Showing papers in "Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira in 2014"
TL;DR: A retrospective study of the diagnoses of injuries and deaths in equine in Southern Brazil was conducted between 1978 and 2012, demonstrating the importance of skin lesions in horses, as 31.88% of the biopsy received were lesions on the skin of the animals.
Abstract: A retrospective study of the diagnoses of injuries and deaths in equine in Southern Brazil was conducted between 1978 and 2012. All necropsy protocols and other materials of the Regional Diagnostic Laboratory of the Veterinary School of the Federal University of Pelotas were reviewed. The collected data consisted of 2,026 equine materials, including 514 necropsy protocols of and 1,512 other biologic materials, including the protocols of biopsies, organs, swabs, feces, blood, and skin scrapings. From the resulting 2,026 diagnoses, 467 (23.05%) corresponded to neoplasms and tumor like lesions; 168 (8.29%) to parasitic diseases; 135 (6.66%) to bacterial diseases; 31 (1.53%) to viral diseases; 86 (4.24%) to diseases caused by fungi and oomycetes; 50 (2.47%) to intoxication and poisoning by mycotoxins; 9 (0.44%) to metabolic diseases; 60 (2.96%) to other diseases; and 75 (3.70%) to non-transmittable diseases of the digestive tract. Three hundred twenty cases (15.79%) were classified as diseases of unknown etiology. Other diagnoses accounted for 489 of the total 2,026 cases (24.14%). In 44 (8.56%) of the 514 necropsies and 91 (9.47%) of the 961 biopsies of organs mailed into the laboratory, the diagnoses were inconclusive, totaling 135 (9.15%) of the 1,475 in the category. This study demonstrates the importance of skin lesions in horses, as 31.88% (642) of the biopsies received were lesions on the skin of the animals. The most significant tumors observed were equine sarcoid, at 33.18%, and squamous cell carcinoma, at 7.94%. The most common observed causes of death were leucoenceflomalacia (7.59%), rabies (3.70%) thromboembolism by Strongylus vulgaris (2.33%) and monocytic ehrlichiosis (1.75%).
28 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that squamous cell carcinomas in ruminants and equine sarcoid are the most common tumors in livestock in the semiarid Brazilian Northeast, and the equidae were the most affected among the species studied.
Abstract: In Brazil, data related to occurrence of tumors in livestock are scarce. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of tumors diagnosed in equidae, cattle, sheep and goats in the Pathology Laboratory of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos, state of Paraiba, from 1983 to 2010, and to analyze the risk factors by the chi square test, considering variables such as species, breed, age and sex. During the period, 177 (5.6%) out of 3153 specimens from biopsies or necropsies were diagnosed as tumors. There were significant differences (p<0.001) in the frequency of tumors among different species; horses (10.6%) were more affected than cattle (6.8%), and cattle were more affected than goats (3.3%) and sheep (2.1%). Squamous cell carcinoma was most frequent tumor in cattle (58.3% of the tumors), sheep (80%) and goats (46.1%), and sarcoid (45.3%) was the most frequent in horses. Regarding the location, neoplasms were more common in the skin of horses (62.5%) and sheep (60%), in the eyes and periocular skin in cattle (36.1%), and un the female reproductive system (perineal region and vulva) of goats (34.6%). Regarding the sex of the animals, only cattle had significant prevalence (p<0.001). Regarding age only goats showed significant prevalence (p=0.015). There was no significant prevalence in any animal species in relation to race. We concluded that squamous cell carcinomas in ruminants and equine sarcoid are the most common tumors in livestock in the semiarid Brazilian Northeast, and the equidae were the most affected among the species studied.
27 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that skin diseases are important in equidae in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil and the knowledge generated in this work is important for the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.
Abstract: Diseases that affect the skin and appendages of equidae in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil were analyzed through a retrospective study of records of the Large Animal Clinic of the Veterinary Hospital at the Federal University of Campina Grande, from January 2002 to December 2012. At all, 2054 equidae entered the hospital being 1786 horses, 200 donkeys, and 58 mules. A total of 535 (26.05%) were affected by skin diseases, 447 horses, 68 donkeys and 20 mules. In horses the more prevalent skin diseases were pythiosis (24.38%), traumatic injuries (23.04%), abscesses (12.75%), granulation tissue (8.5%), and habronemiasis (7.38%); together, these diseases represented 76% of dermatological problems observed in this species. In donkeys the more frequent diseases, representing 79.84% of the skin diseases, were traumatic wounds (47.5%), sarcoid (19.11%), and abscesses (13.23%). In mules the most frequent disease was traumatic wounds (30%) and habronemiasis and squamous cell carcinoma (15% each), which together accounted for 60% of the skin diseases in this species. It is concluded that skin diseases are important in equidae in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil and the knowledge generated in this work is important for the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.
27 citations
TL;DR: The main diseases observed, in descending order of prevalence, were: pythiosis, candidiasis, aspergillosis, zygomycosis, dermatophytosis, mallasseziosis, cryptococcosis, megabacteriosis, and sporothrichosis.
Abstract: A retrospective study was performed to determine the main mycoses and oomycosis that affected domestic animals diagnosed in the Laboratorio de Patologia Veterinaria (LPV) of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). A total of 29,686 exams (9,487 necropsy reports and 20,199 biopsy reports) performed between January 1990 and December 2012 were analyzed. Two hundred and thirty cases (78% of mycoses and 22% of pythiosis) were found. Data about epidemiology, clinical signs, gross and histologic lesions were obtained from the reports. In two cases the fungi observed were not identified. The main diseases observed, in descending order of prevalence, were: pythiosis, candidiasis, aspergillosis, zygomycosis, dermatophytosis, mallasseziosis, cryptococcosis, megabacteriosis, and sporothrichosis. Others diseases with only one cases each were histoplasmosis and pneumocystosis. Pythiosis affected mainly horses and the mycosis affected mainly companion animals (dogs and cats).
