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Showing papers in "Polimeros-ciencia E Tecnologia in 2012"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The main industrial processing to obtain pectin is based on the solubilization of protopectin from apple pomace and citrus peels, which is done under low acidity and heated conditions as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Pectin, probably the most complex macromolecule in nature is a hetero-polysaccharide containing predominantly residues of galacturonic acid (GalA). This polymer, which belongs to a group of dietary fibers, is widely used as a gelling agent and stabilizer in the food industry. The main industrial processing to obtain pectin is based on the solubilization of protopectin from apple pomace and citrus peels, which is done under low acidity and heated conditions. Recent studies have reported the extraction of pectin from new raw materials and using different extraction conditions, which influence the yield and quality of the final product, and may improve the rheological properties. This review describes the structure, sources, applications and industrial extraction processes, as well as the analysis methods of physicochemical characterization of pectin.

60 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, thermoplastic starch and poly (butylene adipate co-terephthalate) (PBAT) containing fatty acids were characterized thermally and with infrared and Raman spectroscopies.
Abstract: Biodegradable films of thermoplastic starch and poly (butylene adipate co-terephthalate) (PBAT) containing fatty acids were characterized thermally and with infrared and Raman spectroscopies. The symmetrical character of the benzene ring in PBAT provided a means to illustrate the difference between these spectroscopic techniques, because a band appeared in the Raman spectrum but not in the infrared. The thermal analysis showed three degradation stages related to fatty acids, starch and PBAT. The incorporation of saturated fatty acids with different molecular mass (caproic, lauric and stearic) did not change the nature of the chemical bonds among the components in the blends of starch, PBAT and glycerol, according to the thermal analysis, infrared and Raman spectroscopies.

46 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the E-GMA and EMA GMA compatibilizers were used for polylactide/biopolyethylene blends, and the results indicated that the compatiblizers played an important role in the blends, interacting with the blends components, modifying the morphology and improving the mechanical properties.
Abstract: In this work, Polylactide/Biopolyethylene blends were developed. Although some studies have been carried out on polylactide/polyethylene blends, none of them has used polyethylene synthesized with raw material obtained from natural sources. Due to the incompatibility between polylactide and polyethylene, E-GMA and EMA-GMA compatibilizers were used. These compatibilizers present glycidyl methacrylate groups in their structure, which may react with the functional end-groups of polylactide. To evaluate the properties, the blends were characterized by mechanical tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and melt flow index (MFI). The results indicated that the compatibilizers played an important role in the blends, interacting with the blends components, modifying the morphology and improving the mechanical properties.

41 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) functionalized with amine and carboxyl groups were used to prepare polyurethane/MMCNT nanocomposites in two distinct concentrations.
Abstract: Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) functionalized with amine and carboxyl groups were used to prepare polyurethane/MWCNT nanocomposites in two distinct concentrations: a lower value of 1 mass% (spray coating) and a higher one of ~50 mass% (buckypaper based). The MWCNT-NH2 sample contained only 0.5 mass% of amine groups, whereas MWCNT-COOH contained 5 mass% of carboxyl groups. The MWCNT functionalized with low amine group content showed improved thermal properties when compared to neat thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and MWCNT-COOH based nanocomposites. The electrical conductivity of the polyurethane elastomer was greatly increased from 10-12 to ~10-5 S cm-1in the 1 mass% nanotube composite and to 7 S cm-1for the MWCNT-NH2 buckypaper-based nanocomposite. Furthermore, the relative high content of functional groups in the MWCNT-COOH sample, which disrupt the sp2structure in the nanotube walls, led to inferior properties; for instance the conductivity of the buckypaper based composite is one order of magnitude lower when using MWCNT-COOH in comparison with the MWCNT-NH2. These results show the range of property design possibilities available with the elastomeric polyurethane nanocomposite by tailoring the functional group content and the carbon nanotube load.

