Showing papers in "Progress in Natural Science in 2007"
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors developed a land data assimilation system for China's land territory, which is capable of assimilating passive microwave remotely sensed data such as special sensor microwave imager (SSM I), TMI, and advanced microwave scanning radiometer enhanced for EOS (AMSRE).
Abstract: The Objective of land data assimilation is to merge multi-source observations into the dynamics of land surface model for improving the estimation of land surface states. We have developed a land data assimilation system for China's land territory. In this system, the Common Land Model and Simple Biosphere Model 2 are used to simulate land surface processes. The radiative transfer models of thawed and frozen soil, snow, lake, and vegetations are used as observation operators to transfer model predictions into estimated brightness temperatures. A Monte-Carlo sequential filter, the ensemble Kalman filter, is implemented as data assimilation method to integrate modeling and observation. The system is capable of assimilating passive microwave remotely sensed data such as special sensor microwave imager (SSM I), TRMM microwave imager (TMI), and advanced microwave scanning radiometer enhanced for EOS (AMSRE) and the conventional in situ measurements of soil and snow. A spatiotemporally consistent assim...
56 citations
TL;DR: Based on P systems, this paper proposes a new multi-objective optimization algorithm (PMOA), which has a cell-like structure and its membranes merge and divide at different stages, which decreases the computational complexity.
Abstract: Based on P systems, this paper proposes a new multi-objective optimization algorithm (PMOA). Similar to P systems, PMOA has a cell-like structure. The structure is dynamic and its membranes merge and divide at different stages. The key rule of a membrane is the communication rule which is derived from P systems. Mutation rules are important for the algorithm, which has different ranges of mutation in different membranes. The cooperation of the two rules contributes to the diversity of the population, the conquest of the multimodality of objective function and the convergence of algorithm. Moreover, the unique structure divides the whole population into several subpopulations, which decreases the computational complexity. Almost a dozen popular algorithms are compared using several test problems. Simulation results illustrate that the PMOA has the best performance. Its solutions are closer to the true Paretooptimal front and distributed well. Moreover, it converges fast.
51 citations
TL;DR: It is shown here that P systems can be a reliable tool for Systems Biology and could even outperform in some cases the current simulation techniques based on differential equations.
Abstract: In contrast to differential equations, P systems are an unconventional model of computation which takes into consideration the discrete character of the quantity of components and the inherent randomness that exists in biological phenomena. The key feature of P systems is their compartmentalised structure which represents the heterogeneity of the structural organisation of the cells, and where one can take into account the role played by membranes in the functioning of the system, for example signalling at the cell surface, selective uptake of substances from the media, diffusion across different compartments, etc. We show here that P systems can be a reliable tool for Systems Biology and could even outperform in some cases the current simulation techniques based on differential equations. We will also use a strategy based on the well known Gillespie algorithm but running on more than one compartment called Multi-compartmental Gillespie Algorithm.
44 citations
TL;DR: Investigation of the climate water-vapor sources of Xinjiang region and their shifts during the past 20 years shows that the major vapor comes from the west side of Xin Xinjiang for mid-month of seasons, apart from July while the water vapor Comes from the north or northwest direction.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to investigate the climate water-vapor sources of Xinjiang region and their shifts during the past 20 years. First, the principle and steps are roughly regulated to seek the water-vapor sources. Second, the climate stationary water-vapor transport in troposphere is calculated to distinguish where the water vapor comes from by ERA-40 reanalysis. In addition, the collocation between the transport and the atmospheric column water vapor content is analyzed. The results show that the major vapor comes from the west side of Xinjiang for mid-month of seasons, apart from July while the water vapor comes from the north or northwest direction. The water vapor sources are different for different seasons, for example the Caspian Sea and Mediterranean are the sources in January and April, the North Atlantic and the Arctic sea in July and the Black Sea and Caspian Sea in October, respectively. In recent ten years more water vapor above Xinjiang comes from the high latitudes and the Arctic sea w...
40 citations
TL;DR: Phylogenetic relationships for Benisia tabaci were reconstructed by analysis of a ˜780 bp fragment of the mitochiondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) gene with an emphasis on geographic range and distribution among eight eudicot plant families that are common hosts of B. tabaci worldwide to elucidate key phylogeographic linkages between populations extant in China and India.