27 citations
TL;DR: In spite of the existing knowledge and conscience of professionals on this subject, there are numerous erroneous interpretations and superstitions on mineral supplementation for cattle, together with indiscriminate commercialization of mineral mixtures; the latter, thoroughly accepted and applied in the rural area, causes considerable economic losses to the cattle industry as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The economic importance of mineral deficiencies in cattle and their supplementation for animal health and production is well established. But in spite of the existing knowledge and conscience of professionals on this subject in Brazil, there are numerous erroneous interpretations and superstitions on mineral supplementation for cattle, together with indiscriminate commercialization of mineral mixtures; the latter, thoroughly accepted and applied in the rural area, causes considerable economic losses to the cattle industry. In this article of general interest we discuss, one by one, the most important misunderstandings and superstitions regarding this subject.
22 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that leptospirosis is widely spread in cattle in State of Paraiba, which reinforces the need for increased prevention and control measures, such as vaccination of herds, according to the results of risk factors analysis.
Abstract: Foram determinadas as prevalencias de propriedades positivas e de animais positivos e identificados fatores de risco associados a leptospirose em vacas no Estado da Paraiba, Nordeste do Brasil. Foram aleatoriamente selecionadas 2.317vacas com idade ≥ 24 meses, procedentes de 450propriedades. Para o diagnostico sorologico da infeccao por Leptospira spp. foi empregado o teste de soroaglutinacao microscopica (SAM), utilizando-se 24 sorovares como antigenos. Uma propriedade foi considerada positiva quando apresentou pelo menos um animal soropositivo. Das 450 propriedades investigadas 398 (89,7%; IC 95% = 86,6-92,2%) apresentaram pelo menos um animal reagente na SAM para qualquer sorovar, e 1.349 (61,1%; IC 95% = 56,6-65,4%) animais foram soropositivos. O sorovar Hardjo foi o mais prevalente nas propriedades e nos animais, com frequencias de 58,17% e 54,69%, respectivamente. Propriedade ser localizada no Sertao (odds ratio = 3,20; p = 0,003), presenca de animais silvestres (odds ratio =2,89; p=0,005), nao resfriar o leite (odds ratio =3,83; p=0,034) e presenca de pastos alagados (odds ratio =2,36; p<0,001) foram identificados como fatores de riscos associados a prevalencia de propriedades positivas. Conclui-se que a leptospirose encontra-se amplamente difundida em bovinos do Estado da Paraiba, o que reforca a necessidade de intensificacao de medidas de prevencao e controle, como a vacinacao dos rebanhos. De acordo com os resultados da analise de fatores de risco, sugere-se que o controle sanitario antes da introducao de animais, drenagem de areas alagadas e melhora nas condicoes de manejo sao importantes medidas para a prevencao da infeccao.
21 citations
TL;DR: The results obtained in this study show that the essential oil of L. origanoides has a high safety margin, with no detectable toxic effects in rats treated with doses to 120mg/kg, and this essential oil demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli and S. cholerasuis.
Abstract: Currently, there is a growing interest in medicinal plants, because of an increased demand for alternate therapies. In this study, the antimicrobial activity and toxicity of the essential oil of Lippia origanoides (L. origanoides) were investigated. The essential oil of L. origanoides was extracted by steam-dragging distillation and its constituents were identified by chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Among the 15 compounds identified, the most abundant were carvacrol (29.00%), o-cymene (25.57%), and thymol methyl ether (11.50%). The essential oil was studied in antimicrobial assays to determine the MIC and MBC. The results indicated that a concentration of 120μL/mL of oil was sufficient to inhibit the growth of the following microorganisms: Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Salmonella cholerasuis (ATCC 10708). Acute and chronic toxic effects of orally administered oil were investigated in Wistar rats by using standard methods. Doses of 30, 60 and 120mg/kg of the essential oil did not induce significant changes in weight, behavior or hematological and biochemical parameters in the animals. There were no signs of any histopathological changes to the liver, kidneys or heart of the treated rats, suggesting that Lippia origanoides oil is non-toxic after oral administration in acute or chronic toxicity studies. The results obtained in this study show that the essential oil of L. origanoides has a high safety margin, with no detectable toxic effects in rats treated with doses to 120mg/kg. In addition, L. origanoides oil demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli and S. cholerasuis. Based on these findings, this essential oil may have practical application as a veterinary antimicrobial.
20 citations
TL;DR: There was positive correlation between tick control acaricide frequencies and infestation in bovines, leading us to infer that control periodicity greater than 90 days, in stable zones, is an abiotic factor that benefits the acquisition of protective immunity in calves, the natural control of the infection and eventual disease absence.
Abstract: Babesia sp. is a protozoan hemoparasite that affects livestock worldwide. The Colombian Middle Magdalena is an enzootic region for babesiosis, but there is no previous research providing detail on its transmission cycle. This study aims to assess some Babesia sp. infection indicators in cattle and ticks from the area, by using direct microscopic and molecular techniques to detect the infection. In the cattle, 59.9% and 3.4 % positivity values for B. bigemina and mixed infection (B. bovis + B. bigemina) were found respectively. In ticks, the positivity of B. bigemina reached 79.2% and 9.4% for the mixed infection. The degree of infestation in the region was 3.2 ticks per bovine. There was positive correlation between tick control acaricide frequencies and infestation in bovines. This leads us to infer that control periodicity greater than 90 days, in stable zones, is an abiotic factor that benefits the acquisition of protective immunity in calves, the natural control of the infection and eventual disease absence. It is necessary to monitor the disease by applying new entomological and parasitological indicators showing the complexity of this phenomenon.
18 citations
TL;DR: The main characteristics and an update on E. coli pathotypes causing calf diarrhea are presented and Escherichia coli stands as an important enteropathogen involved in diarrheal syndrome.