38 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the cellulose derivatives were employed as mortar additive in order to improve mortar workability and adhesion to the substrate, and the results were evaluated by means of the consistency index (CI) and bond tensile strength (TS) tests.
Abstract: Methylcellulose was produced from the fibers of Mangifera indica L. Uba mango seeds. MCD and MCI methylcellulose samples were made by heterogeneous methylation, using dimethyl sulfate and iodomethane as alkylating agents, respectively. The materials produced were characterized for their thermal properties (DSC and TGA), crystallinity (XRD) and Degree of Substitution (DS) in the chemical route. The cellulose derivatives were employed as mortar additive in order to improve mortar workability and adhesion to the substrate. These properties were evaluated by means of the consistency index (CI) and bond tensile strength (TS) tests. The methylcellulose (MCD and MCI) samples had CI increased by 27.75 and 71.54% and TS increased by 23.33 and 29.78%, respectively, in comparison to the reference sample. Therefore, the polymers can be used to produce adhesive mortars.

37 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of the fundamentals of the electrospinning process and the influence of process variables such as applied field, working distance, speed of rotation of the collector and solution injecting flow rate.
Abstract: The electrospinning technique has been known since the 1930s, but only with the advent of new nanotechnology applications this technique was re-discovered and became important for production of nanomaterials. The potential for obtaining different nanofibers with sizes ranging from 50 to 500 nm and micrometer length has been investigated for different materials, with promising results in different applications. The first part of this review is aimed at describing the fundamentals of the electrospinning process. We describe the influence of process variables such as applied field, working distance, speed of rotation of the collector and solution injecting flow rate. The variables associated to this system, such as type of solvent and polymer of interest, are also discussed.

36 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In 2009, foi aprovada a Resolucao CONAMA no 416/09 that muda a forma de calculo for a reciclagem, de pneus produzidos for venda no mercado de reposicao as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Apos a aprovacao da Resolucao CONAMA (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente) no 258/99, ocorreu um avanco significativo na reciclagem de pneus no Brasil, com o desenvolvimento de tecnologias para reutilizacao, reciclagem e valorizacao energetica. Em 2009, foi aprovada a Resolucao CONAMA no 416/09 que muda a forma de calculo para a reciclagem, de pneus produzidos para venda no mercado de reposicao. O objetivo principal deste trabalho e apresentar a logistica reversa dos pneus usados no Brasil e comparar com os sistemas implementados no Japao, Estados Unidos e Comunidade Europeia. No periodo de 1999 ate 2010, foram destinados 2,44 milhoes de toneladas, o equivalente a 487,6 milhoes de pneus inserviveis de automoveis.

33 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: O amido em quatro tipos de farinhas comerciais for uso domestico em preparacoes culinarias foi caracterizado pelas tecnicas de espectroscopia de absorcao na regiao do infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), difracao de raios X (DRX), analise termogravimetrica e ressonância magnetica nuclear de baixo campo, por meio da determinacao do tempo de relax
Abstract: O amido em quatro tipos de farinhas comerciais para uso domestico em preparacoes culinarias foi caracterizado pelas tecnicas de espectroscopia de absorcao na regiao do infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), difracao de raios X (DRX), analise termogravimetrica e ressonância magnetica nuclear de baixo campo, por meio da determinacao do tempo de relaxacao spin-rede do nucleo de hidrogenio (T1H).

31 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A producao das nanoparticulas (nanocapsulas e nanosferas) por polimeros pre-formados pode be realizada por emulsificacao-evaporacao do solvente, por deslocamento do solvent, por salting-out ou por emulsionificacado-difusao of solvente.
