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Showing papers in "Physica Status Solidi (a) in 1972"





Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The mechanism of microhardness print forming in diamond-structure crystals is considered to be the result of a local phase transition under the indenter with the formation of a metallic phase due to the high hydrostatic pressure generated in this case as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The mechanism of microhardness print forming in diamond-structure crystals is considered to be the result of a local phase transition under the indenter with the formation of a metallic phase due to the high hydrostatic pressure generated in this case. It is shown that at the temperature T < 0.3 to 0.4 Tml, where the microhardness Hv is weakly temperature-dependent, one has Hv ≈ Pc(Pc transition pressure). In GaAs crystals, where Hv ≪ Pc, the athermal part in the hardness-temperature curve was not observed. It is shown as well that at the moment when the indenter entering the crystal is stopped there is a thin layer around it which still contains the metallic phase with high electrical conduction. The estimated thickness of the layer is ≈ 0.05 μm. The plastic deformation is supposed not to proceed at this moment because of the friction forces which oppose the squeezing-out of the metallic layer. [Russian text ignored].

212 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the particle size distribution is derived from the magnetization curve which exhibits no hysteresis, and independently from the temperature variation of the ratio of remanence to saturation magnetization.
Abstract: Static magnetization and Mossbauer measurements on ultra-fine crystallites (≈ 65 A) of γ-Fe2O3 show them to be superparamagnetic at 296 °K with an average relaxation time of 2 × 10−9 s. The particle size distribution is derived from the magnetization curve which exhibits no hysteresis, and independently from the temperature variation of the ratio of remanence to saturation magnetization. Mossbauer spectra at 5 °K in an applied field of up to 50 kOe show a cation distribution of 1:(1.71 ± 0.05) for A and B sites, and a non-collinear spin arrangement. The low value of the magnetization, 59 e.m.u./g at 4.2 °K for 1/H = 0, is explained by assuming that the spins of cations, which lie in the surface layer, make random angles between 0 and 90° with the direction of the net moment. Allowance is also made for water adsorbed onto the particle surface. When a field is applied to the absorber at 296 °K the spectrum changes from a broad single peak into two broadened hyperfine patterns from A and B sites which are explained by the magnetic polarization and range of ordering temperature of the particle distribution.

186 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the specific features of the dislocation structure, occuring in the vicinity of indentations have been studied using Si single crystals under different conditions of deformation (at temperatures of 20 to 700 °C and loadings of 0.5 to 10 p).
Abstract: The specific features of the dislocation structure, occuring in the vicinity of indentations have been studied using Si single crystals under different conditions of deformation (at temperatures of 20 to 700 °C and loadings of 0.5 to 10 p). It is shown, that the deformation of crystals at temperatures of 350 to 650 °C results in twin formation with {111} twinning plane. Flat defects with {115} habit plane are revealed. They are shown to be platelets of a new phase, which is of the hexagonal structure with c = 6.31 A and a = 3.86 A. The possible mechanism of the phase transformation is discussed. [Russian text ignored].

141 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of the factors which determine the transmission limits of the II-IV-V2 and I-III-VI2 ternary semiconductor compounds in view of their possible use in infra-red nonlinear devices was made.
Abstract: A study has been made of the factors which determine the transmission limits of the II–IV–V2 and I–III–VI2 ternary semiconductor compounds in view of their possible use in infra-red non-linear devices. The results of new measurements are presented for the following compounds: ZnSiP2, CdSiP2, CuAlS2, CuAlSe2, CuGaS2, CuGaSe2. AgGaS2, AgGaSe2, and AgInS2. Details are given of their fundamental absorption edges, two-phonon summation bands, and Reststrahl bands. Some conclusions are drawn regarding the mechanisms of band-edge absorption. A transmission limit is defined as the wavelength at which the absorption coefficient has increased to 3 cm−1. A full summary is included of all known data on the transmission ranges of the principal ternary compounds. Es wurden die Faktoren untersucht, die die Grenzen der Transmission der ternaren II–IV–V2- und I–III–VI2-Halbleiterverbindungen im Hinblick auf ihre Verwendung fur nichtlineare Infrarotbauelemente bestimmen. Ergebnisse neuer Messungen werden fur folgende Verbindungen mitgeteilt: ZnSiP2, CdSiP2, CuAlS2, CuAlSe2. CuGaS2, CuGaSe2. AgGaS2, AgGaSe2 und AgInS2. Detaillierte Angaben werden uber die Grundgitterabsorptionskanten, Zwei-Phononensummenbanden und die Reststrahlenbanden gemacht. Die Transmissionsgrenzen werden als die Wellenlange definiert, bei der die Absorptionskoeffi-zienten auf 3 cm−1 angestiegen sind. Auserdem wird ein vollstandiger Uberblick aller bekannten Daten uber die Transmissionsbereiche der hauptsachlichen ternaren Verbindungen angegeben.