Abstract: A diarreia e uma das doencas mais frequentes de bezerros com ate 30 dias de idade e e uma importante causa de perdas economicas Sua etiologia e complexa e envolve a interacao de diversos fatores infecciosos, nutricionais, imunologicos, gerenciais e ambientais Os principais sinais clinicos sao a diarreia, desidratacao progressiva, acidose metabolica, desequilibrio de eletrolitos e balanco energetico negativo com ou sem hipoglicemia, que se nao tratados, levam a morte do animal Escherichia coli se destaca como um importante enteropatogeno envolvido na sindrome diarreica Cepas de E coli patogenicas sao classificadas em grupos ou patotipos, de acordo com a producao de fatores de virulencia e mecanismos pelos quais causam doenca Ja foram identificados cinco patotipos de E coli associados a diarreia em bezerros: E coli enterotoxigenica (ETEC), E coli enteropatogenica (EPEC), E coli enterohemorragica (EHEC), E coli produtora de toxina Shiga (STEC) e E coli necrotoxigenica (NTEC) Nesse artigo apresentamos as principais caracteristicas e os atuais conhecimentos sobre os patotipos de E coli causadores de diarreia em bezerros
18 citations
TL;DR: The data from this study indicates the importance of assessing similar risks to aquatic species and suggests that Poecilia vivipara is an adequate biological model for analysis of environmental contamination.
Abstract: The 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, usually named 2,4-D is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. Acute toxicity of 2,4-D herbicide was investigated through its effects on guppies (Poecilia vivipara Bloch et Schneider 1801). Fish were exposed to the herbicide at concentrations of 10, 20 and 40µl per liter of water for 24 hours to determine its effects on gills and liver epithelia. The estimated LC50 was 34.64µl of 2,4-D per liter of water. Histochemical analyses and Feulgen's reaction were conducted to detect glycoconjugates and DNA, respectively, in gills and liver epithelia. Histochemistry revealed qualitative variations of glycoconjugates present on mucous cells and granules. The four types of mucous cells contained neutral granules, acids, or both. Increasing amounts of syalomucins were observed from the control group to the group exposed to the highest concentration of 2,4-D, suggesting increased mucous viscosity and the formation of plaques that could inhibit gas exchange and osmoregulation. Lamellar fusion observed in the group exposed to 40µl of 2,4-D suggests a defense mechanism. Hepatocytes showed vacuolization in the 10 and 20µl/L groups. The 40 µl/L group showed normal hepatocytes as well as changed ones, many Ito cells, micronuclei, and nuclear swelling. These effects may be associated with toxicity or adaptative processes to cellular stress. The data from this study indicates the importance of assessing similar risks to aquatic species and suggests that Poecilia vivipara is an adequate biological model for analysis of environmental contamination.
18 citations
TL;DR: Female collared peccaries, captive born in semiarid conditions, have an estral cycle that lasts 21.0±5.7 days, with estrous signs characterized by vulvar lips edema and hyperemic vaginal mucosa, coinciding with developed follicles and high estrogen levels.
Abstract: Collared peccaries (Peccary tajacu) are among the most hunted species in Latin America due the appreciation of their pelt and meat. In order to optimize breeding management of captive born collared peccaries in semiarid conditions, the objective was to describe and correlate the changes in the ovarian ultrasonographic pattern, hormonal profile, vulvar appearance, and vaginal cytology during the estrus cycle in this species. During 45 days, females (n=4) were subjected each three days to blood collection destined to hormonal dosage by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). In the same occasions, evaluation of external genitalia, ovarian ultrasonography and vaginal cytology were conducted. Results are presented as means and standard deviations. According to hormonal dosage, six estrous cycles were identified as lasting 21.0 ± 5.7 days, being on average 6 days for the estrogenic phase and 15 days for the progesterone phase. Estrogen presented mean peak values of 55.6 ± 20.5 pg/mL. During the luteal phase, the high values for progesterone were 35.3 ± 4.4 ng/mL. The presence of vaginal mucus, a reddish vaginal mucosa and the separation of the vulvar lips were verified in all animals during the estrogenic peak. Through ultrasonography, ovarian follicles measuring 0.2±0.1 cm were visualized during the estrogen peak. Corpora lutea presented hyperechoic regions measuring 0.4±0.2 cm identified during luteal phase. No significant differences (P>0.05) between proportions of vaginal epithelial cells were identified when comparing estrogenic and progesterone phases. In conclusion, female collared peccaries, captive born in semiarid conditions, have an estral cycle that lasts 21.0±5.7 days, with estrous signs characterized by vulvar lips edema and hyperemic vaginal mucosa, coinciding with developed follicles and high estrogen levels.
TL;DR: The epidemiological, clinical and pathological data allowed to conclude for the diagnosis of poisoning by S. obtusifolia in this outbreak of S. occidentalis in the Pantanal Region of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
Abstract: Senna sp. poisoning in livestock has been reported in several occasions in Brazil usually from southern Brazil and involving S. occidentalis as the culprit. The objective of this study is to report the occurrence of an outbreak of S. obtusifolia poisoning in cattle in the Pantanal Region of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. In a herd of 313 heifers, 165 were affected and died (morbidity rate of 52.7% and lethality rate of 100%). The 313 heifers remained in the paddock infested by S. obtusifolia for 37 days. Clinical signs consisted of reluctance to move, incoordination, permanent sternal recumbency, decrease in the tonus of the tongue, alertness, myoglobinuria characterized by dark brown urine, and dry stools with or without mucus; or occasionally diarrhea with streaks of blood. The main gross findings in 12 necropsied cattle were in the skeletal muscles of the hind limbs, and were characterized by varying degrees of paleness of muscle groups. Histologically, the most relevant lesion was segmental multifocal degeneration and necrosis in striated skeletal muscles (multifocal lypolyphasic toxic degenerative myopathy). The epidemiological, clinical and pathological data allowed to conclude for the diagnosis of poisoning by S. obtusifolia in this outbreak.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the addition of 100 ng/ml of IGF-I in the culture medium enables the development of preantral follicles of goats with one day of culture, however, it is not sufficient to maintain the follicular integrity and the follicle survival rate after seven days of culture.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the insulin-like growth factor -I (IGF-I) on survival, activation (transition from primordial to primary follicles) and growth of caprine preantral follicles cultured in vitro. Fragments of ovarian cortex were cultured for one and seven days in the absence or presence of IGF-I (0, 50 and 100ng/ml). The non-cultured and cultured tissues were processed and analyzed by histology and transmission electron microscopy. The culture for one day in a medium with 100ng/ml of IGF-I showed 86.7% of morphologically normal follicles. These results were similar (P>0.05) to the percentage of normal follicles found in the control (96.7%). It was also found that this medium increased the percentage of follicular activation (developing follicles) with one day of culture. The oocyte and follicular diameters remained similar to the control by culturing for one day in a medium containing 100ng/ml of IGF-I. The ultrastructural analysis did not confirm the integrity of the follicular fragments in a medium containing IGF-I (100ng/ml) after one and seven days of culture. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the addition of 100 ng/ml of IGF-I in the culture medium enables the development of preantral follicles of goats with one day of culture. However, it is not sufficient to maintain the follicular integrity and the follicular survival rate after seven days of culture.