Abstract: Nanoparticulas polimericas produzidas a partir de polimeros pre-formados, como os poliesteres alifaticos, tem sido amplamente utilizadas para incorporar, principalmente, principios ativos lipofilicos. A producao das nanoparticulas (nanocapsulas e nanosferas) por polimeros pre-formados pode ser realizada por emulsificacao-evaporacao do solvente, por deslocamento do solvente, por salting-out ou por emulsificacao-difusao do solvente. Estes metodos de producao estao revisados e descritos neste artigo, evidenciando os parâmetros tecnologicos que interferem nas caracteristicas fisico-quimicas das nanoparticulas, como a solubilidade do principio ativo, o volume e pH do meio de polimerizacao, a massa molar e concentracao do monomero e a natureza e concentracao do tensoativo.

29 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Agarwal et al. as discussed by the authors found that the incorporation of an argila to o polipropileno (PP) melhorou a estabilidade termica do polimero nos compositos com 5% em massa de BENT and 3 e 5% in massa of BENT-org.
Abstract: Uma argila bentonita policationica nacional foi utilizada para a producao de uma argila organofilica, obtida a partir da sintese com o sal de amonio quaternario, cloreto de cetiltrimetilamonio. A argila tratada com o sal orgânico (BENT-org) e a nao tratada (BENT) foram caracterizadas por espectroscopia de absorcao no infravermelho (FTIR) e difratometria de raios X (DRX). Posteriormente, as argilas foram misturadas com o polipropileno (PP) pelo metodo de intercalacao por fusao em uma extrusora dupla-rosca co-rotativa. Os compositos foram caracterizados pelas tecnicas de DRX, calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC) e analise termogravimetrica (TGA). Os resultados de FTIR e DRX mostraram a presenca dos grupos caracteristicos do sal de amonio e a intercalacao deste entre as camadas do argilomineral. As analises de DRX dos compositos com 3 e 5% em massa de BENT-org evidenciaram a presenca de picos deslocados para regioes de baixo ângulo, sugerindo a intercalacao das cadeias do polimero entre as camadas da argila. Os resultados de DSC indicaram que a argila pode ter atuado como agente nucleante devido ao aumento na Tcc (temperatura de cristalizacao no resfriamento) dos compositos. De acordo com os resultados de TG, constatou-se que a incorporacao da argila ao PP melhorou a estabilidade termica do polimero nos compositos com 5% em massa de BENT e 3 e 5% em massa de BENT-org.

27 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an overview of the caracteristicas fisico-quimicas of nanoparticulas, such as solubilidade do principio ativo, o volume and pH do meio de polimerizacao, a massa molar e concentracao do monomero and a natureza e concentrasco do tensoativo, are presented.
Abstract: Nanoparticulas polimericas produzidas a partir de polimeros sinteticos, como copolimeros do acido metacrilico, esteres acrilicos ou metacrilicos, tem sido amplamente utilizadas na area farmaceutica para encapsulacao de principios ativos. Essas nanoparticulas apresentam as vantagens de protecao, liberacao controlada, melhor biodisponibilidade e menor toxicidade, proporcionando maior conforto aos pacientes e adesao ao tratamento. A producao das nanoparticulas (nanocapsulas e nanosferas) por polimerizacao de monomeros e revisada e descrita neste artigo, evidenciando os parâmetros tecnologicos que interferem nas caracteristicas fisico-quimicas das nanoparticulas, como a solubilidade do principio ativo, o volume e pH do meio de polimerizacao, a massa molar e concentracao do monomero e a natureza e concentracao do tensoativo.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the resulting properties of recycled high impact polystyrene (HIPS), after the incorporation of either radial or linear SBS triblock copolymers.
Abstract: Toughening glassy thermoplastics by blending a rubbery material to the polymeric matrix has been extensively studied. In this work, we evaluated the resulting properties of recycled high impact polystyrene (HIPS), after the incorporation of either radial or linear SBS triblock copolymers. The blends were melt mixed using a twin-screw extruder. The copolymers were added at 5, 10 and 15% weight percent. The investigated properties included the determination of the melt flow index, the morphology and the mechanical behavior according to standard tension, flexion and impact methods of all formulated blends. In all cases, the radial SBS was more efficient in recovering the HIPS properties than the linear SBS, when comparing the properties of the blends with the properties of recycled HIPS.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An analysis of critical issues and description of the diverse solutions adopted around the world, including environmental impact assessments of the different alternatives to minimize and/or solve the problems pertaining to the use of plastic bags are guided.