119 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, electron microscope observations on high-angle tilt boundaries in stainless steel bicrystals with [001] tilt axis are interpreted by means of the 0-lattice theory.
Abstract: Electron microscope observations on high-angle tilt boundaries in stainless steel bicrystals with [001] tilt axis are interpreted by means of the 0-lattice theory. Deviations from coincidence orientations appear as pseudo-subgrain-boundaries. The low stacking fault energy of stainless steel has a marked influence on the structure of the boundary. Des observations par microscopie electronique de joints de flexion (axe [001]) a grand angle dans des bicristaux d'acier inoxydable sont interpretees au moyen de la theorie du reseau 0. Les deviations des orientations de coincidence se manifestent comme pseudo-sousjoints. Le fait que l'energie de la faute d'empilement est tres faible dans ce materiau exerce une influence marquee sur la structure des joints.

111 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
B. J. Mulder1
TL;DR: In this article, the absorption and reflection spectra of thin crystals of chalcosite, djurleite, Cu 1.9S, and digenite were measured with polarized light between 400 and 1200 nm using an integrating microspectrophotometer.
Abstract: Thin crystals of chalcosite, djurleite, Cu1.9S, and digenite have been prepared and their absorption and reflection spectra measured with polarized light between 400 and 1200 nm using an integrating microspectrophotometer. The spectra were worked out in terms of the absorption coefficient and the refractive index. The variation of the absorption coefficient with photon energy has been expressed quantitatively in terms of two types of simple expressions, representing absorption by free carriers and direct and indirect band-to-band transitions. Chalcosite crystals were prepared by topochemical reaction from thin single crystals of CdS having the c-axis in plane. The other phases were obtained by controlled extraction of copper from chalcosite at room temperature, leaving the sulphur lattice intact. Nous avons enregistre en lumiere polarisee les spectres d'absorption et de reflexion de minces cristaux de chalcosite, djurleite, Cu1,9S et de digenite, que nous avons nous-měme prepare. Ces spectres ont ete interpretes en termes de coefficient d'absorption et d'indice de refraction. La variation du coefficient d'absorption en fonction de l'energie photonique a ete exprimee quantitativement en expressions simples de deux types representant respectivement l'absorption par les porteurs libres et les transitions directes et indirectes bande a bande. Les spectres ont ete etudies entre 400 et 1200 nm avec un microspectrophotometre integrateur. Les cristaux de chalcosite ont ete prepares par reaction topochimique a partir de minces monocristaux de CdS ayant leur axe c dans le plan du cristal. Les autres phases ont ete obtenues par extraction contrǒlee du cuivre de la chalcosite a temperature ambiante, le reseau du soufre restant intact.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A doubly ionizable acceptor (EA = 34.5 meV, EC = 102 meV), which is responsible for the hole concentration in undoped GaSb, is identified by photoluminescence experiments at 2 K.