TL;DR: The origin and branching of nerves from twenty brachial plexuses of crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) are described to give the anatomical basis to diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders, anesthetic blocks techniques and comparative morphofunctional analyzes involving this species.
Abstract: This study aimed to describe the origin and branching of nerves from twenty brachial plexuses of crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous). Ten animals of the species, obtained post mortem from being run over on highways, were used for the study, in accordance with the authorization from IBAMA / SISBIO No. 33667-1. Once collected, the cadavers were fixed in 50% formaldehyde and kept for at least 14 days in a solution of 10% formaldehyde before dissections. After removal of skin, incisions in breast muscles and reflection of thoracic limbs allowed access to axillary space and the nerves could have trajects dissected individually to each muscle insertion. To improve visualization of the cervical and thoracic ventral roots that originated every single nerve, muscles that covered the intervertebral foramina, transverse processes and vertebral bodies were removed ventrally and the spinal cord exposed. Schematic drawings and photographic records documented the origin and branching of nerves. The twenty plexuses were resulted from connections between the ventral branches of the last three cervical spinal nerves (C6, C7 and C8) and first thoracic (T1). These branches derived the nerves suprascapular, subscapular, axillary, musculocutaneous, radial, median and ulnar to the intrinsic muscles and brachiocephalic, thoracodorsal, lateral thoracic, long thoracic, cranial and caudal pectoral nerves to the extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb. It was found that the ventral rami of C7 were the main contributors in the formation of nerves (61.5%), followed by C8 (55.4%), T1 (41.2%) and C6 (30.8%). The t-test comparison between means at a significance level of 5% showed no differences in the origin of plexus when compared antimeres and sexes. Of the total of 260 dissected nerves, 68.8% originated by the combination of two or three roots, while only 31.2% were formed by a single root. The combination between C8 and T1 was the most frequent origin of nerves to the plexus (23.8%) in this species. Comparing the origin, branching and innervation area of the brachial plexus in C. thous with other domestic and wild species, there was a greater similarity with the domestic dog. These results may give the anatomical basis to diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders, anesthetic blocks techniques and comparative morphofunctional analyzes involving this species.
TL;DR: Three primates Alouatta guariba (brown howler monkey), and two canids Speothos venaticus (bush dog) were positive, demonstrating the importance of leishmaniasis control in endemic areas for preservation of wildlife species in captivity.
Abstract: Visceral leishmaniasis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Leishmania infantum (synonym: Leishmania chagasi) and transmitted by the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis in Brazil. It is an endemic zoonosis in several regions of the country, including Belo Horizonte (State of Minas Gerais). In urban areas, the domestic dog is susceptible and considered the most important animal reservoir. However, L. infantum has been previously diagnosed in other species, including captive primates and canids. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of the agent DNA in captive animals as well as some free ranging animals from the Zoo-Botanical Foundation of Belo Horizonte by Polymerase Chain Reaction. Eighty one blood samples from primates, carnivores, ruminants, edentates, marsupial, and a monogastric herbivore were analyzed. Three primates Alouatta guariba (brown howler monkey), and two canids Speothos venaticus (bush dog) were positive, demonstrating the importance of leishmaniasis control in endemic areas for preservation of wildlife species in captivity.
TL;DR: Este trabalho visou descrever morfologicamente os intestinos delgado e grosso, orgaos do sistema digestorio de representantes da ordem Xenarthra a fim of fornecer subsidios para a avaliacao da dieta e realizacao de procedimentos clinicos nestes animais.
Abstract: O sucesso na manutencao de uma especie depende de varios fatores entre eles a eficiencia digestiva, sendo assim parâmetros morfometricos do tubo digestorio sao necessarios para o conhecimento dos processos digestivos dos alimentos no organismo animal alem de indicar a preferencia alimentar de uma especie. Este trabalho visou descrever morfologicamente os intestinos delgado e grosso, orgaos do sistema digestorio de representantes da ordem Xenarthra a fim de fornecer subsidios para a avaliacao da dieta e realizacao de procedimentos clinicos nestes animais, sejam eles de vida livre ou de cativeiro. Foram utilizados 7 especimes entre preguicas-de-coleira (Bradypus torquatus), tatu-verdadeiro (Dasypus novemcinctus) e tamandua-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). Todos as amostras foram processadas seguindo procedimentos de rotina efetuados nos laboratorios de Anatomia Animal e Histologia da FZEA/USP. Os intestinos de B. torquatus se apresentaram curtos e simples, enquanto que nos exemplares de D. novemcintus e M. tridactyla o intestino era longo e com algumas peculiaridades. No duodeno de todos os especimes notamos a presenca das glândulas de Brunner e estruturas para aumentar a superficie de absorcao. Apenas em preguicas, o mesenterio mantem o jejuno preso a parede dorsal da cavidade abdominal. O ileo representou a menor porcao nas preguicas e tatus, exceto em tamanduaque apresentava o ileo como a maior parte depois do jejuno. O ceco em tatus e tamanduas apresentavam tamanho consideravel e a presenca de glândulas na mucosa, nestas especies destacamos a funcionalidade do ceco, uma vez que este se apresentou repleto de restos alimentares. Na mucosa do colon de todos os especimes, haviam criptas de Lieberkuhn, sendo mais numerosas em D. novemcinctus e M. tridactyla. Apenas em B. torquatus, o reto apresentou maior diâmetro e rigidez em relacao ao colon. No reto de todas as especies estudadas, a superficie glandular era numerosa e com grande quantidade de celulas caliciformes, que produzem muco, para facilitar a defecacao. Nossos resultados demonstram que a conformacao e estruturas do sistema digestorio reflete mais o tipo de alimentacao e necessidades digestorias do animal do que a familia que ele pertence.