Abstract: Independentemente do material adotado como melhor estrategia para uso em sacolas, cada um tem um destino final ideal que pode ser: compostagem, reciclagem mecânica, reciclagem energetica, aterros sanitarios, entre outros. Assim, a infra-estrutura de coleta, identificacao e disposicao do residuo pos-consumo desse material deve estar associada a escolha feita para garantir sua sustentabilidade socio-economica. Alem disso, solucoes ainda controversas com relacao ao real impacto no meio ambiente, nao podem ser condenadas, nem incentivadas, mas devem sim ser avaliadas. Nesse sentido, cabe a comunidade cientifica fornecer bases solidas e confiaveis, para que as avaliacoes sejam baseadas em uma visao global do problema. Foi com esse objetivo que elaboramos o presente trabalho, expondo questoes criticas e relatando as diferentes solucoes adotadas no mundo, inclusive sobre avaliacoes de impactos ambientais das diferentes alternativas para minimizar e/ou solucionar os problemas relacionados ao uso de sacolas plasticas.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A partir dos ensaios mecânicos observou-se uma resistencia ao impacto tres vezes superior a do PLA puro as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: O poli(acido latico) e um polimero biodegradavel proveniente de fontes renovaveis com grande potencial para substituir polimeros nao biodegradaveis provenientes do petroleo. Entretanto, seu uso em determinadas aplicacoes e restringido devido a sua elevada fragilidade e rigidez. Com o intuito de tornar o PLA mais tenaz, o terpolimero (etileno/acrilato de metila/metacrilato de glicidila) -EMA-GMA foi adicionado ao PLA em diferentes concentracoes. A adicao do EMA-GMA tornou o PLA mais estavel durante o processamento. Por FTIR comprovou-se a existencia de reacao quimica entre os grupos terminais do PLA e grupos do EMA-GMA. A partir dos ensaios mecânicos observou-se uma resistencia ao impacto tres vezes superior a do PLA puro.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results demonstrated the potential use of nanofibers´ mats as scaffolds for cell growth and exhibited a more favorable environment for developing fibroblasts from cardiomyocytes than the control, probably due to their low crystallinity.
Abstract: Non-woven mats of nanofibers of three biodegradable polymers, viz. poly(lactic acid), PDLLA, poly(E-caprolactone), PCL, and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), PBAT, and their nanocomposites with montmorillonite nanoclay (MMT) were produced by electrospinning. The morphology, thermal behavior and internal structure of the nanofibers were analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and wide angle X-ray diffraction, respectively. The nanofibers of the nanocomposites had lower diameters than the nanofibers of the corresponding neat polymers, while the nanofibers from PBAT and PBAT/MMT were the least crystalline. The cell viability of all the nanofibers was analyzed by reduction of the tetrazolium salt by the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzymatic complex present in the mitochondria (MTT test). None of the nanofibers was toxic to the cells and the PBAT and PBAT/MMT nanofibers exhibited a more favorable environment for developing fibroblasts from cardiomyocytes than the control, probably due to their low crystallinity. These results demonstrated the potential use of nanofibers´ mats as scaffolds for cell growth.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the efficiency of chemical treatment on the dynamic mechanical and mechanical properties of composite materials with jute fibers and epoxy matrix resin, and found that treated jute fiber composites displayed higher mechanical properties and storage modulus values than the epoxy resin and untreated fiber composite composites.