Abstract: A doubly ionizable acceptor (binding energies of EA = 34.5 meV, EC = 102 meV), which is responsible for the hole concentration in undoped GaSb, is identified by photoluminescence experiments at 2 K. Growth experiments, using nonstoichiometric melts, show that this acceptor is connected with a lack of antimony in the crystals. Experimental photoluminescence data, concerning the free exciton recombination at 810 meV and an emission line at 795.5 meV (possibly a bound exciton) as well as new phonon satellites, are presented. Finally, photoconductance measurements at the same samples give further information about excitons in GaSb. Der doppelt ionisierbare Akzeptor (Bindungsenergien EA = 34,5 meV und EC = 102 meV), der die hohe Locherkonzentration in undotiertem GaSb verursacht, wird durch Photolumineszenzexperimente bei 2 K identifiziert. Untersuchungen an Kristallen, die aus Schmelzen mit unterschiedlichem Antimongehalt gezogen wurden, zeigen, das dieser Akzeptor auf einem Mangel an Antimon im Kristall beruht. Weiterhin wird uber experimentelle Photolumineszenzdaten berichtet, die sowohl die Rekombination des freien Exzitons bei 810 meV und eine Emissionslinie bei 795,5 meV (wahrscheinlich ein gebundenes Exziton) als auch neue Phononensatelliten betreffen. Schlieslich geben Photoleitfahigkeitsmessungen an den gleichen Proben weitere Information uber Exzitonen in GaSb.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, infrared and Mossbauer measurements on spinel ferrites of the Ni1-x-yFe+ZnyFe+O4 system have been made, and it is supposed that Fe2+ ions are present in both the octahedral and tetrahedral lattice sites of the compounds investigated.
Abstract: Infrared and Mossbauer measurements on spinel ferrites of the Ni1–x—yFe+ZnyFe+O4 system have been made. As a result from the analysis, it is supposed that Fe2+ ions are present in both the octahedral and tetrahedral lattice sites of the compounds investigated. Infrarot- und Mosbauermessungen wurden an Spinell-Ferriten des Ni1–x—yFe+ZnyFe+O4-Systems durchgefuhrt. Als Ergebnis der Analyse wird angenommen, das Fe2+-Ionen sich sowohl auf Oktaeder- als auch auf Tetraederplatzen der untersuchten Verbindung befinden.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a 16-sublattice model was developed to determine the ordering temperatures and the asymptotic Curie temperature in terms of the exchange integrals.
Abstract: A molecular field treatment of the B-site spinel was used to determine the ordering temperatures and the asymptotic Curie temperature in terms of the exchange integrals. The theory was developed from a 16-sublattice model and took into account interactions between an atom and its nearest to fourth-nearest neighbors. Experimental values of the ordering temperatures and the asymptotic Curie temperature were then used to determine the exchange integrals for the systems Hg1−xCdx Cr2 S4, CdCr2S4(1−y)Se4y, and Zn1−xCdxCr2Se4.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The radiative recombination rate in silicon at 300°K was measured as a function of the electron and hole concentration n = p at high injection levels by charge extraction.
Abstract: The radiative recombination rate R in silicon at 300°K was measured as a function of the electron and hole concentration n = p at high injection levels. Carriers were injected in a p-i-n device, and their concentration was measured by charge extraction. The equation R = B n p = B n2 was verified up to n = 2×1017 cm−3 The radiative recombination probability was found to be B = 1.1 × 10−14 cm3/s. Die Rate R der strahlenden Rekombination in Silizium wurde bei 300°K als Funktion der Elektronen- und Locherkonzentration n = p bei hoher Injektion gemessen. Die Ladungstrager wurden in eine p-i-n-Diode injiziert, und ihre Konzentration wurde durch Ladungsextraktion gemessen. Die Gleichung R = B n p = B n2 wurde bis zu n = 2× ×1017 cm−3 verifiziert. Der Koeffizient der strahlenden Rekombination wurde zu B = 1,1 × 10−14 cm3/s bestimmt.



Journal ArticleDOI
N. Karl1
TL;DR: A tunable organic crystal laser was described in this article, where platelets of fluorene containing 2 × 10−3 anthracene emitted polarized light pulses at 408 nm, with a pulse amplitude of 10 W and a pulse duration of ≦ 3 ns.
Abstract: A tunable organic crystal laser is described. Cleaved platelets of fluorene containing 2 × 10−3 anthracene emitted polarized light pulses at λ = 408 nm, with a pulse amplitude of 10 W and a pulse duration of ≦ 3 ns, when pumped by a 1 kW nitrogen laser. Ein durchstimmbarer organischer Kristall-Laser wird beschrieben. Gespaltene Fluoren-Plattchen, die 2 × 10−3 Anthrazen enthielten, emittierten polarisierte Lichtimpulse bei λ = 408 nm mit einer Pulsamplitude von 10 W und einer Pulsdauer von ≦ 3 ns, nach-dem sie mit einem 1 kW Stickstoff-Laser gepumpt worden waren.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the influence of point defect clusters on the saturation stress in metal fatigue and showed that the size distribution of the defect clusters was found to be exponential for both the cell interior and the cell walls.
