Showing papers in "Physiology & Behavior in 2008"

TL;DR: Findings in brain chemistry and neuroimaging are reviewed that shed new light on understanding the psychopathology of these difficult and frustrating disorders.

TL;DR: In this review, it is discussed how enlarged adipocytes, an impaired blood flow through adipose tissue, adipOSE tissue hypoxia, adiposes tissue inflammation and macrophage infiltration are interrelated and may induce insulin resistance.

TL;DR: It is concluded that evidence for deleterious effects of lipid accumulation in non-adipose tissue (lipotoxicity) is strong, however, while ample human data is available for skeletal muscle and the liver, future research should focus on cholesterol accumulation in the pancreas and the heart.

TL;DR: It is tempting to suggest that dietary beta-glucans may be a useful tool to prime the host immune system and increase resistance against invading pathogens.

TL;DR: Well-controlled intervention studies have now shown that four major water-soluble fiber types-beta-glucan, psyllium, pectin and guar gum-effectively lower serum LDL cholesterol concentrations, without affecting HDL cholesterol or triacylglycerol concentrations.

TL;DR: Evidence suggests that activation of the ileal brake is an excellent long-term target to achieve sustainable reductions in food intake and satiety, accompanied by evidence of effects on glycaemic control and weight loss.

TL;DR: Several clinical trials have shown that reducing the ED of the diet by the addition of water-rich foods such as fruits and vegetables was associated with substantial weight loss even when patients were not told to restrict calories.

TL;DR: Protein-induced satiety appears to be of vital importance for weight loss and weight maintenance and is related to protein-induced energy expenditure.

TL;DR: Focusing attention on the fluid interactions of cultural influences with contextual factors, of recognized importance for the study of childhood undernutrition, can lead to further understanding of how to address ethnic disparities in childhood obesity.

TL;DR: Physiological results clearly support the underload hypothesis to subtend the vigilance decrement, since heart period and RSA increased over time-on-task and subjective experience of participants was more compatible with boredom than with high mental effort.

TL;DR: Supporting data of an involvement of the HPA axis in the development of (visceral) obesity is summarized, indicating a complex dual relationship between stress, HPA Axis functioning, attitude towards eating and the risk for stress-induced hyperphagia.

TL;DR: The increase in LF/HF ratio following disbudding without LA suggests an acute sympathetic response to pain, which could be responsible for the drop in eye temperature via vasoconstriction, and HRV and eye temperature together may be a useful non-invasive and more immediate index of pain than HPA activity alone.

TL;DR: It is suggested that not only can infants clearly discriminate flavors but repeated opportunities to taste a particular or a variety of foods may promote willingness to eat fruits and vegetables, the consumption which is generally low in the pediatric population and the acceptance of which is difficult to enhance beyond toddlerhood.

TL;DR: The findings suggest that a diet of bingeing on sucrose and chow followed by fasting creates a state that involves anxiety and altered accumbens dopamine and acetylcholine balance, similar to the effects of naloxone, suggesting opiate-like withdrawal.

TL;DR: This study quantitatively measured the progression of driver fatigue and identified the conservative safe duration of continuous highway driving, indicating that excessive driving time is a significant fatigue factor and potential cause of fatigue-related accidents.

TL;DR: The present findings urge sophisticated spectrographic analysis of ultrasonic vocalizations and caution when interpreting 50-kHz vocalizations, since specific subtypes of these calls can occur in contexts that are not necessarily pleasurable to rats, and are affected by prior experience and huge individual differences.

TL;DR: This paper focuses on susceptibility to increased adiposity during the prenatal period, infancy, mid-childhood and adolescence, and how factors operating in each of these periods influence risk of becoming overweight.

TL;DR: W wrist skin temperature rhythm, as determined by a wireless data logger in healthy normal living subjects, was correlated with sleep-wake diaries and oral temperature (OT) recordings and shows that the WT rhythm exhibits an inverse phase relationship with OT, and it is phase-advanced by 60 min with respect to OT.

TL;DR: In this article, the effects of green tea on weight reduction in obese Thais were investigated in a randomized, controlled trial involving 60 obese subjects (body mass index, BMI, body composition, resting energy expenditure, and substrate oxidation).

TL;DR: The question whether disturbances in the lipolytic pathways may be primary factors in the etiology of obesity or adaptational responses to the obese insulin resistant state is addressed.

TL;DR: The status of knowledge regarding the molecular mediators of leptin action and the neural substrate via which leptin acts to regulate physiologic processes are reviewed.

TL;DR: It is proposed that normative cues affect everyone, whereas sensory cues have a more powerful effect on some types of individuals (e.g., the obese) than on others.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that in zebrafish, a wide range of non-anesthetic cocaine doses, 0.015-15 muM, does not result in acute alterations in locomotor activity, in spite of the high brain cocaine levels induced, and that cocaine withdrawal produces long-lasting behavioral effects inZebrafish which are consistent with an anxiety-like state.

TL;DR: Evidence from both in vivo and ex vivo studies supports the idea that an impaired skeletal muscle mitochondrial function is related to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and a likely candidate is an impaired mitochondrial function underlying metabolic defects.

TL;DR: It is thought that male voices may have deepened over the course of evolution in order to signal dominance and/or to increase the speaker's attractiveness, but there was no relationship between 2D:4D and the vocal parameters.

TL;DR: The findings show that FST and CMS have different effects on the dopaminergic activity of discrete brain regions depending on the sex of the animal, and support the growing evidence that females display a differential response and adaptation to stress than males.

TL;DR: Animal models have been widely used for the investigation of differential susceptibility to diet-induced obesity (DIO) and impaired energy balance regulation, and are shedding light on key pathways that may be involved.

TL;DR: Three physiological parameters, including skin temperature, electrocardiograph (ECG) and electroencephalogram (EEG), were investigated to see how they responded to the ambient temperature and how they were related to the thermal comfort sensation.

TL;DR: Evidence on food portion size effects on children's eating behavior and eating regulation is presented, with comparison of findings to adult studies of portion size.

TL;DR: Clinical expertise and data from correlational and controlled trials suggest that chronicity and adult status are associated with a worse prognosis, and weight restoration and normalization of eating behavior followed by relapse prevention is best viewed.