Abstract: Phylogenetic relationships for Benisia tabaci were reconstructed by analysis of a ˜780 bp fragment of the mitochiondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) gene with an emphasis on geographic range and distribution among eight eudicot plant families that are common hosts of B. tabaci worldwide to elucidate key phylogeographic linkages between populations extant in China (n=31) and India (n=34). Bootstrap values for the Maximum Parsimony tree were highly robust for all major nodes involving the major Asian clade, sub-groups, and sister groups within, at 92%—100%. Between-clade distances for the Southcast Asia and three otor major clades, e.g. from sub-Sahara Africa, North Africa-Mediterrancan, and the Americas, were approximately > 16% divergent. Two major Asian sub-groups (I, II) were resolved, which represented populations indigenous to the region, comprising two (I a, I b) and five (II a—e) sister groups, respectively, which diverged by 11%. Two distinct populations from sunflower in Hyderabad groupe...
40 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an integrated index which can be used to indicate the advance of subtropical summer monsoon in East Asia has been proposed by combining three variables including precipitation, wind and pseudo-equivalent potential temperature.
Abstract: An integrated index which can be used to indicate the advance of subtropical summer monsoon in East Asia has been proposed in this paper. The index was combined by three variables including precipitation, wind and pseudo-equivalent potential temperature. The northernmost summer monsoon location (NSML) was identified by using this index annually. It was found that the NSML experienced an interdecadal shift in the period 1977–1979 based on the annual index analysis from 1961 to 2001. A comparison of the NSML with order four summer monsoon indices has also been made. The result showed that the NSML could well represent the interannual and interdecadal variability of summer monsoon precipitation in North China (beyond 35°N), while other four indices could well indicate the precipitation anomalies of East Asian summer monsoon along the Yangtze River valley (around 30°N) *Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 40475032) and the National Program on Key Basic Research Projects (N...
34 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a special form of spiking neural P systems, called axon P systems corresponding to the activity of Ranvier nodes of neuron axon, is considered and a class of SN-like P systems where the computation is done along the axon is introduced and their language generative power is investigated.
Abstract: A special form of spiking neural P systems, called axon P systems, corresponding to the activity of Ranvier nodes of neuron axon, is considered and a class of SN-like P systems where the computation is done along the axon is introduced and their language generative power is investigated.
32 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a time delay equation for sea-air oscillator model is studied and an asymptotic soling method of nonlinear equation for the ENSO model is created.
Abstract: A time delay equation for sea-air oscillator model is studied. The aim is to create an asymptotic soling method of nonlinear equation for the ENSO model. And based on a class of oscillators of ENSO model, employing the variational iteration method, the approximate solution of corresponding problem is obtained. It is proven from the results that the method of variational iteration method can be used for analyzing the sea surface temperature anomaly in the equatorial eastern Pacific of the atmosphere-ocean oscillation for ENSO model. *Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40576012, 90111011), the National Program on Key Basic Research Project (Grant No. 2004CB418304) and in part by E-Institute of Shangai Municipal Education Commission (Grant No. E03004)
31 citations
TL;DR: Generally, the wave-induced mixing lowers the SST in the OGCM because the strengthened vertical mixing can bring more cold water upward, but in the coupled model, the non-uniformity of the space distribution in SST drop generates a horizontal gradient of...
Abstract: A common problem in the application of the coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models (CGCMs) without flux correction is that the simulated equatorial cold tongue in general tends to be too strong, narrow, and extending too far west. The causes are not well understood yet. One possible reason may be the simulated mixed layer depth (MLD) is too shallow in the tropical Pacific due to insufficient vertical mixing in the OGCM. It is believed that the wave-induced vertical mixing can greatly improve the simulation of the MLD and thermocline structure. In this study, the coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model (FGCM-0) incorporated with wave-induced mixing has been employed to simulate the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST). Generally, the wave-induced mixing lowers the SST in the OGCM because the strengthened vertical mixing can bring more cold water upward. However, in the coupled model, the non-uniformity of the space distribution in SST drop generates a horizontal gradient of...
31 citations
TL;DR: Methods and models for fitting ionospheric delyas based on GPS are compared and analyzed, and applications of the methods and models to the research and engineering are summarized.
Abstract: The basic principles and methods for precisely determining ionospheric delays in GPS observation are intorduced and discussed. Various methods and models for fitting ionospheric delyas based on GPS are compared and analyzed, and applications of the methods and models to the research and engineering are summarized. *Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40204001) and Shandong University of Science and Technology (Grant No. SD2003-5)
30 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured high frequency velocity fluctuations in the bottom boundary layer (BBL) of the Yellow Sea (YS) for 25 hours and analyzed the turbulent energy dissipation rate and bottom shear stress.