Abstract: In order to investigate quantitatively the influence of point-defect clusters on the saturation stress in metal fatigue, the yield stress for uni-directional deformation was measured as a function of temperature between 78 and 300 °K on copper single crystals which had been fatigue-hardened into saturation at room temperature. Weak beam transmission electron micrographs of these specimens revealed a cell-like dislocation array with a low point-defect cluster density in the dislocation-poor interior and a high cluster density in the dislocation-rich walls of the cells. The size distribution of the defect clusters was found to be exponential for both the cell interior and the cell walls. A quantitative analysis of the yield stress measurements together with the electron-microscopical data showed that the saturation stress of fatigued copper single crystals is controlled by internal stresses and defect clusters within the interior of the cells which impede the dislocation motion through these regions. Zur quantitativen Untersuchung des Einflusses von Punktfehlstellen-Agglomeraten auf die Sattigungsspannung bei der Ermudung von Metallen wurde die kritische Schubspannung fur einachsige Verformung von Kupfer-Einkristallen in Abhangigkeit von der Verformungstemperatur zwischen 78 und 300 °K gemessen, nachdem diese bei Raumtemperatur bis in die Sattigung ermudet worden waren. Elektronenmikroskopische „weak-beam„-Aufnahmen dieser Proben zeigten eine zellartige Versetzungsanordnung mit hohen Dichten an Punktfehler-Agglomeraten in den versetzungsreichen Zellwanden und niedrigen Agglomerat-Dichten im versetzungsarmen Zellinnern. Die Grosenverteilung der Agglomerate ist sowohl im Innern als auch in den Wanden der Zellen exponentiell. Eine quantitative Auswertung der Fliesspannungsmessungen unter Einbeziehung der elektronenmikroskopischen Daten zeigte, das die Sattigungsspannung ermudeter Kupfer-Einkristalle durch die Behinderung der Versetzungsbewegung durch innere Spannungen und Punktfehlstellen-Agglomerate im Zellinnern bestimmt wird.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that the Laves phases of TiCr2 and TiCo2 exhibit polytypism and the nature of the faults was determined using the {311} type reflections.
Abstract: It is shown that the Laves phases TiCr2 and TiCo2 exhibit polytypism. Apart from the structure reported in the literature (MgZn2) the alloy TiCr2 also crystallizes in the 4H form. The alloy TiCo2 exhibits the 6H form and also a 12-layer sequence, next to the structures described in the literature (cubic and 4H). The transformation from one phase into another one presumably proceeds by a shear mechanism. The cubic phase of TiCo2 contains a multitude of extrinsic stacking faults. The nature of the faults was determined using the {311} type reflections. In an appendix the method for determining the type of fault in f.c.c. crystals described in reference [4] is extended to {311} reflections. Es wird gezeigt, das die Laves-Phasen TiCr2 und TiCo2 Polytypismus zeigen. Neben der in der Literatur berichteten Struktur (MgZn2) kristallisiert die Legierung TiCr2 auch in der 4H-Form. Die Legierung TiCo2 zeigt die 6H-Form und auch eine 12-Schichtenfolge neben der in der Literatur beschriebenen Struktur (kubisch und 4H). Der Ubergang von einer Phase in die andere vollzieht sich wahrscheinlich durch einen Schermechanismus. Die kubische Phase von TiCo2 enthalt eine Vielzahl von Fremd-Stapelfehlern. Die Natur der Fehler wurde mit den {311}-Reflexionen bestimmt. In einem Anhang wird die Methode zur Bestimmung des Fehlertyps, die in [4] beschrieben wird, auf {311}-Reflexionen ausgedehnt.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The residual resistivity increase rate as a function of induced resistivity for fast neutron irradiated Al, Cu, Ag, Au, Pt, Fe, Ni, Co and Mo has been studied as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The residual resistivity increase rate as a function of induced resistivity for fast neutron irradiated Al, Cu, Ag, Au, Pt, Fe, Ni, Co and Mo has been studied. Except for Fe the resistivity increase rate as a function of irradiation induced resistivity is non-linear. The data is best explained with the expression of Balarin and Hauser. Saturation values of the resistivity and defect concentrations plus static and dynamic recombination volumes have been calculated; they differ from those obtained by irradiation in a reactor spectrum. Recombination volumes are very small for the b.c.c. metals Fe and Mo. Die Anstiegsrate des Restwiderstands als Funktion des induzierten Widerstands wurde an mit schnellen Neutronen bestrahltem Al, Cu, Ag, Au, Pt, Fe, Ni, Co und untersucht. Ausber fur Fe ist die Anstiegsrate des Widerstands als Funktion des strahlungsinduzierten Widerstands nichtlinear. Die Werte am besten mit dem Ausdruck von Balarin und Hauser beschrieben. Sattigungswerte des Widerstands und der Defektkonzentration, wie statische und dynamische Rekombinationsvolumina, wurden berechnet; sie unterscheiden sich von denen, die durch Bestrahlung im Reaktor erhalten wurden. Die Rekombinationsvolumina sind fur die k.r.z. Metalle Fe und Mo sehr klein.