Abstract: This study was aimed at evaluating the efficiency of chemical treatment on the dynamic mechanical and mechanical properties of composite materials with jute fibers and epoxy matrix resin. The surfaces of the jute fibers were modified by contact with sodium hydroxide solutions, and characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and tensile strength testing. The FTIR and SEM analysis evidenced that the alkaline treatment promoted removal of the hemicellulose and modification in the morphology of the jute fibers, respectively. Polymeric composites with untreated and treated jute fiber were prepared through hand lay-up process followed by compression molding. The treated jute fiber composites displayed higher mechanical properties and storage modulus values than the epoxy resin and untreated fiber composites. The scanning electron micrographs (SEM) revealed that treated jute fiber composites have less voids and pull-out, suggesting a better adhesion with the polymeric matrix than untreated fiber composites.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of the drawing process on the physical and thermal properties of commercially available polypropylene fiber containing selective peroxide was studied, and the results showed that the drawn PP/Peroxide fiber has higher birefringence, tenacity, and initial modulus compared with that of the drawn polyethylene fiber.
Abstract: In this research, the effect of the drawing process on the physical and thermal properties of commercially available polypropylene fiber containing selective peroxide was studied. Attempts have also been made to compare this drawn fiber sample with conventional polypropylene fibers produced from reactor and with controlled rheology grades. The results showed that the drawn PP/Peroxide fiber has higher birefringence, tenacity, and initial modulus compared with that of the drawn polypropylene fiber. Moreover, the fraction of load carrying chains in various drawn polypropylene fibers was evaluated on the basis of simplified models.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the response surface methodology (RSM) is applied to the investigation of the mechanical behavior of different PP/EPDM/SRT ternary mixtures.
Abstract: The response surface methodology (RSM) is a collection of statistical and mathematical techniques for developing, improving and optimizing processes. In this study, RSM technique was applied to the investigation of the mechanical behavior of different PP/EPDM/SRT ternary mixtures. After appropriate processing in a co-rotating twin extruder and injection molding, the mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and impact strength, were determined and used as response variables. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for investigating the morphology of the different blends and to interpret the results. With specific statistical tools, a minimum number of experiments allowed the response surface model to be developed and the concentrations of the components to be optimized according to the mechanical performance. High values of impact strength were reached (>80 J.m-1) when the PP/EPDM/SRT mixture had a EPDM/SRT ratio of around 25%.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a celulose obtida da palha de feijao foi utilizada for produzir anidrido acetico and dois catalisadores, a piridina (PY) and N-bromossuccinimida (NBS).
Abstract: Neste estudo a celulose obtida da palha de feijao foi utilizada para produzir um material hidrofobico (acetato de celulose) para ser avaliado como absorvente de oleo. Nas reacoes de acetilacao foram utilizados anidrido acetico e dois catalisadores, a piridina (PY) e N-bromossuccinimida (NBS). Os materiais produzidos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia na regiao do infravermelho medio, microscopia eletronica de varredura, difratometria de raios-X e analise elementar. O NBS mostrou-se mais eficiente que a PY e, seu uso resultou em materiais com maiores quantidades de grupos acetatos, mais hidrofobicos e com maiores capacidades de absorcao de oleo de soja.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a rendimento of 2,335g.L-1 for a sacarose; 4,995 g.L 1 for a casca de cacau seca; and 12,01 g l 1 for soro de leite.