Abstract: High frequency velocity fluctuations were measured by using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) in the tidal bottom boundary layer (BBL) of the Yellow Sea (YS) for 25 h. The turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate and the bottom shear stress were estimated and analyzed. Results show that: (1) in the tidal BBL of the YS the variations of the dissipation rate and the bottom shear stress during 25 h are (1.8 × 10−8−3.4× 10−5) W'kg−1 and 6.6 × 10−4−7.5 × 10 −1) N' m−2 respectively, indicating that there are strong dissipations in the tidal BBL of the YS (2) in the well-mixed tidal BBL, the turbulence is mainly shear-induced locally and the production and dissipation are generally in equilibrium (3) for the seas where the semidiurnal tidal current is dominant, both the dissipation rate and the bottom shear stress exhibit a strong quarter-diurnal variation (4) the mean bottom drag coefficient C¯ (0.45) is 0.0017 (corresponding C¯d(1.00 = 0.0015), but it has significant variations (0.00050−0082). Th...
TL;DR: Zhang et al. as mentioned in this paper reviewed the history and the development of the study on metallogenic chronology and genesis of gold deposits, summarize the main features of superimposed metallogenesis, provide evidence of the Mesozoic complex metheogenic system, and point out some problems for further research of Jiaodong gold deposit cluster from a regional view.
Abstract: Gold deposits are characterized by multi-sources, superimposition, large scale and temporal-spatial concentration in Jiaodong Peninsula, Eastern China. In this paper, we review the history and the development of the study on metallogenic chronology and genesis of gold deposits, summarize the main features of superimposed metallogenesis, provide evidence of the Mesozoic complex metallogenic system, and point out some problems for further research of Jiaodong gold deposit cluster from a regional view. Although gold deposits are different in genetic types, ore-forming materials and geological settings, our research indicates that the accumulation and emplacement of the ore-forming materials are temporally-spatially concentrated on a large scale, and the main metallogenic epoch of Jiaodong gold deposits was concentrated in Mesozoic. Metallogenic chronology and geological-geochemical data indicate that there are two periods of gold mineralizations occurred in 130–110 Ma and 90–80 Ma respectively in Ji...
TL;DR: Applications of this new method to an arbitrarily given series and to the precipitation in rainy season at 160 meteorological stations in China mainland show advantages of this method over other conventional statistical models.
Abstract: The classical least-square method was extended from the real number domain, which is called the complex least-square method The mathematical derivation and its applications show that the complex least-square method is different from one that the real number and the imaginary number are separately calculated with the classical least- square, by which the actual least-square estimation cannot be obtained in practice Applications of this new method to an arbitrarily given series and to the precipitation in rainy season at 160 meteorological stations in China mainland show advantages of this method over other conventional statistical models Supported by National Science Foundation of China (Grant No 40175027)
TL;DR: In this survey, a comparative study of the existing routing protocols for sensor networks can be classified as indicator-based and indicator-free.
Abstract: One of the most important issues in wireless sensor networks is data delivery service between sensors and the data collection unit (called sink). Although sensor networks and mobile ad hoc networks are similar to some extent, they are radically distinct in many aspects. Sensor networks have many unique features, making them more challenging and need further research efforts. The existing routing protocols for sensor networks can be classified as indicator-based and indicator-free. In this survey, we make a comparative study of these protocols. Open issues and research directions are pointed out as guidelines for our future work.
TL;DR: It is found that an Angel-related element is absent in orthologous locus in the series Barbini of cyprinid fishes, that provides new evidence for the monophyly of the series Leuciscini.
Abstract: Angel-related element belongs to the family of miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs). In this paper we report the identification of an Angel-related element in the series Leuciscini of cyprinid fishes, which is located in the second intron of the growth hormone (GH) gene. We have also found that this element is absent in orthologous locus in the series Barbini of cyprinid fishes, that provides new evidence for the monophyly of the series Leuciscini. The insertion of Angel-related element into the GH gene might take place in the common ancestor of the series Leuciscini after its divergence from the series Barbini. The high sequence divergence and relatively broad species distribution of Angel-related elements implies that they might be ancient transposons which appeared about 26 million years ago.
TL;DR: Gynogenetic diploid was induced in red crucian carp eggs using UV-irradiated spermatozoa from blunt snout bream (B) or from mirror carp (C) (Cyprinus carpio. L).
