: The aim of the investigation was to determine influence of dietary supplementation with selenium on blood metabolic profile and thyroid hormones activities in fattening lambs. The study included 36 Merinolandschaf lambs during fattening period (50 days) divided into three groups (control, Exp- I and Exp-II). The control group diet was not supplemented with Se, whereas the diet of Exp-I was supplemented with 0.3 mg/kg inorganic selenium (sodium selenite) and Exp-II with 0.3 mg/kg organic selenium (Sel-Plex). Concentration of minerals (Ca, P-inorganic, K, Na, Fe and Cl), biochemical indicators (urea, glucose, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, total protein, albumin), enzyme activity (ALT, AST, GGT, LDH and GSH-Px) and thyroid hormone activities (T3, T4) were determined. Significantly higher (P<0.01) selenium content and GSH-Px activity as well as the lower content of Ca was determined in the blood of Exp-II and Exp-I groups compared to control group (93.89 and 67.69: 34.11 µg L-1 ; 607.98 and 556.92: 247.52 µkat L-1 ; 2.38 and 2.39: 2.76 mmol L-1). Significantly higher (P<0.01) selenium content in the in blood of lambs from Exp-II compared to Exp-I group was determined. Significantly higher (P<0.05) concentrations of HDL-cholesterol and T3 hormone activity were found in Exp-II group compared to the Exp-I and control groups. The results showed lower blood selenium content in control group and indicate the justification of adding selenium, especially organic selenium in lamb’s diets, raising the concentration of Se, GSH-Px enzyme, HDL-cholesterol and T3 hormones improving the health status, especially in areas deficient in selenium.

Reticular diaphragmatic hernia in Egyptian buffaloes: clinical, hemato-biochemical and ultrasonographic findings.

Abstract: Received: Revised: Accepted: September 03, 2013 April 14, 2014 May 07, 2014 This study was conducted to investigate the ultrasonographic findings of diaphragmatic hernia (DH) in buffaloes. Each 10 of healthy non pregnant, pregnant and buffaloes with DH were investigated. The most observed signs of DH were dullness, depression, inappetence, tympany and scanty feces. Reticulum of all buffaloes with DH was detected at the level of 4th/5th intercostal space (ICS) by ultrasonography. Contraction manner was either biphasic (n=6), monophasic (n=2) or non-motile (n=2). Contraction frequency was either reduced (n=6), normal (n=2) or increased (n=2). Also, hypoechoic inflammatory adhesion was found between reticulum and thoracic organs (n=6). Herniated reticulum was imaged beneath lung (n=6) and beneath heart (n=4). Hemato-biochemical analyses revealed significant elevations in total leucocytes, total protein, globulin and fibrinogen in comparison with control groups. Collectively, not only ultrasonography of DH in buffaloes was based on reticulum location at 4th/5th ICS, but also other investigations should be evaluated. ©2014 PVJ. All rights reserved

Silymarin improves pancreatic endocrine function in rats.

Abstract: Received: Revised: Accepted: July 03, 2013 October 19, 2013 November 23, 2013 The protective effects of silymarin, a free radical scavenger on normal and alloxaninduced diabetic rats were studied for four weeks. Some endocrine pancreatic function and hematological parameters were measured. Histological structure of pancreas, Pancreatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, levels of lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also estimated. A single s/c injection of alloxan (150mg/kg BW) elicited a significant decrease in serum insulin, activities of SOD and catalase, content of GSH and a significant increase in pancreatic MDA, blood glucose level, and glycated hemoglobin%. In addition to adverse effects on beta cell function indices, hematological parameters and marked necrotic changes in the pancreatic ultrastructure compared to control rats. The repeated oral intake of silymarin (100 mg/kg BW) for 4 weeks interrupted by a single s.c. injection of alloxan improved significantly the previously mentioned parameters compared to their values in alloxan treated group. This improvement indicates a partial restoration of beta cell function relieving the alloxan induced damage. In conclusion, silymarin administration caused an improvement in normal rats pancreatic function and was able to reduce the pancreatic damage induced by alloxan which might be contributed to its direct cytoprotective effect on beta cells or simply related to restoration of some of the antioxidant capacity in pancreatic tissue. ©2013 PVJ. All rights reserved

Close relationship of group A rotaviruses between bovine and human based on VP7 gene sequence in Egypt.

Abstract: Received: Revised: Accepted: July 23, 2013 December 20, 2013 February 17, 2014 The study investigated the genetic relatedness between bovine and human group A rotaviruses. Ninety four human stool and calf fecal samples (47, each) were collected from different localities in Egypt and tested by rotavirus group A enzyme immunoassay. Only twenty five fecal samples (26.5%) were positive. Viral isolation and RT-PCR amplification of full length VP7 gene was performed for the reacted fecal samples. VP7 genes were sequenced for one isolate each from diarrheic human and calf. Human EGY2012 and bovine EGY2022 rotavirus strains displayed the strongest identity of their VP7 genes [95.3% nucleotide (nt), 97.6% amino acid (aa)]. The antigenic regions A, B, and C of its VP7 genes were analogue. The high homology of two studied strains explained the interspecies transmission and its zoonotic hazard. Further rotavirus P and G genotyping of human and different animal species are needed to study genetic diversity of human rotaviruses in Egypt. ©2014 PVJ. All rights reserved

Resveratrol reduces oxidative stress and improves arsenic efflux in rats exposed to arsenic trioxide.