Abstract: Foi estudada a otimizacao do processo de producao de goma xantana a partir de casca de cacau ou soro de leite como fonte de carbono, e determinou-se o rendimento da goma obtida pela bioconversao de casca de cacau e soro de leite com a Xanthomonas campestris 1182. A goma foi produzida em meios com potassio e nitrogenio a 25 °C, 250 rpm por 120 horas. Os rendimentos foram: 2,335 g.L-1 para a sacarose; 4,995 g.L-1 para a casca de cacau seca e 12,01 g.L-1 utilizando soro de leite. Portanto, e viavel a producao de goma xantana utilizando fontes de carbono como a casca de cacau e o soro de leite.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a plain weave fabric laminate was submitted to Mode I delamination under static load at room temperature and the analysis of the delaminated surfaces was performed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Abstract: Many components of modern aircrafts are now manufactured from polymer composites. Reinforced laminates with continuous carbon fibers and modified epoxy resin are employed in primary and secondary structures to reduce weight and improve the aircraft performance. However, if a circumstantial failure happens, the complex fracture process of the laminates may involve interlaminar damage mechanisms. The delamination is the interlaminar discontinuity which may propagate catastrophically with the application of mechanical loads. The Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) is the most used method to determine the Mode I fracture toughness of structural composites. In this work samples prepared from a plain weave fabric laminate were submitted to Mode I delamination under static load at room temperature. The analysis of the delaminated surfaces was performed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the fracture process initiates at the resin pockets after a Teflon® insert and propagates along the resin rich areas at the crossing of weft and warp tows. The main fractographical aspects revealed are identified, reported and discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the main spectroscopy absorption bands in the infrared region of corn gluten meal were characterized by blending zein and oleic acid (OA) as a plasticizer, which led to microscopic surface irregularities and reduction in the original hydrophobic characteristics.
Abstract: Zeins comprise a group of maize storage proteins (prolamines) that can be extracted via solubization in alcoholic media. Such proteins are highly hydrophobic with elevated degree of polymerization. In the present study, zein type a (molecular mass between 19 and 22 kDa) was extracted from corn gluten meal and characterized concerning the main spectroscopy absorption bands in the infrared region. Cast films were processed by blending zein and oleic acid (OA) as plasticizer. Films with no plasticizer were extremely brittle, and thus impossible to handle or used for mechanical analysis. The addition of 1 or 2% wt OA resulted in significant increase in the elongation length, according to DMA analysis. The presence of the plasticizer led to microscopic surface irregularities and to a reduction in the original hydrophobic characteristics.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the characterization of hydrogels constituted by methylcellulose (MC) entrapped in polyacrylamide (PAAm) network prepared by cross-linking polymerization (gelling process) was investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively.
Abstract: This work reported the characterization of hydrogels constituted by methylcellulose (MC) entrapped in polyacrylamide (PAAm) network prepared by cross-linking polymerization (gelling process). Spectroscopic and morphologic properties were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Effects of AAm, MC contents, ionic charge of salt counter-ions (NaCl, KCl, NH4Cl, CaCl2, MnCl2, MgCl2, and AlCl3), and fertilizers [(NH4)2SO4 and KH2PO4] on kinetic and hydrophilic (swelling degree) properties were investigated in detail. By decreasing the MC content or by increasing acrylamide content, there was a pronounced decrease in water uptake by the hydrogels. The increase in counter-ion X-Cl salt and the presence of fertilizer on the external swelling medium also provoked a decrease in water uptake. The water uptake mechanism of PAAm-MC hydrogels swollen in water followed the Fickian diffusion, while the mechanisms of hydrogels swollen in salt or fertilizer aqueous media followed the anomalous transport process. With their fast and high water absorption, the porous, three-dimensional matrices containing PAAm and MC are promising for agriculture as carrier vehicles.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, o processo de eletrofiacao foi discutido, including suas bases teoricas e experimentais, e a obtencao de diferentes nanofibras de materiais polimericos.
Abstract: Em artigo de revisao anterior[1], o processo de eletrofiacao foi discutido, incluindo suas bases teoricas e experimentais, e a obtencao de diferentes nanofibras de materiais polimericos. Neste segundo artigo de revisao, sao abordados os aspectos relacionados a aplicacao de materiais eletrofiados em diferentes areas, como medica, agricola, sensores, processamento de outros materiais, entre outras. Sao tambem discutidas as tecnicas de caracterizacao utilizadas mais frequentemente nestes materiais, e suas potencialidades. Esta segunda revisao e complementar a anterior e segue, em seus aspectos gerais, a mesma terminologia.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a tecnica de espectroscopic de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier and acessorio de reflexao total atenuada (FTIR-ATR) foi avaliado for o monitoramento da degradacao da poliamida 11 (PA-11) usada em dutos flexiveis.