Abstract: Gynogenetic diploid was induced in red crucian carp (RCC) (Carassius auratus Red Variety) eggs using UV-irradiated spermatozoa from blunt snout bream (B) (Megalabrama amblycephala) or from mirror carp (C) (Cyprinus carpio. L). Spermatozoa were genetically inactivated by an appropriate UV dosage, and then the maternal DNA was duplicated with cold shock at 0–4°C. When using the spermatozoa of B, the fertilization rate, hatching rate and survival at first feeding were 52.6 ± 3.0 %, 23.6 ± 4.1 % and 15.7 ± 3.4 % respectively, and the survival at first feeding was significantly higher than that (11.3 ± 2.2%) when using the spermatozoa of C(Cypripnus carpio. L). According to the morphological characteristics, the chromosome number and the degree of gonadal development, gynogenetic RCC could be distinguished from the control hybrids of RCC ♀ × B♂. The individuals with red body color, 100 chromosomes and normal gonadal development were syccessful gyogenetic RCC, while the individuals with 124 or 148 chro...
TL;DR: A revised method based on the support system developed by Tanaka et al is proposed here with different criteria to construct fitness function, and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is adapted to the encoding problem.
Abstract: Computational encoding DNA sequence design is one of the most important steps in molecular computation. A lot of research work has been done to design reliable sequence library. A revised method based on the support system developed by Tanaka et al. is proposed here with different criteria to construct fitness function. Then we adapt particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to our encoding problem. By using the new algorithm, a set of sequences with good quality is generated. The result also shows that our PSO-based approach could rapidly converge at the minimum level for an output of the simulation model. The celerity of the algorithm fits our requirements. *Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 60573190, 30370356) and Henan Province Scientific Foundation (Grant Nos. 511011600, 211050900, 204922025)
TL;DR: A new kind of regulation mechanism is outlined, which could be the basis for a more efficient construction of computational models from experimental data of specific metabolic processes.
Abstract: Metabolic P systems are a special class of P systems which seem to be adequate for expressing biological phenomena, especially metabolism and signaling transduction. Basic motivations for their introduction are given and their main aspects are explained by means of an example of biological modeling. A new kind of regulation mechanism is outlined, which could be the basis for a more efficient construction of computational models from experimental data of specific metabolic processes.
TL;DR: The temperature variations during deformation of a compressive en echelon fault set in a rock sample were measured by a surface measurement system th multi-point platinum resistance thermometers and an infrared theirnal image system.
Abstract: The temperature variations during deformation of a compressive en echelon fault set in a rock sample were measured by a surface measurement system th multi-point platinum resistance thermometers and an infrared theirnal image system. The measurements obtained by the two systems were in agreement with each other, indicating a relationship between temporal-spatial variations of the then-nd field and changes of stress and strain. At varied sfructurd positions of the rock sample, the rising of the temperature was different, implying distinct stress distributions at these positions. In the experiment, the defoirmation process of the sample included three stages: elastic deformation, stick-slip, and nipture. Grrespondingly, the variation process of temperature had also three stages, each of which had its oq temperature rising profile. And the thermal radiation field showed a similar process. These phenomena mean that the dominant mechanisms of temperature rising in sJl stages of deformation are differe...
TL;DR: The results indicated that the mean annual heat transfer rate at the bottom of the roadway embankment with asphalt surfaces is 3 times that with sandy gravel surfaces, which means annual heatTransfer rate increased by 60% when the breadth of asphalt surface was doubled.
Abstract: The stability of roadbed in permafrost areas has become a big concern with rapid development and construction of throughways, highways and railways in these areas under the current climate change since it is governed by the thermal condition, or in other words, the heat transfer process in the embankment. We carried out a finite element analysis to analyze the effects of different types of road surface and the effect of breadth of embankment on the embankment heat transfer process. The results indicated that the mean annual heat transfer rate at the bottom of the roadway embankment with asphalt surfaces is 3 times that with sandy gravel surfaces. This means annual heat transfer rate increased by 60% when the breadth of asphalt surface was doubled. The increased heat transfer rate was mainly located at the bottom of the embankment and resulted in the effect of thermal concentration, leading to degradation of the permafrost by as much as 1.6 times. It was also found that increasing embankment heigh...
TL;DR: An ecological hydraulic radius approach (EHRA) is proposed which considers both the watercourse information and the required stream velocity necessary for maintenance of certain ecological functions all together and shows that the Zhuba Hydrological Station ecological water requirement lies between the minimum and favorable ecological water requirements calculated by the Tennant approach.