TL;DR: In conclusion, the canine TVTs studied expressed the four markers evaluated, but just P-gp and GSTpi were significantly expressed, mainly at cytoplasm and cytopLasm and nuclei, respectively, either before chemotherapy as after vincristine sulfate exposure.
Abstract: The overexpression of proteins P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1), mutant p53, and the enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GSTpi) are related to resistance to chemotherapy in neoplasms This study evaluated the expression of these markers by immunohistochemistry in two groups of canine TVT, without history of prior chemotherapy (TVT1, n=9) and in TVTs presented unsatisfactory clinical response to vincristine sulfate (TVT2, n=5) The percentage of specimens positively stained for P-gp, MRP1, GSTpi and p53 were, respectively 888%, 0%, 445% and 222% in TVT1 and 80%, 0%, 80% and 0% in TVT2 In TVT1, one specimen presented positive expression for three markers and four specimens for two markers In TVT2, three specimens expressed P-gp and GSTpi In conclusion, the canine TVTs studied expressed the four markers evaluated, but just P-gp and GSTpi were significantly expressed, mainly at cytoplasm and cytoplasm and nuclei, respectively, either before chemotherapy as after vincristine sulfate exposure Future studies are needed to demonstrate the function of these two markers in conferring multidrug resistance (MDR) or predict the response to chemotherapy in canine TVT
TL;DR: Ferreira et al. as mentioned in this paper determined the prevalence and geographical distribution as well as the factors and areas of risk associated with bovine cysticercosis in the State of Sao Pau- lo.
Abstract: Ferreira M.M., Revoredo T.B., Ragazzi J.P., Soares V.E., Ferraldo A.S., Lopes W.D.Z. & Mendonca R.P. 2014. (Prevalence, spatial distribution and risk factors for cattle cysticercosis in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil.) Prevalencia, distribuicao espacial e fatores de risco para cisticercose bovina no estado de Sao Paulo. Pesquisa Veterina- ria Brasileira 34(12):1181-1185. Curso de Medicina Veterinaria, Faculdade Dr. Francisco Maeda, Rodovia Jeronimo Nunes Macedo Km 1, Ituverava, SP 14500-000, Brazil. E-mail: wdzlopes@hotmail.com This study aimed to determine the prevalence and geographical distribution as well as the factors and areas of risk associated with bovine cysticercosis in the State of Sao Pau- lo. 34.443 cattle, males and females with ages from 18 to 60 months were inspected. The animals were from 97 cities in the state of Sao Paulo and identified and slaughtered in the period October 2010 to August 2011, in a refrigerator located in Ipua - SP, under the super- vision of SIF 1387. The state of Sao Paulo was divided into regional centers, and the data of the municipalities belonging to its core, were grouped according to the Department of Agriculture and Food Supply of Sao Paulo, totaling 13 cores studied. Based on these results, we can conclude that of the 97 cities analyzed, cattle were found positive for the disease in 86. The average prevalence of bovine cysticercosis in the state of Sao Paulo was 4.80 %, while the core inflation Franca and Barretos were the ones with the highest number of ca- ses illness during the analysis period. Moreover, the largest number of cases in these core coincided with the lowest human development index covering education, with the largest acreage of coffee (core Franca) and also as the largest area of cane sugar grown (core Bar- retos) in these locations, which in turn may indicate that the presence of labor, temporary labor in rural areas , combined with socioeconomic/cultural factors might contribute to the spread and establishment of bovine cysticercosis in these areas.
TL;DR: When there is adequate adaptation in this period of high meta-bolic challenge, biochemical parameters considered here are independent of the number of fetuses gestate and can be considered as reference values for a pregnant ewes from the middle third of gestation to first month postnatal period.
Abstract: Important physiological adaptations occur in the periparturient period; their failure predispose the ewe to metabolic diseases. Knowledge of normal changes makes an early recognition and treatment of mal functions possible and enables prevention of diseases and losses. The biochemical profile of Santa Ines ewes from the 88th day of gestation until 28 days after parturition was evaluated and compared to non pregnant controls. The ewes were divided in groups according to the number of fetuses: G0, non pregnant (10); G1, one (10); G2, two and three fetuses (14). All animals had their heart and respiratory rates as well as their ruminal motility recorded. Serum and plasma was analyzed for the following parameters: glucose, non esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta hydroxibutyrate (BHB), T3, T4, insulin, glucagon and cortisol activities. Results showed changes in biochemical variables of energy and protein profile during pregnancy and parturition. During the last third of gestation, all ewes showed slightly increased NEFA, T3 and T4 levels when compared to non pregnant ewes. At lambing pregnant ewes, had higher glucose, NEFA and T3 levels. No significant differences on measured parameters comparing simple and multiple gestations were observed. Therefore, when there is adequate adaptation in this period of high metabolic challenge, biochemical parameters considered here are independent of the number of fetuses gestate and can be considered as reference values for a pregnant ewes from the middle third of gestation to first month postnatal period.
TL;DR: Molecular discrimination of isolates of M. bovis by Spoligotyping constitutes a tool for epidemiological studies of bovine tuberculosis in the state of Bahia and demonstrates that the spoligotypes obtained are shared, so far, among Brazilian states and among Latin America and Europe.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to use bacteriological and molecular methods to identify Mycobacteriumbovis in lesions observed in cattle carcasses during routine post-mortem inspection in slaughterhouses with official inspection service. It was accompanied the slaughter and inspection of 825,394 cattle, healthy ante mortem examination by the official inspection service in ten slaughterhouses in the state of Bahia. Carcasses of 180 cattle presented lesions suggestive of tuberculosis and other lymphadenitis. In bacterial isolation, 25 samples showed dysgonic growth of colonies of creamy-yellow in medium-Stonebrink Leslie. From these isolates, 14 were identified as M. bovis and the multiplex PCR technique spoligotyping was discriminated against eight different spoligotypes of M. bovis, seven previously described in the literature and a new spoligotypes without former description. The major spoligotypes was SB0121, with five samples which has been described in Brazil and other countries, followed by two clusters, SB295 and SB1055, with two isolates each. The SB1145 and SB1648 spoligotypes were reported only in Brazil and Denmark, respectively. The spoligotypes SB140 has been found in Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay. These results demonstrate that the spoligotypes obtained are shared, so far, among Brazilian states and among Latin America and Europe. Thus, molecular discrimination of isolates of M. bovis by Spoligotyping constitutes a tool for epidemiological studies of bovine tuberculosis in the state of Bahia.