Abstract: Received: Revised: Accepted: May 29, 2013 September 15, 2013 September 18, 2013 The effects of resveratrol on arsenic trioxide-induced oxidative stress and arsenic efflux in spleen were determined in Wistar rats exposed to arsenic trioxide (As2O3). Wistar rats were segregated into four groups: control (0.9% normal saline), As2O3treated (2 mg/kg for 7 days, i.p.), resveratrol+As2O3-treated, resveratrol-treated (5 mg/kg for 7 days, i.p.). Spleen was analyzed for lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities, glutathione redox system and arsenic accumulation. Arsenic treatment showed significant increases in the malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species and arsenic accumulation in spleen. Furthermore, arsenic treatment decreased significantly activity of superoxide dismutase and total glutathione/ oxidized glutathione ratio. However, treatment with resveratrol to arsenic-treated rats reduced oxidative stress and improved arsenic efflux. These findings may provide the potential strategy for arsenic-induced spleen toxicity and As2O3 as a single agent causing toxic effects. ©2013 PVJ. All rights reserved

Influence of Functional Nutrients on Insulin Resistance in Horses with Equine Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract: Received: Revised: Accepted: February 09, 2013 September 20, 2013 October 17, 2013 The obesity is a rising health problem both in veterinary and human medicine. In equine medicine excessive body weight is frequently related to insulin resistance and laminitis as is defined as equine metabolic syndrome (EMS). The dietetic management is considered as the crucial part of treatment strategy in the course of EMS. The main feeding recommendation is to administer the low energy diet in order to restore insulin efficiency and to lower body weight. In this study 14 horses of different breed, both sexes and different ages with diagnosed equine metabolic syndrome were fed, concurrently, with oats (3 g/kg bw), hay (15 g/kg bw) and experimental dietary supplement containing selected herbs, aminoacids, butyric acid derivative, biotin and selected dietetic plant like artichoke. The influence of above dietary protocol on body weight, insulin level, and adipose tissue morphometry was investigated in horses from group A. Horses from group B fed only with oats (3 g/kg bw) and hay (15 g/kg bw) served as a control. Results of the experiment indicated that tested supplement could improve insulin efficiency and reduce body mass in experimental horses group. ©2013 PVJ. All rights reserved

Genetic characterization of Fasciola samples from bovine hosts in Pakistan by sequences of ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions.

Abstract: Department of Zoology and Biology, Faculty of Sciences; Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Agriculture University, Rawalpindi-46300, Pakistan; Agriculture and Biotechnology, Biosciences Division, Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan; Pakistan Science Foundation, Constitution Avenue, Islamabad; National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, Islamabad, Pakistan *Corresponding author: imtiazarana@uaar.edu.pk (IAK); mazhar_dr@yahoo.com (MQ)

Association between growth hormone single nucleotide polymorphism and body weight in four Saudi camel (Camelus dromedarius) breeds.

Abstract: Received: Revised: Accepted: February 09, 2014 April 09, 2014 May 30, 2014 The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between growth hormone gene (GH) polymorphism and estimated body weight in Arabian camels. This was achieved by sequencing and alignment of the growth hormone (GH) gene in four Saudi Arabian camel breeds (Majaheem, Saheli, Waddah and Homor); searching for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and correlating them with estimated body weight. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was used to detect SNPs in the genotype of 200 animals from each breed. Thirteen SNPs (two insertion and eleven substitution) were detected in the Majahem breed, and one was detected in the Waddah and Homor breeds each at position 419 (C419T). Two SNPs (C419T and T450C) were detected in the Saheli breed. Of these the T450C SNP was associated with increased estimated body weight. Both male and female Saheli camels with the CC genotype had higher body weights than the CT and TT genotypes (P≤0.05).The SNP T450C, which was detected only in camels of the Saheli breed, was correlated with greater body weight. Consequently, this SNP may be a useful marker in the selection of camels for higher growth rate and meat production. ©2014 PVJ. All rights reserved

Genetic fingerprint of unilocular hydatidosis in Egyptian camels and humans using nested PCR.

Abstract: Received: Revised: Accepted: March 13, 2014 May 12, 2014 June 01, 2014 The pulmonary and hepatic hydatid cyst fluids were collected from 540 slaughtered camels and 5 human cases in Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt. The prevalence of infection of cystic echinococcosis among camels was 120 (22.2%). The fertility rates of the isolated cysts form camels and humans were 64.5 and 100%, respectively. A nested polymerase chain reaction was used for amplification of mitochondrial NADH 1 gene of Echinococcus granulosus complex in fertile cysts obtained from camels and humans, respectively. Two pairs of primers (EGL1 and EGR2) and (EGL3 and EGR4) were used in 2 amplification steps. First, the outer pair of primer originated from a highly conserve region of NADH1 gene generate a primary 435 bp PCR product. Second, a pair of internal (nested) primer (EGL3 and EGR4), designed to the annealing site of primers (EGL1 and EGR2) yield similar diagnostic amplified DNA bands of molecular size marker at 276 bp in all examined cysts obtained from camels and humans indicating a zoonotic relationship. This study confirms similar fingerprinting patterns of Echinococcus granulosus complex in camels and humans in Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt. Nested PCR for diagnosis of E. granulosis had been used for the first time in Egypt, as far as we know. ©2014 PVJ. All rights reserved