Journal ArticleDOI
W. Bollmann1, M. Gernand1
TL;DR: In this article, results of investigations of the absorption, electrical conductivity, and photoconductivity of LiNbO3 are presented, which are explained by a model being similar to the anti-Frenkel disorder and by the formation of F2 centres during the reduction of the crystals.
Abstract: Results of investigations of the absorption, electrical conductivity, and photoconductivity of LiNbO3 are presented They are explained by a model being similar to the anti-Frenkel disorder and by the formation of F2 centres during the reduction of the crystals The model also illustrates the dependence of the Curie temperature on the Li:Nb ratio and optically induced refractive index inhomogeneities Es werden Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen der Absorption, der elektrischen Leitfahigkeit und der Phtoleitfahigkeit von LiNbO3 vorgelegt Sie werden mit einem der Anti-Frenkel-Fehlordnung ahnlichen Model und der Bildung von F2-Zentren bei der Reduktion der Kristalle erklart Das Modell macht zugleich die Abhangigikeit der Curie-Temperatur vom Li:Nb-Verhaltnis und optisch induzierte Brechzahlinhomogenitaten verstandlich

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, rate equations with fluctuation operators describing the quantum nature of the transitions are solved for (i) the exponential band tails model of a semiconductor laser at 80 °K, and (ii) the parabolic bands with no k-selection model of an SIRL at room temperature.
Abstract: Rate equations with fluctuation operators describing the quantum nature of the transitions are solved for (i) the exponential band tails model of a semiconductor laser at 80 °K, and (ii) the parabolic bands with no k-selection model of a semiconductor laser at room temperature. The results show the same characteristic features as those of Haug [1]. Above threshold a sharp resonance in the noise spectrum is found in the GHz region, the resonance frequency increasing with current and temperature. Simple analytic expressions for this resonance frequency are given. The results indicate that the low-frequency part of the relative photon noise spectrum has its maximum value just below threshold, while that of the relative electron noise spectrum has its maximum value just above threshold. In addition, it would appear from these results that intensity fluctuations in the light output and junction current of room-temperature c.w. lasers are likely to be of less importance than those of c.w. lasers at liquid nitrogen temperature. Es werden die Bilanzgleichungen mit Fluktuations-Operatoren, die die Quantennatur der Ubergange beschreiben, fur 1. das Modell eines Halbleiterlasers mit exponentiellem Bandauslaufer bei 80 °K und 2. das Modell eines Halbleiterlasers mit parabolischen Bandern ohne k-Auswahl fur Zimmertemperatur gelost. Die Ergebnisse zeigen dieselben charakteristischen Zuge wie die von Haug [1]. Oberhalb der Schwelle wird eine scharfe Resonanz im Rauschspektrum im GHz-Bereich gefunden, deren Resonanzfrequenz mit dem Strom und der Temperatur zunimmt. Es werden einfache analytische Ausdrucke fur diese Resonanzfrequenz angegeben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, das der niederfrequente Anteil des relativen Photonen-Rauschspektrums seinen Maximalwert gerade unterhalb der Schwelle hat, wahrend der des relativen Elektronen-Rauschspektrums sein Maximum gerade oberhalb der Schwelle erreicht. Zusatzlich scheint aus diesen Ergebnissen zu folgen, das Intensitatsschwankungen der Lichtleistung und des Sperrschichtstromes fur kontinuierliche Zimmertemperatur-Laser weniger bedeutsam sind als diejenigen fur kontinuierliche Laser bei Stickstofftemperatur.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the transition elements Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, and Cr have been prepared by low temperature condensation in ultra high vacuum, 10−9 Torr, on to liquid helium cooled substrates.