TL;DR: In this paper, an extension of the extrato hidroalcoolico de Punica granatum Linn. apresenta atividade antimicrobiana against Staphylococcus spp., demonstrando potencial beneficio for o controle da mastite bovina.
Abstract: Mastite bovina e caraterizada por inflamacao da glândula mamaria, geralmente em resposta a infeccao bacteriana, compromete quali-quantitativamente a producao leiteira. Este estudo objetivou verificar a atividade antibacteriana in vitro do extrato hidroalcoolico da casca da roma sobre bacterias isoladas de leite bovino. As colonias de Staphylococcus spp. foram ressuspendidas a escala 6 de MacFarland e ajustada a sua concentracao por espectrofotometria UV visivel na concentracao de 10 mL-1. Os extratos foram avaliados em quintuplicata, em sete concentracoes: de 4mg mL-1 ate 0,0625 mg.mL-1. A sensibilidade dos isolados microbianos foi determinada utilizando o teste de difusao em disco e os resultados que apresentaram zonas de inibicao correspondentes a valores a partir de 15 mm, foram considerados sensiveis. Os resultados foram avaliados pelo metodo ANOVA, teste de Tukey 5%, utilizando o SISVAR 5.3 -DEX/UFLA. Adicionalmente o extrato foi avaliado quanto a atividade antioxidante, teores de fenois e flavonoides totais. Para tanto o extrato foi diluido em sete concentracoes: de 25 a 1000µg.mL-1, e avaliado em triplicata. O crescimento bacteriano foi inibido a partir da concentracao de 4mg.mL-1 e a acao antioxidante foi verificada a partir de 50µg.mL-1, com valores correspondentes a 4.62%, atingindo plato de 64,90% na concentracao de 500µg.mL-1. Na avaliacao da atividade captadora de radicais, empregando o radical livre DPPH, o extrato demonstrou atividade antioxidante (IC50%= 378,80µg/mL). Porem, nao foi possivel correlacionar a atividade antioxidante aos teores de fenois e flavonoides. Talvez a presenca de outras substâncias alcaloides e taninos presentes no extrato, possam ter sido as responsaveis pela atividade antioxidante encontrada. Conclui-se que o extrato hidroalcoolico de Punica granatum Linn. apresenta atividade antimicrobiana contra Staphylococcus spp., demonstrando potencial beneficio para o controle da mastite bovina.
TL;DR: Blood profiles were determined in 47 juvenile green turtles from Sao Paulo northern coast, Brazil and found hyperplastic stroma, rich in blood vessels and connective tissue with increase in thickness of the dermis with lowest Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (HCM) values.
Abstract: Blood profiles were determined in 47 juvenile green turtles, Chelonia mydas, from Sao Paulo northern coast, Brazil. Twenty-nine were affected by fibropapillomas and 18 were tumor free. Complete gross and histopathologic examinations of the fibropapillo were performed in 21 green turtles. Biometrical data, size, location and amount of tumors were recorded. The papillomas varied in morphology, location, size, color and texture. We found hyperplastic stroma, rich in blood vessels and connective tissue with increase in thickness of the dermis. The tumors w0ere classified as papillomas or fibropapillomas according to their epithelial and/or stromal proliferation. The lowest Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (HCM) values were observed in affected turtles.
TL;DR: The diagnosis of primary photosensitization associated with ingestion of F. humboldtiana was based on the epidemiology, clinical signs, serum biochemistry, skin lesions, and the recurrence of lesions after the reintroduction of the animals into the pasture invaded by the plant.
Abstract: O presente trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de relatar surtos de fotossensibilizacao causados por Froelichia humboldtiana em equideos no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Foram examinados animais de tres propriedades rurais, alem de asininos abandonados nas estradas. Procedeu-se a coleta de amostras de sangue periferico de cinco jumentos e dois equinos para analise das atividades das enzimas hepaticas e concentracoes de bilirrubina total, direta e indireta. Das areas de pele com lesoes de dois jumentos e de um equino foram realizadas biopsias. Constatou-se que 50 asininos, 18 equinos e duas mulas foram acometidos. Dos asininos acometidos, 45 eram jumentos criados soltos em margens de estradas. Relatou-se a morte de 30 jumentos em decorrencia de miiases e debilidade. Os animais tinham historico de apresentarem lesoes de fotodermatite aproximadamente um mes apos pastarem em areas invadidas por F. humboldtiana e recuperavam-se das lesoes 10 a 30 dias apos serem retirados dessas areas. Porem, o quadro de prurido e automutilacao retornava em uma ou duas semanas quando os equideos eram reintroduzidos nessas areas. Ao exame clinico de asininos jovens e adultos, foram observadas feridas extensas, ulceradas, que drenavam exsudato seroso abundante. Todas essas feridas decorriam de traumas causados por automutilacao secundaria ao intenso prurido. Alem disso, muitas das feridas apresentavam miiase. Os equinos e as mulas apresentavam lesoes de fotodermatite somente nas areas de pele despigmentadas, nao sendo observadas lesoes oculares. A avaliacao histopatologica de biopsias de pele revelou inflamacao perivascular na derme superficial. Na epiderme havia extensas ulceras, recobertas por fibrina associada a infiltrado neutrofilico e numerosos agregados bacterianos basofilicos superficiais. As atividades sericas de AST, GGT e as concentracoes de bilirrubina no soro estavam dentro dos valores de referencia. O diagnostico de fotossensibilizacao primaria associada a ingestao de F. humboldtiana foi baseado na epidemiologia, sinais clinicos, bioquimica serica, biopsia de pele e reocorrencia das lesoes apos os animais serem reintroduzidos no pasto invadido pela planta. Conclui-se que a F. humboldtiana e uma importante causa de fotossensibilizacao primaria em equideos no semiarido brasileiro, resultando em quadro de debilidade e morte de grande numero de animais, principalmente asininos que nao recebem tratamento adequado.