Abstract: This essay defines the concepts of ecological flow velocity as well as ecological hydraulic radius (EHR) and proposes an ecological hydraulic radius approach (EHRA) which considers both the watercourse information (including hydraulic radius, roughness coefficient and hydraulic gradient) and the required stream velocity necessary for maintenance of certain ecological functions all together. The key parameter of EHRA is to fix the watercourse cross-sectional flow area corresponding to EHR, by which the relation between parabola shaped cross-sectional flow area and hydraulic radius is deduced. The EHRA not only meets the requirement of flow velocity for adequate fish spawning migration, but also is applicable to the ecological flows in regard with other ecological issues (such as the calculation of the instream flow requirements for transporting sediment and for pollution self-purification, etc.). This essay has illuminated the computational process taking the estimation of ecological water requirement of Zhuba Hydrologyical Station watercourse in Niqu branch of the Yalong River as an example. Additionally, we compare EHRA with Tennant approach.) The result shows that the Zhuba Hydrological Station ecological water requirement calculated by EHRA lies between the minimum and favorable ecological water requirement calculated by the Tennant approach. This is due to the fact that the ecological flow velocity (such as the fish spawning migration flow velocity) was taken into consideration, producing results applicable to the practical situation.
TL;DR: In this paper, a set of quasi-Bernstein polynomials of degree n with one parameter is presented, which is an extension of the Bernstein polynomial over the triangular domain.
Abstract: In this paper, a set of quasi-Bernstein polynomials of degree n with one parameter is presented, which is an extension of the Bernstein polynomials over the triangular domain. Using the presented polynomials as basis functions, we construct a class of shape adjusting surfaces defined over the triangular domain with a shape parameter, namely, quasi-B-B parametric surfaces. These surfaces share many properties with the B-B parametric surfaces. In particular, when shape parameters equal 1, they degenerate to be the B-B parametric surfaces. By changing the value of the shape parameter, we can get different surfaces under the fixed control net. ** Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant N0. 60473130) and National Program on Key Basic Research Project (Grant No. 2004CB318000)
TL;DR: In this paper, the current situation of geochemical studies on coalbed gas is reviewed in this pager, and it is shown that coalbed coal is compositionally dominated by methane with δ13C1 values ranging approximately from −80 to −80.
Abstract: The current situation of geochemical studies on coalbed gas is reviewed in this pager. Generally, coalbed gas is compositionally dominated bymethane with δ13C1 values ranging approximately from −80...
TL;DR: Two variations of the array P system are introduced, called BPG arrays P system and parallelarray P system, which has in the regions array objects and basic puzzle grammar rules (BPG), which are a specific kind of puzzle grammarrules.
Abstract: Array P systems were introduced by Paun Gh. which is linking the two areas of membrane computing and picture grammars. Puzzle grammars were introduced by us for generating connected picture arrays in the two-dimensional plane, motivated by the problem of tiling the plane. On the other hand, incorporating into arrays the developmental type of generation used in the well-known biologically motivated L systems, Siromoney and Siromoney proposed a very general rectangular array generating model, called extended controlled tabled L array system (ECTLAS). In this paper we introduce two variations of the array P system, called BPG array P system and parallel array P system. The former has in the regions array objects and basic puzzle grammar rules (BPG), which are a specific kind of puzzle grammar rules. In the latter, the regions have rectangular array objects and tables of context-free rules. We examine these two types of P systems for their array generative power.
TL;DR: Feature combination for classifying single-trial ECoG during motor imagery of different sessions and its applications in medicine and electronics is presented.
Abstract: The input signals of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) may be either scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) or electrocorticogram (ECoG) recorded from subdural electrodes. To make BCIs practical, the clas...
TL;DR: Study results showed that dehydrins might play important protective roles under abiotic stress via a number of different mechanisms, including improving or protecting enzyme activities by the cryoprotective activity in plants.
Abstract: Dehydrins, known as the D-11 subgroup of late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) protein, are an immunologically distinct family of proteins, which typically accumulate in desiccation-tolerant seed embryo or in vegetative tissues in response to various environmental stresses such as drought, salinity and freezing. The existence of conservative sequences designated as K, 5, and Y segments is a structural feature of dehydrins, and the K segment found in all dehydrins represents a highly conserved 15 amino acid motif (EKKGIMDKIKEKLPG) and forms an amphiphilic α-helix. According to the arrangement of these domains and clustering analysis, dehydrins are subdivided into 5 subtypes: YnSK, Kn, KnS, SKn and YnK. Different types of dehydrins are induced by different environmental stress in plants. Study results showed that dehydrins might play important protective roles under abiotic stress via a number of different mechanisms, including improving or protecting enzyme activities by the cryoprotective activity in...