Abstract: Thin films of the transition elements Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, and Cr have been prepared, by low temperature condensation in ultra high vacuum, 10−9 Torr. on to liquid helium cooled substrates. Resistance measurements made during film deposition and the subsequent anneal to 500°K showed a gradual decrease in resistivity arising from continuous crystallite growth for all films and rapid drops in resistivity for some films associated with an amorphous to crystalline transition. Films of iron and nickel needed several per cent of impurity to stabilise an amorphous phase, pure films being microcrystalline. All cobalt films showed the rapid drop in resistivity which was independent of substrate and evaporation rate. The impurities, necessarily present, determined the transition temperature, 38°K for the purest Co films. It is concluded that some metals can be prepared pure and in an amorphous state. Dunne Schichten der Ubergangselemente Fe, Co, Ni, Mn und Cr wurden durch Verdampfung bei tiefen Temperaturen im Ultrahochvakuum, 10−9 Torr, auf mit fluissigem Helium gekuhlten Substraten hergestellt. Widerstandsmessungen wahrend des Aufdampfens und des folgenden Temperns bei 500°K zeigten eine allmahliche Widerstandsabnahme, die von dem standigen Wachstum von Kristalliten in allen Schichten herruhrte, und rapide Widerstandsabnahmen bei einigen Schichten, die mit dem Ubergang vom amorphen zum kristallinen Zustand verbunden sind. Eisen- und Nickelschichten brauchten einen gewissen Prozentsatz von Verunreinigungen, um eine amorphe Phase zu stabilisieren, da reine Schichten kristallin sind. Alle Kobaltschichten zeigten eine rapide Widerstandsabnahme, unabhangig vom Substrat und vom Abdampfungsgrad. Die Verunreinigungen, die not-wendigerweise vorhanden waren, bestimmten die Ubergangstemperatur von 38°K fur die reinsten Schichten. Es wird gefolgert, das einige reine Metalle auch im amorphen Zustand hergestellt werden konnen.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparative study of the X-ray photoelectron spectra of copper I and II compounds, as well as an examination of the changes of copper and oxygen lines caused by active gases (O2, H2O) on copper I compounds, clearly show that the satellite structure adjacent to copper peaks, is specific of the cupric ion.
Abstract: L'etude comparative des spectres de photoelectrons X de composes de cuivre I et II, ainsi que l'examen des modifications apparaissant au niveau des raies du cuivre et de l'oxygene dans les composes de cuivre I suite a l'action de gaz actifs (O2, H2O), indiquent que la structure satellite adjacente aux raies du cuivre est specifique de l'ion cuivrique. Comparative study of the X-ray photoelectron spectra of copper I and II compounds, as well as an examination of the changes of copper and oxygen lines caused by active gases (O2, H2O) on copper I compounds, clearly show that the satellite structure adjacent to copper peaks, is specific of the cupric ion.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the drift mobility of hole carriers in vitreous selenium has been measured over a wide range of temperature and applied electric field, and the results confirm an anomalous temperature dependence above 250 °K.