Abstract: O potencial da tecnica de espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier e acessorio de reflexao total atenuada (FTIR-ATR) foi avaliado para o monitoramento da degradacao da poliamida 11 (PA-11) usada em dutos flexiveis. As amostras foram submetidas a envelhecimento em reatores com pressao controlada e atmosfera inerte. Os corpos de prova foram imersos em agua deionizada (pH 7), nas temperaturas de 110, 120 e 140 ÂoC por um periodo de ate 50 dias. A tecnica recomendada para monitoramento da degradacao da PA-11 e a viscosimetria, atraves de medidas da viscosidade inerente corrigida (VIC) e a analise termogravimetrica (TGA). O comportamento observado para a VIC e TGA durante o envelhecimento possibilitou a construcao de modelos que correlacionam com a tecnica de FTIR-ATR. A partir dos resultados de FTIR-ATR, a variacao na intensidade da banda atribuida a fase amorfa, 1161 cm-1, possibilitou o monitoramento do envelhecimento quando associamos a tecnica a modelos quimiometricos como o de regressao dos minimos quadrados parciais, PLS. Portanto, a tecnica FTIR-ATR pode ser uma nova alternativa no monitoramento da degradacao hidrolitica da PA-11, eliminando assim o uso de solventes orgânicos toxicos e reduzindo, consequentemente, o tempo de analise.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a trabalho da estrutura dos nanocompositos de poliuretano/argila tem sido realizada principalmente por difracao de raios X (DRX) and microscopia eletronica de transmissao (TEM).
Abstract: Poliuretanos sao materiais polimericos importantes e versateis, principalmente devido a algumas de suas propriedades, como alta resistencia a abrasao, resistencia ao rasgo, excelente absorcao de choques mecânicos, boa flexibilidade e elasticidade. No entanto, existem tambem algumas desvantagens, como a baixa estabilidade termica e propriedade de barreira. Para superar essas desvantagens, tem sido produzidos nanocompositos de poliuretano/montmorilonita organofilica. A investigacao da estrutura dos nanocompositos de poliuretano/argila tem sido realizada principalmente por difracao de raios X (DRX) e microscopia eletronica de transmissao (TEM). Neste trabalho, foram estudados filmes de nanocompositos de PU/argila organofilica obtidos por intercalacao por solucao. Os nanocompositos foram caracterizados por DRX e, principalmente, por ressonância magnetica nuclear de baixo campo (RMN-BC). As medidas de RMN-BC, com a determinacao do tempo de relaxacao spin-rede do nucleo de hidrogenio, forneceram informacoes impares e importantes sobre a dinâmica molecular desses nanocompositos. Para validar esse estudo foram realizadas analises de difracao de raios X, que confirmaram os resultados de RMN. A estabilidade termica dos materiais tambem foi determinada por analise termogravimetrica em atmosfera de gas inerte, observando-se pequena melhora na estabilidade do nanocomposito quando comparado com o poliuretano.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a trabalho visa avaliar a influencia do tipo de polipropileno no comportamento da blenda (PP/HIPS) quando exposta a radiacao-UV.
Abstract: Este trabalho visa avaliar a influencia do tipo de polipropileno no comportamento da blenda polipropileno/poliestireno de alto impacto (PP/HIPS) quando exposta a radiacao UV. Foram usados uma resina virgem de PP (PPv) e outra reprocessada (PPrep). Inicialmente, avaliou-se o comportamento individual dos componentes da blenda, HIPS, PPv e PPrep, quando submetidos a radiacao UV por ate 15 semanas de exposicao. As tecnicas de caracterizacao utilizadas para monitorar o desempenho tanto das resinas individualmente quanto das blendas submetidas a radiacao UV foram: propriedades mecânicas (tracao e impacto), medidas de indice de fluidez (MFI), analise termica (DSC), espectroscopia no infravermelho (FTIR) e microscopia eletronica de varredura (MEV). A partir dos resultados com essas tecnicas verificou-se que o PPv foi a resina mais afetada pela radiacao e consequentemente as blendas preparadas com esse PP tambem foram mais sensiveis a fotodegradacao do que as demais. Em termos de fotoestabilizacao este resultado mostra-se interessante, ja que as blendas PP/HIPS preparadas com uma resina previamente degradada necessitariam de menores teores de aditivos do que esse mesmo tipo de blenda preparada com resina virgem.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a berbamine loaded chitosan-agarose microspheres were prepared using a water-in-oil emulsion technique, and the optimal preparing parameters were determined by orthogonal experiments.