TL;DR: Epidemiological, clinical and pathological findings associated with the taxonomic identofication of the plant support the diagnosis of acute poisoning by P. arachnoideum and P. caudatum in cattle in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil.
Abstract: Epidemiological features, clinical signs and pathological findings of a spontaneous acute poisoning by Pteridium arachnoideum and Pteridium caudatum in cattle in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil, are described. The plant distribution, magnitude and some aspects about the pasture invasion by P. arachnoideum and P. caudatum in the State are also described. Pteridium spp. were found in 83 farms from nine counties and 22 of them were submitted to taxonomic identification. P. arachnoideum was found in 22 farms and in two farms also P. caudatum. Deforestation and burning appear to be associated with pasture invasion by Pteridium spp. On the farm where the poisoning occurred 306 cattle were introduced into a pasture of Brachiaria brizantha intensely invaded by P. arachnoideum and P. caudatum. Twenty two cattle were poisoned by the plants and died. The main clinical signs were hemorrhages, high fever, apathy, fatigue, weakness and recumbency. Gross findings included variable degrees of hemorrhages in several organs and cavities with occasional infarcts. The most consistent histological finding was marked bone marrow aplasia. Epidemiological, clinical and pathological findings associated with the taxonomic identofication of the plant support the diagnosis of acute poisoning by P. arachnoideum and P. caudatum in cattle. The increasing rate of deforestation and frequent burning in Mato Grosso can contribute to this disease which becomes a major cause of economic losses to livestock production in the State.
TL;DR: This is the first description in Brazil of the involvement of PoRVC in the etiology of diarrhea outbreaks in suckling piglets and the results of this study demonstrated that PoR VC, in both single and mixed infections, is an important enteropathogen involved in neonatal diarrhea outbreaks.
Abstract: Porcine group A rotavirus (PoRVA) is a major cause of neonatal diarrhea in suckling and recently weaned piglets worldwide. The involvement of non-group A rotavirus in cases of neonatal diarrhea in piglets are sporadic. In Brazil there are no reports of the porcine rotavirus group C (PoRVC) as etiologic agent of the diarrhea outbreaks in piglets. The aim of this study was to describe the identification of rotavirus group C in single and in mixed infection with rotavirus groups A and B in three neonatal diarrhea outbreaks in suckling (<21-day-old) piglets, with 70% to 80% and 20% to 25% of morbidity and lethality rates, respectively, in three pig herds located in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The diagnosis of PoRV in the diarrheic fecal samples was performed using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) to identify the presence of porcine rotavirus groups A, B (PoRVB), and C, and by RT-PCR (PoRVA and PoRVC) and semi-nested (SN)-PCR (PoRVB) to partially amplify the VP4 (VP8*)-VP7, NSP2, and VP6 genes of PoRVA, PoRVB, and PoRVC, respectively. One RT-PCR (PoRVA and PoRVC) and SN-PCR (PoRVB) product of each group of rotavirus of each diarrhea outbreak was submitted to nucleotide (nt) sequence analysis. Based on the PAGE technique, 4 (25%) and 1 (6.25%) of the 16 diarrheic fecal samples evaluated in the first outbreak presented PoRVA and PoRVC electropherotype, respectively, and 11 (68.75%) were negative. In the second outbreak, 3 (42.85%) of the 7 fecal samples evaluated presented PoRVA electropherotype, and in 3 (42.85%) and in 1 (14.3%) fecal samples were detected inconclusive and negative results, respectively. Three (30%) of the 10 fecal samples of the third outbreak presented PoRVC electropherotype; 5 (50%) and 2 (20%) samples showed negative and inconclusive results, respectively. Based on the RT-PCR and SN-PCR assays in the first neonatal diarrhea outbreak, PoRVC was detected in 13 (81.2%) of the 16 diarrheic fecal samples evaluated. PoRVC single infection was identified in 4 (25%) of these samples and mixed infections with PoRVA and PoRVB in 9 (56.2%) fecal samples. All of the seven diarrheic fecal samples evaluated from the second neonatal diarrhea outbreak were positive for PoRVC, whereas its mixed infection with other PoRV groups was detected in 4 (57.2%) samples. In the third outbreak, PoRVC in single infection was detected in all of the 10 diarrheic fecal samples analyzed. In the nt sequence analysis, the PoRVA strains of the first and second outbreaks demonstrated higher nt identity with G4P[6] and G9P[23] genotypes, respectively. The PoRVB strains (first and second outbreaks) and the PoRVC strains (first, second, and third outbreaks) showed higher nt identity and clustered in the phylogenetic tree with PoRVB and PoRVC strains that belong to the N4 and I1 genotypes, respectively. This is the first description in Brazil of the involvement of PoRVC in the etiology of diarrhea outbreaks in suckling piglets. The results of this study demonstrated that PoRVC, in both single and mixed infections, is an important enteropathogen involved in neonatal diarrhea outbreaks in piglets and that the use of more sensitive diagnostic techniques allows the identification of mixed infections involving two or even three groups of PoRV, which may be more common than previously reported.