Abstract: The drift mobility of hole carriers in vitreous selenium has been measured over a wide range of temperature and applied electric field. The results confirm an ‘anomalous’ temperature dependence above 250 °K. At lower temperatures, for low values of applied field, the activation energy of the mobility is (0.28 ± 0.02) eV. In addition, the mobility is found to be electric field dependent. By comparison of measurements on specimens of differing thicknesses, the field dependence is shown to be a genuine bulk property, rather than a ‘time-of-flight’ phenomenon. Whilst the mechanism of the field dependence has not been positively identified, the evidence suggests that field variations in the transport processes close to the ‘mobility edge’ may be responsible. Es wurde die Locherdriftbeweglichkeit von glasartigem Selen in einem weiten Temperaturbereich und in einem weiten Bereich der angelegten elektrischen Feldstarke gemessen. Die Ergebnisse bestatigen eine anomale Temperaturabhangigkeit oberhalb von 250 °K. Bei tieferen Temperaturen und kleinen Werten des angelegten Feldes betragt die Aktivierungs-energie der Beweglichkeit (0,28 ± 0,02) eV. Es wird auserdem gefunden, das die Beweglichkeit vom elektrischen Feld abhangig ist. Ein Vergleich der Messungen an Proben veischiedener Dicke zeigt, das die Feldabhangigkeit eher eine echte Volumeneigenschaft als eine „Flugzeit”erscheinung ist. Obwohl der Feldabhangigkeitsmechanismus noch nicht vollstandig identifiziert worden ist, weisen die Ergebnisse darauf hin, das Feldvariationen im Transportprozes in der Nahe der Beweglichkeitskante dafur verantwortlich sein konnen.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the Mossbauer effect was used to investigate the cementite state in cold-worked steel, and an intensive dissociation of cementite was found at plastic deformation of the steel with the structure of plate perlite.
Abstract: The Mossbauer effect was used to investigate the cementite state in cold-worked steel. An intensive dissociation of cementite is found at plastic deformation of the steel with the structure of plate perlite. For deformation of 93% this dissociation amounts to 50%. The effect of dissociation was not observed in the steel with granular perlite. The fact that cementite dissociates at deformation may be explained by the increase of bond energy between C atoms and dislocations as compared to that for carbon in the cementite lattice. Alloying with the elements which decrease the bond of dislocations and substitutional impurities has the result that the cementite becomes much more stable at deformation. This is shown on the example of steel containing cobalt. The latter fact influences strongly the mechanical properties of a cold worked steel. [Russian text ignored].


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the electrostatic surface energy of the upper layer of ZnO was calculated to be 0.071 Z2e2/a, and the stability criterion was verified by an intrinsic surface state mechanism.
Abstract: LEED studies on the polar surfaces of ZnO showed a rather stable (1 × 1) pattern on both the surfaces when cleaved in ultra high vacuum at liquid nitrogen temperature or at room temperature; on those surfaces the stability criterion is verified by an intrinsic surface state mechanism. Preannealing of real surfaces in oxygen (6 h, 600 °C, 760 Torr) causes a (√3 × √3) pattern; on the (0001) surfaces oxygen is chemisorbed while on the (0001) faces it takes part in stabilising the surface. The electrostatic surface energy of this upper layer of oxygen is calculated to be 0.071 Z2e2/a.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a general theory of high frequency capacitance and current transients under arbitrary applied voltage transient is developed which includes both surface states and nonuniform spatial distribution of bulk generation-recombination centers.
Abstract: The general theory of high frequency capacitance and current transients under arbitrary applied voltage transient is developed which includes both surface states and nonuniform spatial distribution of bulk generation—recombination centers. It is then applied to the special case of initially depleted surface without surface states and with a constant bulk center concentration. Experimental examples are given using gold doped Si devices to illustrate the evaluation of the concentrations of the gold centers and majority shallow level impurity and of the thermal emission rates of trapped electrons and holes at the gold centers in the surface space charge layer. Eine allgemeine Theorie der Hochfrequenzkapazitanz und der Anderung des Stromes als Funktion der Zeit bei Anlegen einer beliebigen, zeitabhangigen Vorspannung wird abgeleitet. Sie berucksichtigt sowohl Oberflachenenergieniveaus als auch eine raumliche Verteilung der Generations—Rekombinationszentren im Innern des Kristalls. Die Theorie wird dann auf den speziellen Fall der ursprunglich von Ladungstragern entleerten Oberflache ohne Oberflachenenergieniveaus mit einer konstanten Konzentration der Generations—Rekombinationszentren im Innern des Kristalls angewandt. Als experimentelles Beispiel wird die Konzentration der Goldzentren, die Konzentration der flachen Verunreinigungen und die thermischen Emissionsraten von Elektronen und Lochern, die im Raumladungsbereich an der Oberflache in Goldzentren eingefangen sind, bestimmt.