TL;DR: A new dragonfly of family Meganeuridae Shenzhousia qilianshanensis, discovered from Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in North China, is described and may be the largest fossil insect in Late Carboniferous Namurian Stage discovered by far.
Abstract: A new dragonfly of family Meganeuridae Shenzhousia qilianshanensis ge. et sp. nov., discovered from Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in North China, is described in the present paper. It has an estimated wingspan of about 450–500 mm and may be the largest fossil insect in Late Carboniferous Namurian Stage discovered by far. The new species is referred to Meganeuridae because of the presence of the characteristic oblique vein between anterior branch of radius (RA) and posterior branch of radius (RP) near the base of RP2. It differs from other genera within the family in the following characteristics: Precostal area short and not extending to the midwing; posterior branch of subcostal vein short, merging into costal vein near the level of originating point of IR2; RP forking earlier than anterior branch of media basally; RP1+2 and RP3+4 parallel and close to each other for a long distance, and then diverge gradually surpass midwing. * Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No...
TL;DR: A new genus and three new species of fossil Palaeontinidae, Papilioncossus conchatus sp.
Abstract: A new genus and three new species of fossil Palaeontinidae, Papilioncossus conchatus sp. nov., P. giganteus sp. nov. and P. pteroideus sp. nov., are described. All of them were collected from Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation in Inner Mongolia, China. Based on distal part of forewing broader and longer than basal and Sc usually with branches, the new taxa are attributed to Palaeontinidae of Homoptera and compared with genus Pseudocossus. A key to species of Papilioncossus gen. nov. is provided. All type specimens are deposited in the Capital Normal University. * Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 30025006, 30370184, 30430100) Beijing Natural Science Foundation (No. 5032003) Scientific Research Key Program (KZ200410028013) and RCQJ Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education
TL;DR: The results showed that genus Bipectilus diverged earlier than genus Hepialus Hepialiscus, which might be considered as polyphyletic origin among host Hepialidae insects of Cordyceps sinensis.
Abstract: This study used the sequence of the mitochondrial Cytochrome b (Cytb) to estimate phylogenetic relationships among host Hepialidae insects of Cordyceps sinensis. Genome DNA of host insect was extracted from the dead larva head part of 18 cordyceps populations and 2 species of Hepialus, and the Cytb fragment of host insect was amplified with PCR technique. The nucleotide sequence alignments and their homologous sequences of 24 species host Hepialidae insects of Cordyceps sinensis were obtained from GenBank and were used to construct Phylogenetic trees based on neighbor-joining method. The results showed that genus Bipectilus diverged earlier than genus Hepialus Hepialiscus. Hepialus host insects of Cordyceps sinensis have multitudinous species with different morphological characteristics and geographical distributions. The interspecific genetic differentiations are obvious in Hepialus. Thus, the genus Hepialus might be considered as polyphyletic origin. Cytb sequences have abundant variations amon...
TL;DR: It is suggested that the effects of rare earth elements on the proliferation, differentiation and adipogenic transdifferentiation of rat calvarial os-teoblast-like cells (ROB cells) were evaluated by MTT method and Gd3+ played a negative role in the alkaline phosphatase activity.
Abstract: The effects of La3+ and Gd3+ on the proliferation, differentiation and adipogenic transdifferentiation of rat calvarial os-teoblast-like cells (ROB cells) were evaluated by MTT method, measuring the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Oil red O measurement. Both of La3+ and Gd3+ inhibited the proliferation of ROB cells at all concentrations (1×10−5, 1×10−6 , 1×10−7, 1×10−8, 1×10−9 mol L−1,. La 3+ at concentration of 1×10−5 mol, L−1 significantly increased the alkaline phosphatase activity of ROB cells up to 3 folds, (P<0.01). However, the effects reversed to inhibit at other concentrations. Gd3+ played a negative role in the alkaline phosphatase activity. La 3+ inhibited the adipogenic transdifferentiation of ROB cells at all concentrations in a dose-dependent way. However, Gd3+ promoted the adipogenic transdifferentiation of ROB cells at 1×10−8 and 1×10−9 mol L−1. These findings suggested that the effects of rare earth elements on the proliferation, differentiation and adipogenic transdifferentiat...