TL;DR: In conclusion, the identification of risk factors for S. aureus resistance against various mastitis antimicrobials is an important information that may help in practical recommendations for prudent use of antimicrobial in milk production.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate herd management practices and mastitis treatment procedures as risk factors associated with Staphylococcus aureus antimicrobial resistance. For this study, 13 herds were selected to participate in the study to evaluate the association between their management practices and mastitis treatment procedures and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility. A total of 1069 composite milk samples were collected aseptically from the selected cows in four different periods over two years. The samples were used for microbiological culturing of S. aureus isolates and evaluation of their antimicrobial susceptibility. A total of 756 samples (70.7%) were culture-positive, and S. aureus comprised 27.77% (n=210) of the isolates. The S. aureus isolates were tested using the disk-diffusion susceptibility assay with the following antimicrobials: ampicillin 10mg; clindamycin 2μg; penicillin 1mg; ceftiofur 30μg; gentamicin 10mg; sulfa-trimethoprim 25μg; enrofloxacin 5μg; sulfonamide 300μg; tetracycline 30μg; oxacillin 1mg; cephalothin 30μg and erythromycin 5μg. The variables that were significantly associated with S. aureus resistance were as follows: the treatment of clinical mastitis for ampicillin (OR=2.18), dry cow treatment for enrofloxacin (OR=2.11) and not sending milk samples for microbiological culture and susceptibility tests, for ampicillin (OR=2.57) and penicillin (OR=4.69). In conclusion, the identification of risk factors for S. aureus resistance against various mastitis antimicrobials is an important information that may help in practical recommendations for prudent use of antimicrobial in milk production.
TL;DR: Clinical, epidemiological and etiological aspects of clinical mastitis in meat ewes reared in the north of Parana, Brazil are characterized and preventive measures recommended are daily cleaning of facilities and delayed weaning, mainly in Santa Ines flocks.
Abstract: Mastits is infrequent in meat ewes. However Santa Ines ewes have a high incidence of this disease and it is severe and difficult to treat. The goal of this study was to characterize clinical, epidemiological and etiological aspects of clinical mastitis in meat ewes reared in the north of Parana, Brazil. Fifith four farms were visited from October 2009 to September 2010. The surveyed data included frequency, breeds of sheep affected, lamb mortality rates, main clinical signs, attempts and outcome of treatment, method and period of weaning and management features. Seventy ewes with clinical mastitis were fully examinated and samples of mammary secretion were asseptically taken for bacteriological culture. Mastitis was identified in 39 farms (72.3%) as a relevant problem (mean frequency was 6,74%). Chronic and acute mastitis were observed in 69% and 31% of the examinated ewes, respectively. In both cases, phlegmonous mastitis was the most prevalent form (65.5%). Coagulase negative Staphylococccus (CNS) was the main isolated microorganism (54.5%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Arcanobacterium pyogenes (11.5%, each one). Mannheimia haemolytica was found in two cases. The risk factors for clinical mastitis were intensive management system and Santa Ines breed. Weaning after 120 days of lactation and isolation of affected ewes were associated with lower frequency of mastitis. Preventive measures recommended are daily cleaning of facilities and delayed weaning, mainly in Santa Ines flocks.
TL;DR: The ethanol extract of the stem of Jatropha mollissima may represent an alternative to the control of sheep worms, because it slows the parasitic resistance.
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic effect of Jatropha mollissima through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Initially we investigated the concentration of extract with bioactive effect, through the toxicity evolution test of the ethanol extract of J. mollissima on the microcrustacean Artemia salina, obtaining CL50 concentration of 660.80µg/ml, which was tested in fecal cultures containing infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus and in animals for the verification of OPG reduction. For in vivo test, the extract was dissolved in water to obtain concentrations of 660.80µg/ml and 1321.6µg/ml. Feces were collected weekly and blood was collected every fifteen days. As a result of in vitro test, the ethanol extract of the stem of J. mollissima proved toxic on A. salina, with CL50 less than 1000µg/ ml and inhibited the eggs hatching and the development of larvae of H. contortus, presenting an efficiency of 70.77%. in vivo test revealed that the extract is also effective in sheep, with a significant reduction in the count of OPG after 28 days of experiment, 47 and 44% of reduction in the groups treated with the extract, 7.5% in the untreated group of animals and 40.6% with ivermectin. Even parasitized, the animals remained clinically healthy and without anemia. The ethanol extract of the stem of Jatropha mollissima may represent an alternative to the control of sheep worms, because it slows the parasitic resistance.
TL;DR: The first investigation of arbovirus antibodies on New World non-human primates from Northeast Brazil suggests that there was an intense arBovirus circulation in the studied population of captive capuchin monkeys.
Abstract: This paper describes the first investigation of arbovirus antibodies on New World non-human primates from Northeast Brazil. From March 2008 to September 2010 blood serum samples were collected from 31 wild blond capuchin monkeys (Cebus flavius) from Paraiba and 100 captive capuchin monkeys from Alagoas, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Piaui and Rio Grande do Norte. The haemagglutination-inhibition test (HI) was employed for 19 arbovirus of the Flavivirus,Alphavirus and Bunyavirus genus. Serum samples were tested from 1:20 to 1:1280 dilutions. Among the primates tested all C. flavius were negative and 46% C. libidinosus presented antibodies to arbovirus. Antibodies were detected for nine arbovirus (9/19). Seventeen heterotypic reactions were observed for at least two Or Flavirus and 15 for Alphavirus, at titers varying between 1:20 to 1:1280. Fifteen samples presented monotypic reaction for ILHV (n=4), MAYV (n=6), SLEV (n=1), ROCV (n=2), OROV (n=1) and MUCV (n=1). These results suggest that there was an intense arbovirus circulation in the studied population of captive capuchin monkeys.
TL;DR: In this article, the presence/production of beta-lactamases by both phenotypic and genotypic methods, verify whether results are dependent of bacteria type (Staphylococcus aureus versus coagulase-negative Staphylocus - CNS) and verify the agreement between tests.
Abstract: The objectives of the study were to evaluate the presence/production of beta-lactamases by both phenotypic and genotypic methods, verify whether results are dependent of bacteria type (Staphylococcus aureus versus coagulase-negative Staphylococcus - CNS) and verify the agreement between tests. A total of 200 bacteria samples from 21 different herds were enrolled, being 100 CNS and 100 S. aureus. Beta-lactamase presence/detection was performed by different tests (PCR, clover leaf test - CLT, Nitrocefin disk, and in vitro resistance to penicillin). Results of all tests were not dependent of bacteria type (CNS or S. aureus). Several S. aureus beta-lactamase producing isolates were from the same herd. Phenotypic tests excluding in vitro resistance to penicillin showed a strong association measured by the kappa coefficient for both bacteria species. Nitrocefin and CLT are more reliable tests for detecting beta-lactamase production in staphylococci.