Abstract: Berbamine loaded chitosan-agarose microspheres were prepared using a water-in-oil emulsion technique. Optimum preparing parameters were determined by orthogonal experiments as follows: ratio of berbamine to chitosan (w/w) is 1:10; percentage of emulsifier (span 80, v/v) is 6%; volume of glutaraldehyde is 2 mL; and reaction temperature is 70 oC. Under these optimal conditions, the encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of microspheres are 84.57% and 8.44%, respectively. The swelling tests showed that the microspheres possessed higher swelling ratio at pH 7.4 than at pH 1.2. FTIR indicated that berbamine had been successfully loaded in the chitosan-agarose microspheres by physical entrapment. In vitro release studies showed that berbamine was released from microspheres in a significantly sustained fashion.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, desenvolvimentos biocompositos baseados em acetato de celulose and fibras curtas de Curaua tratadas com dioxido de carbono supercritico.
Abstract: Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos biocompositos baseados em acetato de celulose e fibras curtas de Curaua tratadas com dioxido de carbono supercritico. O tratamento das fibras resultou na extracao parcial de lignina, sendo este um metodo interessante pois nao resulta em rejeitos quimicos. Duas series de biocompositos, uma delas plastificada com ftalato de dioctila (DOP) e outra com citrato de trietila (TEC), foram preparadas por extrusao. Para ambas ocorreu a fibrilacao e distribuicao uniforme das fibrilas. Como consequencia, os biocompositos apresentaram maior capacidade calorifica, menor condutividade termica e maior coeficiente de expansao termica em comparacao ao acetato de celulose plastificado. O tratamento das fibras com CO2 supercritico intensificou as variacoes destas propriedades. Dentre os plastificantes, o DOP mostrou-se ligeiramente mais eficiente, resultando em materiais com menores valores de Tg e de modulo de Young. A adicao das fibras teve um impacto relativamente baixo sobre o modulo (10%), porem houve uma perda significativa da resistencia ao impacto. O conjunto de resultados permite concluir que estes biocompositos apresentam potencial de aplicacao como isolantes termicos, sendo que os plastificados com TEC apresentam como vantagem o fato de todos seus componentes serem biodegradaveis.

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TL;DR: In this paper, the degradation of films of blends of poly(vinyl chloride (PVC) and poly(e-caprolactone) by soil microorganisms and leachate was investigated by means of respirometry, infrared absorption spectroscopy (FTIR), differential calorimetry scanning (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and weight loss.
Abstract: While the use of plastics continues to increase in our daily lives in a growing range products, these materials are very persistent in the environment. The blending of aliphatic polyesters with other thermoplastic polymers is a profitable way of producing materials with changed physical properties and biodegradability, which can facilitate microbial adhesion to the polymer matrix and help to reduce (post-consumer) degradation time of these materials in landfills. This study was an investigation of the biodegradation of films of blends of poly(vinyl chloride (PVC) and poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) by soil microorganisms and leachate, by means of respirometry, infrared absorption spectroscopy (FTIR), differential calorimetry scanning (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle and weight loss. The results showed that in the soil, the films suffered oxidative biodegradation. The PCL promoted degradation of the PVC in the film of PVC/PCL and the PVC inhibited the rapid degradation of the PCL.